道德教育的系譜學探究

ඒߛઔߒႃע

ร؄Լ԰ᙀรԿཚʳ 2003 ڣ 9 ִʳ ଄ 173-193

ၾኈఀىޟفᜊᏰ௤ـ

ก ާ ⳦ ဢ ! ࡌ

ء֮ਢא Foucault ऱߓᢜᖂಾኙሐᐚඒߛףא൶ಘΖߓᢜᖂڇ൶ߒய࣠ऱᖵ

׾Δംᠲ֏ਝژऱ๵ᒤΔࠀ༿᥻๯װխ֨ऱ׌᧯Ζట෻ΕᦞԺፖ଩෻ᖂ։ܑ੡ߓ ᢜᖂઔߒऱԿՕ׌ၗΖൕຍԿՕ׌ၗ൶ಘሐᐚඒߛΔױၲ୶נԿଡᐋ૿Κ(ԫ)ሐ ᐚඒߛܛψట෻ωΙ(Բ)ሐᐚඒߛܛψᦞԺωΙא֗(Կ)ሐᐚඒߛܛψ۞ݺݾ๬ωΖ

ᜢᗖӷǺഡࣽǵس᛼Ꮲǵၰቺ௲ػ

ҁЎբޣࣁ୯ҥύ҅εᏢ௲ػᏢࣴز܌റγ੤ࣴزғ

ႝηແҹࣁǺ[email protected]

׫ዺВයǺ2003 ԃ 4 Д 23 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2003 ԃ 8 Д 15 В

Bulletin of Educational Research

September, 2003, Vol. 49 No. 3 pp. 173-193

Genealogical Analysis of Moral Education

Bo-Ruey Huang Abstract

This article analyzes moral education from the perspective of Foucault’s geneal- ogy. Genealogy searches for the effective history, problematizes the existed norm, and reveals the de-centered subjects. According to three axes for genealogy-truth, power, and ethics, the author specifies moral education as having the following domains:

(1)moral education as truth, (2)moral education as power, and (3)moral education as self technique.

Keywords: Foucault, genealogy, moral education

Doctoral Student, Graduate Institute of Education, National Chung Cheng University E-mail: [email protected]

Manuscript received: Apr. 23, 2003; Accepted: Aug. 15, 2003

ಥă݈! ֏

ሐᐚඒߛ९Նאࠐ܂੡ඒߛᏆ഑ᅝխૹ૞ऱԫᛩΔࠀൄ๯ီ੡ਢඒԳٻ࿳Ε ᖄإଅ௛ऱ֫੄ΖྥۖΔषᄎՂᐋנլᒡऱംᠲא֗ீႼଅ௛ֲఛඓᡏΕٻՀި

෠ऱࠃኔΔۿ׏რ࠺ထሐᐚඒߛآ౨ފዝࠡ๯ཚৱऱߡۥፖ࿇ཀٯإߜ࿳षᄎଅ

௛ऱפ౨Ζ

൶ಘሐᐚඒߛऱֱڤլ؆׏ൕୃᖂΕ֨෻ᖂΕषᄎᖂא֗ࠡהઌᣂઔߒ࠷ٻ ထ֫Δຍࠄઔߒ࠷ٻࢨൕଡ᧯ᐋ૿ףאၞ۩ΔࢨൕԳᎾյ೯ᐋ૿ࠐ൶ಘΔࢨਢൕ ᖞ᧯࿨ዌፖ۩೯ृհၴऱᣂএףאᇭᤩΖᇨྥٺጟլٵ࠷ٻऱઔߒࢨڍࢨ֟چឩ

୶ԱሐᐚඒߛऱઔߒီມΔף෡ԱሐᐚඒߛઔߒᏆ഑ऱփොΖլመΔሐᐚඒߛऱ ኔਜլ౨অᢞኔᎾሐᐚᖂ฾ګ࣠Δۖ෼ኔषᄎխሐᐚംᠲհֲఛ༞֏࿛ࠃኔΔথ ՈਢሐᐚඒߛઔߒྤऄಲᝩऱΖ

ႚอኙ࣍ሐᐚඒߛऱ൶ಘΔലψሐᐚඒߛωီ੡ਢԫࠠ᧯ऱᖂઝΔᖑڶࠡݙ ᖞऱवᢝ࿨ዌΔՈࠠڶࠡ۞ګߓอऱ৸ەֱڤΖլመΔຍጟઔߒ࠷ٻਢ۞ඔ፞ሎ ೯հ৵Δא෻ࢤ੡խ֨ऱ৸ەᑓڤࡉᄷঞΖࠡ೗ࡳࢬڶଡԳઃਢԫીऱΔࠀ౨ڇ ԫࡳऱඒߛࢨಝᒭመ࿓խሒࠩਝࡳऱؾᑑΖྥۖΔຍጟࠫ৫֏ࡉႃ᧯֏ऱඒߛመ

࿓Δא֗ຘመലཕᢝࡉড়ᨠऱवᢝီ੡։ᣊፖਐᑑऱֱڤΔথທګԱଡԳऱ๵ಝ ፖ۞ݺ጑ီΔګ੡ԫଡଡ๯װխ֨֏ΰdecentralizedαऱ׌᧯Ζ

ࢨ๺Δױאൕ׼ԫଡߡ৫ࠐ৸ەሐᐚඒߛΖ܂੡ᖄإषᄎଅ௛ፖጤإଡԳ۩

੡ऱඒߛኔᔌΔሐᐚඒߛڇᖂீඒߛࢨඒߛࠫ৫ऱመ࿓խΔൄ।෼ڇլٵऱ૿ٻΚ ڇඒߛؾᑑխΕڇᓰ࿓փ୲ᇙΕڇඒᖂյ೯ழΕࢨਢڇᖂீሎ܂Εඒߛࠫ৫ऱ๵

ቤհၴΖሐᐚඒߛՈ๯ᅝ܂ਢᖂ๬ઔߒऱԫଡᓰᠲΕԫଡᏆ഑ࢨਢԫ॰ઝؾΔڇ ᖂ๬ઔߒխ๯ಘᓵΕڇஃᇷഛߛመ࿓խ๯༼֗Εڇറᄐഛᕆፖၞଥխ๯ൎ֏Ζڶ ழଢΔሐᐚඒߛٍਢᖞଡषᄎشאᛀီඒߛګ࣠ऱૹ૞ਐᑑࢨኙွΔྤᓵਢषᄎ ଅ௛հߜⲀΔࢨԳا।෼հ࿳༞Δሐᐚඒߛઃ๯ᝨᓵΕ୮९ࢨषᄎٺ੺ؾ٠ᓿղ

ྤऄಲๅऱߡۥፖຂٚΖ᜔հΔሐᐚඒߛբլ٦׽ਢ໢ొᖂீඒߛխऱԫଡઝؾΕ ԫഘᓰΕԫࡳփ୲ࢨԫۯඒஃؘႊᄷໂऱඒޗඒऄΔ،ᝫ๯ݮᓯवᢝΕ๯ኔᎾᖙ ݫΕ๯ڶயሎ܂Ε๯ᖞ᧯༳༽א֗๯ᓿղݮွΖ

طڼߡ৫ࠐ৸ەሐᐚඒߛΔലܧ෼נԫጟፖႚอઔߒኲྥլٵऱઔߒীኪፖ ଅᎎΖႚอኙሐᐚඒߛऱઔߒڇ࣍৬ዌࠡݙᖞऱवᢝ᧯ߓΔ೗ࡳሐᐚඒߛױאሒ

ࠩਬࠄ௽ࡳऱؾऱፖ෻უΔࠀᇢቹ༼ࠎԫጟཏሙऱᇞެംᠲֱڤΖྥۖΔᄅऱઔ ߒীኪথᎁ੡ႚอऱሐᐚඒߛઔߒਢԫጟ๯৬ዌנࠐऱषᄎኔڇΔሐᐚඒߛऱव ᢝፖփ୲ਢ෻ࢤխ֨׌ᆠՀऱขढΖ࣍ਢΔሐᐚඒߛګ੡ԫጟ๯װ׌᧯ΰde- subjectαऱኙွΔࠡ๯ឆ៲ڇԫࠫ৫֏ऱඒߛሎ܂ᅝխΔۖڼ๯ড়᧯֏ऱሐᐚඒ ߛΔঞᏁ૞אߓᢜᖂऱઔߒࠐףא։࣫ࡉ༿᥻Ζ

ൕߓᢜᖂऱઔߒ࠷ٻࠐ൶ಘሐᐚඒߛΔᚨױڇ෼ڶऱઔߒᏆ഑հ؆Δ༼נኲ

ྥլٵऱઔߒڱᔊΖء֮ܛᇢቹൕ Foucault ऱߓᢜᖂΰgenealogyαઔߒֱऄΔಾ

ኙψሐᐚඒߛωၞ۩ߓᢜᖂ։࣫ፖ൶ߒΖઔߒऱ׌૞ؾऱࠀॺڇ൶ಘ۶ᘯሐᐚΔ ࢨਢሐᐚඒߛലᚨᇠڕ۶ኔਜΖء֮։࣫ऱૹរ׌૞ਢലψሐᐚඒߛωီ੡ਢԫ ጟᓵ૪ΕԫጟᦞԺ։಻ऱਙए෼ွࠐףא൶ಘΖ֮։ԿՕຝ։Δଈ٣ᎅࣔ Foucault ऱߓᢜᖂઔߒֱڤΔࠡڻΔਐנߓᢜᖂऱઔߒ׌ᠲΙ່৵Δ։࣫ሐᐚඒߛڇߓᢜ ᖂऱ൶ߒհՀലא۶ጟ૿ᎎၲ୶Ζ

෮ăFoucault ۞րᙉጯࡁտᄃયᗟ̼͞ё

ߓᢜᖂऱઔߒଈߠ F. Nietzsche ऱπሐᐚߓᢜᖂρΰOn the Genealogy of Morals, 1887αΔהಾኙֱ۫ሐᐚॾٛၞ۩ߓᢜᖂઔߒΔუ૞༿᥻נ෼זሐᐚᏝଖऱψߓ ᢜωΰgenealogiesαΖࠩԱ FoucaultΔהऱ׌૞ထ܂ٍીԺ࣍ەኘਬࠄवᢝᖲࠫऱ ψߓᢜᖂωᖵ׾Ζהᎁ੡ຍࠄᖲࠫ੺ࡳԱ۶ᘯإൄऱᒤ໮Δࠀ࠰ܗԳଚ৬م጑ጂ ࡉگ୲ࢬΔאല߷ࠄ๯ូᣊ੡ψॺ෻ࢤωࡉψحᆞωऱԳᆃᙛࠡխΰຫᡖ஑᤟Δ 2002αΖאՀΔല։ܑಾኙߓᢜᖂऱઔߒףאᎅࣔΖ

ʙăՁᘊደ!

ߓᢜᖂࢬᣂࣹऱு֨Ꮖ഑ڇ࣍լٵऱట෻ߓอΰsystems of truthαፖጟጟᦞԺ ݮڤΰmodalities of powerαհၴऱઌյᣂএΔא֗ట෻ขسऱਙए᧯ࠫΰpolitical regimeαֱڤΰDavidson, 1986αΖፖ Nietzsche ऱߓᢜᖂڇಳޣԳ֮ઝᖂኙ࣍৙ጠΕ

ᄗ࢚ፖట෻ऱࣔᒔ׌്հءᄭΰoriginαڶࢬլٵΔFoucault ऱߓᢜᖂࠀॺڇ൶ߒ ຍࠄڱᔊऱءᄭΔۖਢڇބנຍࠄڱᔊࢬආ࠷ऱݮڤΔא֗੡։࣫ۖࡰمנࠐऱ ءᄭᣊীΖFoucaultΰ1984: 76-77αਐנΚ

س᛼ᏢǾǾޑԋ݀ࢂҗ΋٤ಒ༾ǵคىᇸख़ޑ٣ჴаϷ٩Ᏽ΋ᝄஏޑБ ݤ܌ࡌҥǹԶߚҗᚳεޑаϷڀֹ๓ཀကޑᒱᇤԶౢғǶᙁقϐǴس᛼

Ꮲϸჹჹܭ౛ۺ΢ख़ा܄ޑࡕ೛ᐕўଛ࿼ǴаϷόܴዴޑҞޑፕǶځϸ ჹᜢܭଆྍޑ൨؃Ƕ

ߓᢜᖂࠀॺ૞ᇢቹᖫمᎁᢝᓵऱഗ៕Δۖਢ૞᧩قנ߷ࠄݺଚᎁ੡ਢٽ෻

ऱΔࠃኔՂਢ௅ཬ࣍ᦞԺऱ֭಻Ε࢔ࣚא֗ᐙ᥼ԺऱᣂএΰDavidson, 1986αΖߓ ᢜᖂ֘ኙႚอऱᖵ׾ֱऄΔࠡؾऱਢ૞ڇٚ۶໢ٻऱ່ึࡳᓵΰfinalityαհ؆Δ ಖᙕࠃٙխऱ࡛௽ࢤΖࠡ׌്լژڇٚ۶ᒔࡳऱءᔆΕٚ۶อԫऱ๵৳א֗ٚ۶ ݮՂᖂऱ່ึࢤΖߓᢜᖂڇ࢏ᥛऱ࿇୶խބࠩឰါΔڇၞޡհխ࿇෼༛ᛩࡉሏʳ ᚭΖߓᢜᖂ૞༈ބऱਢࠃٙऱ।ᐋΕპ՛ऱาᆏΕڻ૞ऱ᠏᧢א֗პݎऱᔚኢ ΰDreyfus & Rabinow, 1983: 106αΖFoucaultΰ1984: 76αᎅࠩΚ

س᛼ᏢѸ໪૶ᒵӧൂ΋നಖ܄ϐѦޑ٣ҹڻ੝܄ǹس᛼ᏢѸ໪ӧനѳΥ

ೀǵӧךॺதᇡࣁค໪ᐕў૶ၩϐೀǴٰ൨פ೭٤ڻ੝٣ҹǹس᛼ᏢѸ

໪௵གܭख़ࡵ೭٤૶ᏫǶ٠ߚࢂाפр೭٤ׯᡂޑᅌ຾ԔጕǴԶࢂाዴ ҥрՏܭόӕفՅޑόӕ௃ნǶനࡕǴǾǾس᛼ᏢѸ໪ाࣚۓрٗ٤೏

۹ຎޑჴሞ௃ݩǴаϷٗ٤ۘ҂೏Αှޑ੝ۓТڅǶ

࣍ਢΔႚอՂᎁ੡ਢ່෡჋Ε່ᡵᥘऱംᠲΔኔᎾՂਢ່ᓅ෍ऱംᠲΖՈ༉

ਢᎅΔრᆠᚨᇠڇ່ࣔ᧩ऱ।૿ኔᔌխװ࿇෼Δۖլਢࠩళఽऱ෡ෘװ༿࿇Ζۖ

ࢬᘯऱᖵ׾ऱԫીࢤΔ׽ਢ૿ࠠא֗ᇆ״อԫऱՑᇆΔࢬڶऱᇭᤩຟਢطԳࢬ໌

ທࡉ؆ףऱΔࠀॺנ۞ࠃढءߪΰDreyfus & Rabinow, 1983: 106-107αΖՈ༉ਢᎅΔ ࢬڶऱრᆠΕట෻ࢨءᔆΔࠃኔՂຟਢԫጟᦞԺऱ৬ዌΔࠡཋؒڇԳᣊኔᎾऱ।

૿Δิګᖵ׾ऱဠዌ೗ઌΖ

׼؆Δߓᢜᖂઔߒࢬထૹऱਢψய࣠ऱᖵ׾ωΖڇ Foucault ऱထ܂խΔהൄല

ߪ᧯։࣫੡ψڂ੡ᦞԺऱՕ๵ᑓิ៣ࢬขسհპݎۖࠠ᧯ऱषᄎኔᔌࢬףᓯፖຑ

൷ऱ໱ࢬωΖFoucault ૞൶ߒऱਢߪ᧯ਢڕ۶๯षᄎ೴ሶΕૹ৬ፖᖙ᜕Δۖߓᢜᖂ

૞ᐊऱ༉ਢڶᣂߪ᧯ऱਙएݾ๬հܧ෼ΰappearanceαΕຑ࿨ΰarticulationαፖឩཋ ΰspreadαऱᖵ׾ΰDreyfus & Rabinow, 1983: 110-112αΖࠏڕΚڇπ๵ಝፖᡕፆρ խΔFoucaultΰ1995: 23αਐנࠡؾऱڇψ൶ಘ෼ז֨ᨋፖᐉܒᦞԺհઌյᣂএऱ ᖵ׾Δ൶ߒൕᦞԺࠩᡕፆ܂੡ഗ៕Εᢞمࡉ๵ঞऱ෼זઝᖂհᓤᠧߓᢜΔא֗ຍ

୚ᓤᠧߓᢜࢬ૜سנऱய࣠ωΔۖ׊Δࠡઔߒऱ଺ঞ੡Κψլႛႛ׽ᣂࣹ࣍ઔߒᡕ ፆᖲࠫΔࢨࠡࢬ֧ದऱᚘލհᐙ᥼Ι׊ՈࣹრԲृᖞ᧯ࢬױ౨ᖄીऱய࣠Δܛࠌ ຍࠄய࣠ದॣ઎ದࠐਢլૹ૞ऱࢨਢᢰᎾऱΞΞΖω

ߓᢜᖂઔߒऱψ׾ᨠωፖႚอᖵ׾ઔߒऱ׾ᨠਢኲྥլٵऱΔߓᢜᖂऱ൶ߒ ࢴ؞ψอԫωऱΕຑ຃ऱ੷۟ᙩַऱ༴૪Δຍጟઔߒֱڤլႛ૞ބנࠃٙऱլຑ

຃ࢤΔא֗๯ψװխ֨ωऱणउΔޓਢኙषᄎऱ်ឰΔထૹ࣍෼זषᄎխऱᦞԺΕ वᢝࡉߪ᧯ऱᣂএΰFoucault, 1992αΖ

ʠăੰᖠ˽Ğqspcmfnbuj{bujpoğ!

طՂ૪ױवΔߓᢜᖂڶܑ࣍ႚอऱᖵ׾ઔߒΔࠡԫֱ૿ࢴ࿪ٚ۶อԫऱ๵৳

א֗ٚ۶ݮՂᖂऱ່ึࢤΔ׌്լژڇٚ۶ᒔࡳऱءᔆΔࠀ૞ڇ।૿ऱኔᔌխބ נឰါ๠Ι׼ԫֱ૿Ծ૞ಖᙕய࣠ऱᖵ׾Δਐנߪ᧯๯षᄎࢬ೴ሶΕૹ৬ፖᖙ᜕

ऱࠃኔΖ

ߓᢜᖂऱ׾ᨠڶܑ࣍ႚอઔߒऱ׾ᨠΔٵழΔߓᢜᖂऱઔߒֱڤٍਢԫጟፖ

ႚอኲྥլٵऱઔߒֱڤΖൕ Foucault ऱઔߒᅝխΔױא઎נԫጟၲ໌ࢤऱઔߒ

ֱڤψംᠲ֏ωΰproblematizationαΖאՀܛ༉ Foucault ऱ܂঴խᎅࣔψംᠲ

֏ωऱઔߒֱڤΖ

ట෻ΰtruthαΕᦞԺΰpowerαፖ଩෻ᖂΰethicsαԿृਢ Foucault ࢬਐנऱԿ ଡߓᢜᖂऱ൶ಘၗ֨ΔٵழՈਢ Foucault ڇઔߒመ࿓խ᠏᧢ऱԿՕၸ੄ΰDreyfus

& Rabinow, 1983: 184αΖڇπवᢝەײᖂρհ৵ऱ܂঴Δਢ Foucault ઔߒֱٻՂ ऱรԫڻ᠏᧢Ζץਔπवᢝەײᖂρ੡ַऱထ܂Δ᥆࣍ Foucault ऱઔߒรԫཚऱ

܂঴Δࠡઔߒऱ׌૞ᣂࣹྡྷរڇຫ૪ΰstatementαΔא֗ᓵ૪ऱݮዌΰdiscursive

formationαΙۖ৵ࠐኙᡕፆΕᆃࠫΔא֗ࢤᦞԺ࿛षᄎᖲࠫऱઔߒΔঞ᥆࣍รԲཚ ऱઔߒΔڼၸ੄ Foucault ֧ԵԱᦞԺፖवᢝᣂএऱᄗ࢚ΖՈ༉ਢᎅΔڰཚኙ࣍ግ

᧼Ε෻ࢤΕ᠔ᖂא֗Գ֮ઝᖂ࿛ऱઔߒΔ׌૞ਢൕψᎁᢝᓵωऱឰါࢨ᠏᧢࿛ߡ ৫ࠐףאઔߒΙۖ৵ኙ࣍ࢤΕਙएΕ೴։ΰdivisionαऱሎ܂א֗ᦞԺრݳΰwill to powerα࿛Δ׌૞ਢᆜᓯ࣍षᄎऱኔᎾൣቼխࠐၞ۩൶ಘΰᓐ७ߐ᤟Δ1998αΖ

FoucaultઔߒऱรԲڻ᠏᧢Δਢڇπ๵ಝፖᡕፆρא֗πࢤ׾ρรԫ࠴հ৵Δ ९ሒԶڣթנठπࢤ׾ρรԲ࠴Ζۖڇπࢤ׾ρรԫ࠴ࡉรԲ࠴հၴΔڶထኲྥ

լٵऱઔߒ࠷ٻΖڇรԫםխΔFoucault ऱؾऱڇ৬مԫ॰ᦞԺऱ։࣫ᖂΔ඿੺

ࡳԫଡᦞԺᣂএࢬݮႿנऱ௽௘૿ٻΖࢤ׾༉ਢኙᦞԺፖࢤᓵ૪հၴऱᖵ׾ᣂএ հઔߒΔࠡխࢬ૞൶ಘऱംᠲᒤ໮ڶ؄Κ(ԫ)Ֆࢤۚ᧯ऱᄢཎࢍߺ֏Ι(Բ)ࠝ࿙ऱ ࢤၞԵඒߛᏆ഑Ι(Կ)سߛ۩੡ऱषᄎ֏Ιא֗(؄)ᏽᆵհݶტऱጲళఐ֏Ζڇڼ ࢤᓵ૪խΔࢤਝਢଡԳԳ᧯ऱ।෼Δٍਢᖞ᧯ԳᣊऱسࡎΖࠡԫֱ૿ਢპᨠऱߪ

᧯๵ಝΔ׼ԫֱ૿ԾਢषᄎऱԳՑ൳ࠫΖছृ׌૞ܛਢψՖࢤۚ᧯ऱᄢཎࢍߺ֏ω א֗ψࠝ࿙ऱࢤၞԵඒߛᏆ഑ωຍࠟය࿇୶ᒵΙ৵ृঞਢψسߛ۩੡ऱषᄎ֏ω א֗ψᏽᆵհݶტऱጲళఐ֏ω࿛ࠟය࿇୶౧࿮ΰFoucault, 1990aαΖࢤਝਢਐ௫ ढፖ๯ਐ௫ढΔٍਢء౨ԾਢრᆠΙࢤਢრᢝऱᦞԺ।෼ΔՈਢشאԱᇞ۞ݺΕ ߪ᧯ፖߪ։ऱᖲࠫΖ

ྥۖڇรԲ࠴խΔኙ࣍ࢤ੒೯ऱ઎ऄথڶլٵऱߡ৫Κ(ԫ)ڶᣂߪ᧯ऱψᕆ ߪऄωΙ(Բ)ڶᣂദৗऱ୮ਙᖂΙ(Կ)ڶᣂאߊ৘੡׌ᠲऱψࢤფᓵωΙא֗(؄)ڶ ᣂట෻ፖటإფൣऱψୃᖂωΖᕆߪऄਢԫጟس੒ऱᢌ๬Δਢኙ࣍ଡԳ೜ൈऱᣂࣹΖ

ࠡ৬ዌנԫጟᔞᅝऱس੒ݾ๬ΔࠀᓿղଡԳԫጟٽ෻ऱ۩੡Δࠌ۞աګ੡۞ա۩

੡ऱ׌᧯Ζ୮ਙᖂਢԫጟ֛ࡠհၴऱദৗሐᐚΔຍਢ֛ፖࡠհၴٺ۞ࢬފዝऱࢤ

ܑچۯፖᆏࠫߡۥΔൕۖٺ۞।෼נ۞ᤚፖᆏࠫ࿛ሐᐚΖࢤფᓵԫֱ૿ਢԫጟᣂ এ࿜ฃࢨ֖ᓩᣂএऱሐᐚભᖂΔ׼ԫֱ૿Ոၞۖኙ࣍۞ݺऱႿທขسᐙ᥼ެࡳ঴

ᐚऱ೏ࡸፖܡΖ່৵Δኙ࣍టإऱფፖࢤᆏࠫհၴઌյᣂএऱ֘৸Δటإऱფᚨ ឭๅۚ᧯ऱٻ৫Δ৬مڇ֖ൣ֗ࠡԫ֊ᣂএհՂऱᨋᏒհფΰFoucault, 1990bαΖ

ᇨྥڇรԫ࠴ፖรԲ࠴ᅝխٺ۞ኙ࣍ࢤᖵ׾ऱ൶ߒழၴڶࢬլٵΰรԫ࠴൶ ಘऱழၴڇ 17 ׈ધא৵Δࢤࠃᄐፖᇷء׌ᆠԫದ࿇୶ΙۖรԲ࠴ࢬ൶ಘऱਢݦᢊ

ழזኙ࣍ࢤ۩੡Ε੒೯ፖݶტऱᣂࣹαΔլመΔຍጟ᠏᧢Ո᧩قԱ Foucault ڇઔߒ

׌ᠲՂऱޏ᧢ΰรԫ࠴ထૹڇࢤᓵ૪ऱᦞԺᖲࠫΔรԲ࠴ঞထૹڇଡԳല۞ա৬ ዌ੡ሐᐚ׌᧯ऱ۞ݺݾ๬αΔۖຍࠄംᠲᒤ໮ࢨઔߒߡ৫ঞ।قԱߓᢜᖂઔߒڇ઎

ৱઔߒኙွऱֱڤψംᠲ֏ωΖ

ጵۖߢհΔψംᠲ֏ωਢԫጟݮګംᠲऱ༼ംֱڤΔຍጟֱऄਢԫጟၲ໌ࢤऱ

۩੡Δਢԫጟቤ੺ᒵऱᜰ೯Ζຍጟᜰ೯ലެࡳ઎ৱംᠲऱߡ৫Δא֗೴ܑ֮ءፖ ᇷறऱኪ৫Ζຍጟ༼ം۩੡լᙅ༛ਝࡳऱΕႚอऱ৸ەᑓڤΔۖਢലࢬቤנऱ੺

ᒵ܂੡ඔ೯৵ᥛઔߒऱದࡨរΔൕۖၲ୶ߓᢜᖂࢬ඿ၞ۩ऱ։ֱ࣫ڤΖ

Ո༉ਢᎅΔംᠲ֏ਢലਝژऱ෼ွፖګ࣠ီ੡ԫጟ෻ࢤխ֨ऱ᥹ᦞΔץਔ෻

ᓵऱ৬ዌፖኔਜऱመ࿓ઃ๠࣍ඔ፞ૠ྽հխΔࠀൕԫጟኲྥլٵऱषᄎᣂএፖ़

ၴΔᔆጊ෻ࢤխ֨ऱ᥹ᦞۯᆜΔᣌ៿ਝࡳऱ଺ঞፖ๵ᒤΔ੡๯װխ֨ऱ׌᧯໌ທ ޓՕ۩೯ऱױ౨ࢤΰPopkewitz, 1998αΖ

ણăրᙉጯ۞ࡁտ͹ᗟ

ߓᢜᖂऱઔߒፖႚอऱઔߒֱڤڶࢬլٵΖႚอऱઔߒထૹ࣍ԫીࢤፖຑ຃

ࢤΔਢ෻ࢤխ֨׌ᆠՀऱ৸ፂᑓڤΖۖߓᢜᖂऱઔߒီਝژऱ๵ᒤፖట෻੡ԫጟ ᓵ૪ऱݮዌΔࠀᇢቹ༿᥻ࠡխऱᦞԺሎ܂א֗ኦ᧩נ๯װխ֨ऱ׌᧯Ζ

ʙăባ! ࡘ!

ߓᢜᖂऱ։࣫ڇ࣍൶ಘᓵ૪խऱ։ཋΕឰါא֗๵৳ऱݮዌΔא֗ᓵ૪հૻ

ࠫߓอڕ۶ڇኔᎾषᄎፖଡԳᅝխขسய࣠ΖՈ༉ਢᎅΔߓᢜᖂڇ൶ߒᓵ૪ऱૻ

ࠫߓอਢڕ۶ݮګऱΔຍࠄૻࠫߓอऱؾᑑ੡۶Δא֗ຍࠄૻࠫߓอਢڕ۶נ෼Ε

࿇୶ፖ᧢֏ऱΰFoucault, 1981αΖ

Foucaultΰ1981: 52-64αਐנΔᓵ૪լႛڶԫ୚ψ؆ຝωऱඈೈ࿓ݧΰprocedure of exclusionαΔՈڶԫ୚ψփຝωऱ൳ࠫ଺ঞΰprinciple of controlαΔᝫڶԫࠄኙ ᓵ૪਍ڶृऱ๵ᒤΔܛެࡳᓵ૪ऱᚨشයٙΖ

ڇᓵ૪ऱ؆ຝඈೈ࿓ݧֱ૿Δץਔߢᓵऱᆃַΰthe forbidden speechαΕ೴։

ࢨࣴီא֗ట෻რݳΖߢᓵऱᆃַܛਢኙߢᓵᛩቼऱ๵ᒤΔא֗ጟጟߢᓵ׌᧯ऱ

௽ᦞࢨᆃࠫΔڕٵࢤᓵ૪אࠡᗑ௽ऱֱڤࠐၞ۩ࠡ൳ࠫࢨ೐ञऱԺၦΖ೴։ࢨࣴ

ီਢԫጟല෻ࢤࡉግ᧼ףא೴։ऱֱڤΔግԳऱߢ፿๯ᔡࠩඈ؞Δࠀ๯ီ੡ྤढΖ ᙟထழזऱլٵΔױ౨ڇփ୲ࢨሎ܂ֱڤՂڶࢬլٵΔ܀ڼ೴ܑऱய࣠থսᤉᥛ ژڇΖట෻რݳਢ೴ܑటࢨ೗ऱඈ؞ߓอΔຍਢطԫ୚ൎࠫං۩ፖ࢏ᥛऱࠫ৫ߓ อۖፂ਍ऱΔຍࠄࠫ৫ߓอڕඒߛΕቹ஼ߓอΕנठᄐΕቹ஼ᙴ࿛Δ،ଚڇषᄎ խሎشवᢝΕေ۷वᢝΕ։಻वᢝא֗ޓᄅवᢝΔ܀ຍጟ೴։ߓอਢԫጟᖵ׾ऱ ৬ዌΰFoucault, 1981: 52-56αΖ

ࠡڻڇփຝऱ൳ࠫ଺ঞֱ૿Δץਔေࣹ଺ঞΰprinciple of commentaryαΕ࿕ᤩ

଺ঞΰprinciple of rarefactionαא֗ᖂઝ଺ঞΰprinciple of disciplineαΖေࣹ଺ঞԫ

ֱ૿ւ๺৬ዌᄅऱᓵ૪Δڼ᧩قנ׌୬֮ءऱኪႨא֗ᓿղᓵ૪ڍૹऱრᆠΔ܀

׼ԫֱ૿থਢᨃ֮ءިᚈچ।૪Δᅃء৙ઝچૹ៿ਝژऱࠃٙΖ࿕ᤩ଺ঞڇԫֱ

૿ݦඨঅᢞ֮ءխឆܶრᆠऱױॾΔݦඨ܂ृലࠡ܂঴ፖኔᎾس੒ᆖ᧭א֗໌܂

ऱᖵ׾ઌᜤᢀΔ܀׼ԫֱ૿থਢᓿղԫጟဠዌऱอԫࢤፖຑ຃ࢤΖᖂઝ଺ঞឈڶ

༼נྤૻհᄅࡎᠲऱױ౨ࢤΔ܀،ࢬ੺ࡳנऱኙွᏆ഑ΕֱऄΕࡎᠲΕ๵ঞΕࡳ

ᆠΕݾ๬ࢨՠࠠΔথ׽ւ๺ڇԫ௿՛ऱᒤ໮փ৬ዌΔൕۖᖫمࠡࢬᘯऱψట෻ω ΰFoucault, 1981: 56-61αΖ

່৵ڇެࡳᓵ૪ऱᚨشයֱٙ૿ΔڶᏚڤΕᓵ૪ᆢ᧯ΰthe societies of discourseαΕඒයΔא֗षᄎ׭ڶΰsocial appropriationαΖᏚڤ੺ࡳߢᓵଡ᧯ࢬࠠ

ໂऱᇷ௑Δᒔࡳ׌᧯ᚨࠠڶऱ௽ᐛፖߡۥΖᓵ૪ᆢ᧯ڇঅژፖ፹ທᓵ૪Δࠌᓵ૪ ڇԫ৞ຨऱ़ၴੌႚΖඒය૞ޣऱਢኙਬԫట෻ऱᎁٵΔࠀ൷࠹ፖᓵ૪ԫીऱ๵

ঞΖषᄎ׭ڶਢԫጟषᄎխ։಻ࡉᙇᖗऱՠࠠΔאඒߛ੡ࠏΔٚ۶ඒߛࠫ৫ຟਢ ፂ਍ࢨଥޏᓵ૪׭ڶא֗ࠡࢬႚᎠऱवᢝࡉᦞԺऱਙएֱڤΖຍ؄ጟᓵ૪ऱᚨش යٙਢઌյᜤᢀऱΔٍਢኙߢᓵ׌᧯ऱ࿕ᤩणኪΰFoucault, 1981: 61-64αΖ

ᓵ૪ԫֱ૿ਢ৸უࡉߢ፿հၴऱᖯᑚΔՈ༉ਢ๯গՂฤᇆ׊๯፿ဲࢬܧ෼נ ऱ৸უΙ׼ԫֱ૿ՈਢၲඔΔࠀขسრᆠய࣠ऱ፿ߢ࿨ዌΰFoucault, 1981αΖ ᓵ૪ԫဲ๯ Foucault شא༴૪ԫ୚ᄷઝᖂऱवᢝߓอΔ܂੡ᓵ૪ऱवᢝਢԫጟ٦

෼ऱড়ᨠኔڇΔٵழΔᓵ૪Ո৬ዌԱवᢝኙွऱܧ෼Δࠀࠌհګ੡ట෻ΰNash,

2000αΖ׼؆Δᓵ૪Ո෰௫ࠩࢬڶऱषᄎኔᔌΕषᄎࠫ৫ፖषᄎᎁٵΖᓵ૪ऱኙ؆

ඈೈ࿓ݧፖփڇ൳ࠫߓอΔࠌ൓षᄎऱሎ܂ܧ෼ԫጟ೯ኪፖጹ৺ᣂএऱᦞԺመ

࿓ΖۖڼᦞԺመ࿓ٍਢ֏પڇ׌᧯ߪՂऱპᨠढ෻ᖂΔࠌଡԳขس๵ಝፖࡹൕऱ ய࣠Ζ

ʠă঍୩ăᜌʨă̺᝝!

Foucault ऱߓᢜᖂࢬ૞൶ߒऱ׌ᠲထૹڇषᄎխऱᦞԺΕवᢝፖߪ᧯հၴऱ ᣂএΰDreyfus & Rabinow, 1983: 106αΖԫֱ૿ΔᦞԺࡉवᢝڇᖵ׾Ղਢאԫጟઌ յسګऱֱڤۖሎ܂ΔवᢝऱݮڤਢᦞԺЯवᢝऱഗءრො֗ࠡᖵ׾᠏ངऱฒڍ ய࣠ΰFoucault, 1995: 27-28αΖ׼ԫֱ૿Δߪ᧯Ծਢ࠹ࠩྤࢬլڇᦞԺࢬ೴ሶΕጪ

ࠫፖᖙ᜕Ζ

լመΔڇ༿᥻נྤࢬլڇऱᦞԺᖲࠫհ৵ΔFoucault থԾܫवԳଚΔהऱઔ ߒؾऱࠀլਢ૞։࣫ᦞԺऱ෼ွΔۖਢڇᎅࣔԳᣊ֮֏ऱᖵ׾խΔڕ۶ലԳᣊ۞

ա᠏᧢੡׌᧯ऱֱڤΖࠉᅃ Foucault ऱᎅऄΔהऱᐊ܂ಘᓵԱԿጟނԳ᠏᧢੡׌

᧯ऱড়᧯֏ֱڤΰDreyfus & Rabinow, 1983: 208αΖ

รԫጟ൶ߒֱڤᇢቹᓿղ۞ߪאઝᖂऱچۯΖՈ༉ਢᎅΔլٵऱઝᖂઔߒΔ ܛਢല׌᧯ড়᧯֏ऱֱڤΖڕ፿ߢᖂΕᆖᛎᖂא֗سढᖂ࿛ΖรԲጟਐऱਢԫጟ ψ։ᠦኔᔌωऱড়᧯֏ֱڤΔ׌᧯ױ౨ൕփຝ๯೴։Δࢨਢൕࠡהࠃढ๯೴։Ζ ຍጟመ࿓ڕΚግԳፖإൄԳΕఐԳፖ೜ൈԳΕᆞحፖړԳ࿛࿛ΖรԿጟֱڤਐऱ ਢԫଡԳ৻ᑌނ۞ա᧢੡׌᧯ΖࠏڕΔࢤ׾խऱઔߒܛਢڇ൶ಘԳڕ۶ᖂᄎނ۞

աᅝګਢࢤᐥऱ׌᧯ΰDreyfus & Rabinow, 1983: 208αΖ

ຍԿጟড়᧯֏ऱֱڤΔፖ Foucault ڇ൷࠹ Dreyfus ፖ Rabinow ऱ๶ᓫխΔኙ

࣍ߓᢜᖂࢬ૞ઔߒऱԿଡᏆ഑ਢઌৈٽऱΖຍԿଡᏆ഑։ܑਢΚ(ԫ)ኙ௫֗ట෻

ऱڶᣂݺଚ۞ߪऱᖵ׾ژڶᓵΔ៶ڼݺଚނ۞ա৬ዌګवᢝऱ׌᧯Ι(Բ)ኙ௫֗

ᦞԺᒤ໮ऱڶᣂݺଚ۞ߪऱᖵ׾ژڶᓵΔ៶ڼݺଚނ۞ա৬ዌګ܂ش࣍הԳऱ׌

᧯Ι(Կ)ڶᣂ଩෻ᨠऱᖵ׾ژڶᓵΔ៶ڼݺଚ۞ա৬ዌګ଩෻ሐᐚऱ۩೯ृ

ΰDreyfus & Rabinow, 1983: 237αΖ

ڂڼΔߓᢜᖂঞڶԿଡၗ֨Δ։ܑਢψట෻ၗ֨ωΕψᦞԺၗ֨ωא֗ψ଩෻

ၗ֨ωΖψట෻ၗ֨ωڇπ᠔ೃऱᓭسρࡉπဲፖढρ࿛ထ܂խ๯ףאઔߒΔψᦞԺ

ၗ֨ωऱઔߒঞਢڇπ๵ಝፖᡕፆρፖπࢤ׾ρรԫ࠴խܧ෼נΔۖψ଩෻ၗ֨ω ঞڇπࢤ׾ρรԲΕԿ࠴խ๯ףא൶ಘΰDreyfus & Rabinow, 1983: 237αΖ

ᕣጥ Foucault ਐנהऱઔߒؾऱլਢᦞԺۖਢ׌᧯Δ܀ڼԲृথլ౨ឰྥല հ։ᠦΖFoucault ᎅࣔψ׌᧯ωਢ૞ઔߒψᦞԺᣂএωऱՠࠠΔ༉ڕٵᆖᛎᖵ׾

ࡉ෻ᓵਢઔߒسขᣂএऱՠࠠΔ፿ߢᖂࡉฤᇆᖂਢઔߒრਐᣂএऱՠࠠԫ౳Ζۖ

૞ઔߒ׌᧯Δᚨ٣᠖෎ψᦞԺᣂএωਢڕ۶ሎ܂ऱΖۖ૞Աᇞ۶ᘯᦞԺᣂএΔᚨ ٣൶ߒ֘ݼᦞԺऱݮڤΖٍܛΔൕኙٺጟᦞԺݮڤऱ֘ݼݮڤ܂੡נ࿇រΔຏመ

࿜ฃऱኙݼࢤΰantagonism of strategiesαװ։࣫ᦞԺΰDreyfus & Rabinow, 1983:

209-211αΖ

ጵۖߢհΔFoucault ऱߓᢜᖂઔߒڶࠟڻૹՕऱ᠏᧢Δຍࠟڻ᠏᧢ݮګԱߓ ᢜᖂઔߒऱԿՕ׌ၗΔ։ܑ੡ట෻ΕᦞԺፖ଩෻ᖂΖຍԿՕઔߒ׌ၗՈਢԿጟല

׌᧯ড়᧯֏ऱֱڤΔٵழΔՈਢߓᢜᖂ൶ߒऱംᠲ֏ֱڤΖՈ༉ਢᎅΔڼԿՕ׌

ၗױ܂੡ૹᄅ৸ەषᄎኔᔌא֗װ׌᧯֏ऱመ࿓ΔٍܛΔ܂੡ԫጟലषᄎኔڇፖ ᦞԺሎ܂ףאംᠲ֏ऱֱڤΔאܧ෼נԫጟ൶ߒట෻ΕᦞԺፖ׌᧯Կृࢬݮዌנ ऱᓵ૪Ζ

དྷă྽ᇇିֈ۞ฟण

Foucaultΰ1990b: 29αڇᓵ֗ሐᐚழലհ։੡Կጟᐋ૿Ζطڼױ઎נהऱߓᢜ ᖂઔߒࢬሎشհംᠲ֏ऱݮڤΖรԫጟᐋ૿ऱሐᐚਐऱਢԫ୚Ꮭଖፖ۩೯ऱ๵

ঞΔױጠհ੡ԫ୚ψሐᐚฤᒘωΰmoral codeαΔࠡץਔᓤᠧऱ๵ঞ੒೯ࢨ๵ᒤߓ อΖรԲጟሐᐚਢਐଡԳऱ۩੡ΔਢԳଚ௅ᖕ๵ঞፖᏝଖףאࣚൕࢨ֘ݼऱֱڤΖ ຍࠟጟሐᐚছृਐऱਢڶᣂ۩ࠃऱ๵ঞΙ৵ृঞਢא๵ঞࠐᘝၦ۩੡Δܛ۩੡ऱ ሐᐚࢤΖรԿጟᐋ૿ऱሐᐚਐऱਢψԳଚ۩ࠃऱ۞ݺኪ৫ωΔՈ༉ਢല۞աݮႿګ ฤٽሐᐚฤᒘऱ׌᧯Ζ

៶طছ૿ऱಘᓵױवΔรԫጟሐᐚױઌᚨ࣍ছ֮ࢬ༼հรԫጟނԳ᠏᧢੡׌

᧯ऱড়᧯֏ֱڤΔܛᇢቹᓿղ۞ߪઝᖂچۯऱֱڤΔٵழΔՈਢߓᢜᖂࢬ૞ઔߒ

ऱรԫጟᏆ഑Κ܂੡ԫጟట෻ࢨवᢝΖรԲጟሐᐚঞױኙᚨ࣍รԲጟড়᧯֏ऱֱ

ڤΔՈ༉ਢԫጟ։ᠦऱኔᔌΔٍܛ੡ߓᢜᖂࢬ඿ઔߒऱรԲጟᏆ഑Κ܂੡ԫጟᓵ ૪ऱᦞԺᖲࠫΖรԿጟሐᐚױኙᅃ۟รԿጟড়᧯֏ֱڤΔܛଡԳല۞ա᠏֏੡׌

᧯ऱֱڤΔՈ༉ਢߓᢜᖂऱรԿଡᏆ഑Κ۞ݺݾ๬ऱ଩෻ᖂΖ

៭ਢհਚΔߓᢜᖂኙ࣍ψሐᐚඒߛωऱ։࣫ΔՕીՂױאڶ༓ጟംᠲ֏ऱֱ

ڤΖรԫጟֱڤਢലሐᐚඒߛီ੡ԫ୚वᢝࢨట෻Δڼழሐᐚඒߛਐऱਢԫ୚व ᢝ᧯ߓΔᖑڶ٦෼ਢॺኙᙑऱچۯΖรԲጟֱڤਢലሐᐚඒߛီ੡ԫጟᦞԺΔױ شא೴ܑΕඈೈࢨٽ෻֏ਬࠄم໱ΖรԿጟֱڤঞਢലሐᐚඒߛ܂੡ԫጟ۞ݺऱ ݾ๬ΔڼழሐᐚඒߛਐנԳଚᚨױګ੡ଡԳ۩ࠃऱ׌᧯Ζ

Ղ૪Կጟ೴։ֱڤΔԫֱ૿ਢ Foucault ڇԫߓ٨ऱߓᢜᖂઔߒխࢬຬᥛ൶ಘ ऱ׌ᠲΔ׼ԫֱ૿Ոਢߓᢜᖂઔߒڇ઎ৱઔߒ׌ᠲழࢬආ࠷ऱംᠲ֏ֱڤΖᖕڼ

ۖᓵΔߓᢜᖂࢬ૞൶ߒऱ׌ᠲထૹڇषᄎխऱᦞԺΕवᢝፖߪ᧯հၴऱᣂএΖൕ ߓᢜᖂऱߡ৫ࠐ։࣫ሐᐚඒߛΔױאრਐ༓ଡլٵᐋ૿থਢઌյࠉᘸऱრᆠΖא Հല։ܑᎅࣔΖ

ʙăཾᆈ଀Չ҉Ķ঍୩ķ!

ԫ౳ۖߢΔ൶ಘሐᐚඒߛऱֱڤױאൕլٵऱߡ৫֊ԵΔڕΚषᄎΕਙएΕ

֨෻ΕᆖᛎΕႚᐾΕ֮֏Εࡲඒא֗ऄ৳࿛࿛ΖࠡխΔԾא֨෻ᖂΕୃᖂፖषᄎ ᖂ੡່׌૞Ζൕਬጟߡ৫ࠐᎅΔຍࠄઔߒृຟਢሐᐚඒߛऱറ୮ࢨറᄐՠ܂ृΰՈ ױ౨ڶࠡהլٵऱټጠ৞ᇆαΔۖ׊ΔהଚࢬᓫᓵऱՈຟਢאሐᐚඒߛ੡׌ऱփ

୲ΖլመΔຍࠄറ୮ᖂृࢬᓫᓵऱሐᐚඒߛΔೈԱᖑڶψઔߒωऱᐋ૿հ؆Δױ ౨ᝫץܶڶԫጟ৸ەፖ۩ࠃऱࠉូࢨᄷঞΖຍጟࠉូࢨᄷঞΔຘመઌᣂऱᓵ֮Ε ཚעΔא֗ᖂ๬੒೯ፖઔಘᄎ࿛Δࠌ൓ሐᐚඒߛ܂੡ԫ୚वᢝ᧯ߓΔࠀګ੡ᖂೃ

խᖂ๬ઔߒ੒೯ऱԫᛩΖ

ຍࠄᖂೃխऱᖂ๬ઔߒ੒೯Δਢԫጟലሐᐚඒߛא֗ψઝᖂωऱઔߒലհড়

᧯֏ऱֱڤΔຘመ֨෻ᖂΕୃᖂࢨषᄎᖂ࿛ᖂઝऱլٵઔߒֱڤΔሐᐚඒߛࢨ๺

।෼נઌฆऱ૿ᎎΖྥۖΔլٵᏆ഑ኙ࣍ሐᐚඒߛհฤᇆΕ፿ߢΕवᢝፖ௽௘੺

ࡳֱڤΔዌګԱٺ۞ऱ௽௘૿ٻΖۖຍࠄլٵ૿ٻऱ௽௘वᢝΔঞڶᦞေܒਬԫ

ࠃढױܡዌګᎁवኙွΔא֗ਬጟवᢝհᛧ൓ࢭᎁፖܡΖ

ࠏڕΚL. Kohlberg ൕᎁवऱߡ৫ࠐᎅࣔሐᐚࢤ௑ऱ࿇୶א֗ሐᐚᚨشऱʳ ʳ

଺ঞΔ៶طಘᓵኔᎾࢨ೗๻ऱሐᐚᓢડΔࠐ࿇୶ሐᐚඒߛऱֱூΖהΰKohlberg, ʳ 1983αਐנ R. S. Peters ᎁ੡ᚨڇٽᏝଖࢤΰworthwhileαհ๵ᄷऱഗ៕ՂΔሐᐚ ඒߛऱᄗ࢚թױ๯൷࠹Ιᎁ੡ A. S. Neill ޲ڶࣔᒔհေឰࠝ࿙࿳༞ऱ଩෻ਮዌࠉ ᖕΙࠀޅေ E. Friedenberg ٍྤԫ୚ߓอࢤऱሐᐚ๵ᄷ࿛ᨠរΔࠀᎁ੡Δഄڶ֨෻

ᖂऱઔߒΔթ౨టኔچྒྷၦנ୮அᦞ৖հᣊীא֗ሐᐚ঴௑հಝᒭࢬທګऱ࿨

࣠ΖٵழΔሐᐚ࿇୶ऱመ࿓ΔݮګԱԫଡሐᐚඒߛऱཕᢝᓰ࿓Δሐᐚඒߛᚨאإ ᆠტ੡່ึؾऱΔࠀᚨൕۖ৬مԫ୚ߓอࢤऱሐᐚ๵ᄷΖ

Kohlberg ऱሐᐚᎁव࿇୶ᓵΔམᐖऑچ࠹ࠩᖂ੺ፖኔᎾऱሐᐚඒᖂࢬಘᓵΕ

೶ەፖᚨشΔګ੡ԫ୚ሐᐚඒߛऱᑓڤΖ࣍ਢ׏Δڶᣂሐᐚ࿇୶ၸ੄ႉݧא֗ࠟ

ᣄൣቼ࿛ઌᣂऱवᢝΔᓉ੡ԫழଅᑪΔګ੡ሐᐚඒߛऱഄԫట෻Ζ೶ፖሐᐚඒߛ ऱԳ୉ፖඒஃΔႛထૹ࣍ڼԫ໢૿ٻऱवᢝࠐ๻ૠፖኔਜሐᐚඒߛΔ܀থڂ࢙ۖ

ฃԱࠡהሐᐚඒߛ৸ፂፖ૿ٻऱױ౨ࢤΔא֗ኔᎾඒ৛խ֮֏ऱ௽௘ࢤΖՈ༉ਢ ᎅΔڼழሐᐚඒߛऱवᢝΔբլ٦ፖࠠڶኔᎾऱሐᐚ᥆ࢤઌյᜤᢀΔۖਢຘመԫ ጟ࿨ዌፖפ౨ऱψڶᖲ࿨ዌωΰorganic structureαࢬิګΖ

ຍጟᐋ૿ऱሐᐚΔܧ෼נऱਢԫ୚Ꮭଖፖ۩೯ऱ๵ঞΔܛ੡ԫ୚ψሐᐚฤᒘωΔ ץਔڶᣂሐᐚऱ๵ঞ੒೯ࢨ๵ᒤߓอΖࠡࠠ᧯ऱ।෼Δܛਢലሐᐚඒߛݮᓯ࣍ᓰ

࿓ጼ૞ΕᑑᄷࢨᐚؾऱඒߛֱڤΖ

ሐᐚඒߛऱψᓰ࿓ጼ૞ωΕψᓰ࿓ᑑᄷωፖψᐚؾω࿛ܧ෼ֱڤΔრ࠺ထല଺

ءᚨਢڇس੒խࠠ᧯ኔᔌऱψ۩੡ωףא֮ڗ֏א֗ฤᒘ֏Δ᠏֏੡ࣔᒔऱא֗

ױᇷ༳༽ऱψवᢝωΖຍጟሐᐚ֮ڗፖฤᒘऱܧ෼ֱڤΔਢނኔᎾऱሐᐚ۩੡ףא

ូ౏Εૹ૪Δൕۖ൓אᨃሐᐚᓰ࿓ࠫࡳृא֗ሐᐚඒߛച۩ृࠐലհ༳༽Εઠຘ ፖᖙݫΖ

ࠃኔՂΔຍᑌऱሐᐚඒߛवᢝࢨฤᒘਢԫψ٦෼ωऱመ࿓Ζሐᐚवᢝऱࠫࡳ

ृࢨ༳൳ृא១໢ऱ༓ิ᢯ნΔݮڤ֏ኔᎾऱس੒ᖵ࿓Δ࢙ฃ೯ኪऱسࡎൣቼΔ

ٞቹאׂ૿ऱवᢝאೣᄗ٤ڍ᧢ᓤᠧऱԳᎾյ೯Ζ່৵Δঞࠌ൓ψ༴૪ωፖψట ኔऱൣቼωհၴທګงᠦΖ

ٵழΔሐᐚඒߛऱᓰ࿓Εඒઝ஼ፖઌᣂထ૪Δٍਢψሐᐚඒߛωवᢝፖ௽ࢤ ऱݮڤհ່ࠋ।ᐛΔՈ༴૪Աᓵ૪ृፖࠡᓵ૪׌ᠲհၴऱᣂএΖຍࠄڶᣂሐᐚඒ ߛऱ܂঴ࢨᖂृଚऱՠ܂Δਢڇψ༿ၲωΕψᅃॽωא֗ψਐقωࡸآ੡Գࢬवऱ ሐᐚඒߛ৸უፖ෻࢚Δല۞աီ੡ਢψሐᐚඒߛωऱזߢԳΖ

Ո༉ਢᎅΔຍࠄሐᐚඒߛऱ৸უፖ෻࢚׽ਢאवᢝऱֱڤࠐܧ෼Δۖຍࠄव ᢝഗءՂ༉ਢ૞ᨃψሐᐚඒߛωऱԫ֊੡Գࢬψ઎ࠩωΔא֗୲࣐ᨃԳଚֱঁΕ᎘

ᠾچ෻ᇞΖڂڼΔሐᐚඒߛऱᐚؾΕጼ૞א֗ઌᣂवᢝܧ෼Δ༉ਢڇ৬ዌԫଡᢰ

ަڤऱψ຺ᛲ጑ီፕωΔൕۖ൓א᎘࣐༳༽Εᖞ෻Εូ౏ψࢬڶऱωሐᐚवᢝΖʳ ʳ ʳ ψࢬڶऱωሐᐚΔઃڕٵۍઝ٤஼౳چԫԫܧ෼Ζሐᐚඒߛڼᖂઝࢨᖂ๬Ꮖ഑Δ ڂڼۖګ੡ԫଡ௽௘ऱᦞԺݾ๬Δ੡ઔߒृࡉࠌشृΰඒஃα৬مԫጟױ᎘࣐ᛧ

൓ፖ൳ࠫऱՠࠠࢨᦞԺݾ๬Ζ

ٵᑌऱൣݮፖ໱ན᠏ང۟ᖂسຝ։ழΔψሐᐚඒߛωբګ੡ԫิิऱवᢝΕฤ ᇆΖ،ਢԫ୚वᢝߓอΔֱঁᖂسةאಖᖋΕહ፽א֗ەᇢழჄ࿠Ζ܀থፖψኔ Ꮎऱس੒ኔᔌωዬ۩ዬ᎛Ζ

ሐᐚඒߛऱറ୮ᖂृ٦෼ԱሐᐚඒߛΔࢬڶᣂ࣍ሐᐚඒߛऱ܂঴Δຟਢڶߓ อऱઔߒګ࣠Ζ܂ृشᖂ๬๵ᒤઔߒڶᣂሐᐚඒߛऱԫ֊Δࠀ៶א୶෼ሐᐚඒߛ ᖂ๬ऱᦞԺፖய෷Δࠡڇ༓ֱ૿ທګᐙ᥼ΚรԫΔڇሐᐚඒߛءߪΙรԲΔڇሐ ᐚඒߛऱᖂृറ୮ߪՂΙא֗รԿΔڇሎشא֗ߪ๠࣍ሐᐚඒߛՠ܂ऱઌᣂԳ୉

ߪՂΖሐᐚඒߛ๯ᖂृଚᎅࣔΕਐᖄΕၲقፖिإΔሐᐚඒߛڂۖፖኔᎾൣቼง ᠦΔڇڼመ࿓Δլႛࠌ൓ሐᐚඒߛګ੡ຍࠄᖂृറ୮ऱറ᥆Ꮖ഑ΔՈൎ૰ሐᐚඒ ߛऱઌᣂԳ୉൷࠹طറ୮ଚࢬᒳ៣נऱሐᐚඒߛवᢝፖฤᒘΔᎁࡳຍ༉ਢሐᐚඒ ߛऱԫ֊Δٍܛψట෻ωΖ

ሐᐚඒߛڇᖂ๬ઔߒ੒೯խլႛګ੡ԫ௽௘૿ٻऱवᢝΔڶᦞေܒਬԫࠃढ ױܡዌګᎁवኙွΔא֗ਬጟवᢝհᛧ൓ࢭᎁፖܡΖຍጟᐋ૿ऱሐᐚࢬܧ෼נऱ ሐᐚฤᒘፖ๵ঞΔٍਢԫጟലሐᐚඒߛवᢝ֏ፖฤᒘ֏ऱᦞԺݾ๬ΖࠃኔՂΔᦞ ԺፖवᢝԲृਢઌᤖۖسऱΔאՀঞലޓ෡Եچ൶ಘሐᐚඒߛխᦞԺሎ܂ऱᑓʳ ڤΖ

ʠăཾᆈ଀Չ҉Ķᜌʨķ!

Foucaultΰ1995: 27αڇπ๵ಝፖᡕፆρխᎅࠩΚψᦞԺขسנवᢝΙᦞԺࡉव ᢝᤖܶထ࢖ڼΙ޲ڶवᢝᏆ഑ऱઌᣂ৬ዌ༉޲ڶᦞԺᣂএΔٵᑌऱՈ޲ڶٚ۶व ᢝլٵழቃ๻ፖ৬مᦞԺऱΖωՈ༉ਢᎅΔ߷ࠄݺଚᎁ੡టࢨ೗ऱࣟ۫Δٍܛ೴

։ءߪਢ᥆࣍ਙएᏆ഑ऱΰᓐ७ߐ᤟Δ1998Κ140αΖڂڼΔছ૪հሐᐚඒߛ๯Ⴟ ທנԫ୚شא೴։ኔᔌऱట෻ΔኔᎾՂܛਢԫጟਙएऱመ࿓Ζ

ᖕڼۖᓵΔሐᐚඒߛऱਙएࢤΔრ࠺ထ،ਢԫጟਙएრᢝऱ։಻ΔࠡၞԵࠩ

ඒߛ֨෻ᖂΕඒߛୃᖂΕඒߛषᄎᖂፖࠡהፖඒߛઌᣂᖂઝऱ֮ءխΔլႛ׽ਢ ԲցኙمᣂএऱංዝΔٵழՈਢ៶طᖂ๬࿇෼Ε෻ᓵ৬مΕ֨෻ᖂ։࣫ፖषᄎᖂ ڤ༴૪࿛࿛Δۖڶԫߓ٨ऱᦞԺᣂএΖፖࠡᎅሐᐚඒߛਢ๯।ሒנࠐऱΔլڕᎅ ਢԫ௽ࡳრݳፖრቹΔუ૞װԱᇞΕᖙ᜕ፖอٽᓤᠧڍ᧢ऱటኔ׈੺Ζ

ሐᐚඒߛ܂੡ਢԫ୚ᓵ૪Δឈྥ،ࠀॺࢨآؘਢऴ൷ࡉߧ፸፸ऱᦞԺਙएڶ ᣂΔ܀،থਢژڇ࣍א֗ขس࣍ԫଡٺڤٺᑌऱᦞԺ໱഑խΔࠀ࠹ࠩٺጟᦞԺऱ

ٌངመ࿓ࢬႿທΖՈ༉ਢᎅΔሐᐚඒߛբլႛႛ׽ਢԫጟवᢝऱ٦෼Δ،ࠡኔޓ ਢԫ୚ךየᦞԺሎ܂ऱᓵ૪ֱڤΖڼᓵ૪ֱڤऱ܂شΔڇ࣍ൎ֏ሎشΕᎅࣔΕ᤭

ᤩፖઔߒሐᐚඒߛऱψݺଚωΔፖ๯ਜףΕ๯ඒߛΕ๯๵ಝፖ๯ᡕፆऱψהଚωհ

ၴऱ஁ฆΖຍࠄ஁ฆ।෼ڇڕΚሐᐚඒߛऱ֧տृፖሐᐚඒߛऱ൷گृհၴΕሐ ᐚඒߛऱඒ඄ृፖሐᐚඒߛऱᖂ฾ृհၴΕሐᐚᖂ฾ऱګפृፖ؈ඓृհၴΔא

֗ࠡהױ๯ຍԫ୚ሐᐚඒߛᓵ૪ףא೴։ኙمऱᠨֱհၴΖ

࣍ਢΔሐᐚඒߛ܂੡ԫ୚ᓵ૪ֱڤΔܛڇشא೴։ሐᐚृፖॺሐᐚृհၴऱ

஁ฆࢤΔྥۖΔڼழሐᐚඒߛऱ׌૞փ୲Δۿ׏ፖኔᎾऱψהଚωհၴࠀྤയ֊

ࢨኔᔆऱᣂᜤΖ੡Աᨃຍ୚ᓵ૪ขسኔᔆய࣠Δᛩ៥ထሐᐚඒߛऱઌᣂवᢝፖᖲ

ࠫᚨሎۖسΔຍٵழՈਢԫଡၸᐋڤऱᦞԺݮګፖ୶෼ΔطՂ۟ՀΕطඒ඄ृ۟

ᖂ฾ृΕطඒߛृ۟࠹ඒृΕطګפृ۟؈ඓृΔא۟࣍ط༳൳ृ۟๯༳൳ृΔ ګԱԫຑۭஇۚൎଇऱଇढᢸΖ

ଣૉΔሐᐚඒߛऱᓵ૪ױאނ෼ኔऱ׈੺ຟ։໊ګࣔ᧩լٵऱژڇֱڤΔ֨

෻ᖂऱΕषᄎᖂऱΕୃᖂऱΖ߷ᏖΔڇኔᎾس੒ൣቼխऱ۩੡׌᧯Δᚨڕ۶অڶ

ࠡآ๯։ါऱᖞ᧯ࢤΛࢨृΔሐᐚඒߛ൓אڶᦞ೴։ګ੡ઌյኙمऱژڶΔڶሐ ᐚृፖྤሐᐚृΕݺଚፖהଚΖຍጟ೴։ࢬທګኙمࢤΔԾᚨڕ۶௣৮ΛࠃኔՂΔ ຍᑌऱ೴։Δ࢓࢓׽ਢຏঞ֏ऱ࿨࣠Δᅝሐᐚඒߛऱऱຍጟ೴։ֱڤΔലհ܂੡

ઔߒΕ։࣫ፖᓰ࿓ኔਜऱದរழΰࠡኔٍਢึរαΔࠡ࿨࣠༉ਢࠟᄕ֏Աຍጟ೴։

ኙمΔ෡֏ࠀឩՕ࢖ڼᠨֱհၴऱ၏ᠦΖ

ຍጟ೴։ֱڤૻࠫԱሐᐚඒߛڇլٵषᄎൣቼΕඒߛኔᎾΕᖂீ֮֏ፖඒ৛

س੒խၞԫޡܮگڍցࢤፖץ୲஁ฆࢤऱױ౨ΖՈ༉ਢᎅΔሐᐚඒߛ܂੡๠෻ஃ سᣂএࢨٵᕦᣂএऱ৸ەֱڤհԫΔՈܧ෼נԫጟ࠹ࠩ១֏ऱΕຒګऱא֗ኲྥ

Բ։ऱᑓڤΖᕣጥլٵழཚऱሐᐚඒߛᓵ૪ආ࠷ԱլٵऱݮڤΔ܀ሐᐚඒߛൕመ װࠩ෼ڇΔທګՂፖՀΕඒஃፖᖂسΕݺଚፖהଚհၴԲցኙمऱवᢝߓᢜথਢ ԫ຃ऱΖ

៭ਢհਚΔሐᐚඒߛՈڂۖܧ෼נԫጟ৸უଅ௑ऱݮڤΔࠀࠠڶࠡسขࢤ ΰproductivityαΔࠡ᧩قנՂኙՀհၴΔڇء᧯ᓵፖवᢝᓵհ೴ሶऱ૮ฆ৸უʳ ʳ ଅ௑Ζאඒஃፖᖂسհၴ੡ࠏΔඒஃ੡Ա૞ٽ෻֏۞աࢬᖑڶऱሐᐚᦞ৖Δൄʳ ʳ ലवᢝፖᦞԺԲृףא࿨ٽΖवᢝࡉᦞԺհၴऱ࿨ٽࠠڶࠡسขࢤΔवᢝ൅ࠐʳ ʳ ᦞԺΔۖޓڍऱᦞԺ᧩قנඒஃڶޓڍऱवᢝΔڕڼݮګԱवᢝፖᦞԺऱ᥯ᢞᣂ এΖ

֘հΔᖂسথګԱԫጟᙩኪऱΕࠥࣨऱא֗ࡐࡳլ᧢ऱრቝΔ׊ፖᖑڶሐᐚ वᢝऱሐᐚඒߛृݮګኙֺΖ੡Ա૞੒֏ຍଡኙֺᣂএΔሐᐚඒߛऱ༳ᦞृ૞א ٺጟֱڤൎᓳآ൷࠹ሐᐚඒߛऱԳਢ੒ڇԫଡॺൄլٵऱ׼ᣊ׈੺խΔڶထᗑ௽

ऱ֮֏Εسژֱڤፖփڇ᧤ᙀΖڕ֨෻ᖂאኔ᧭৛խऱػ۔ቕࢨੌՑֽፖܡऱद ࠐ༴૪ᖂسऱ֘ᚨΔୃᖂխऱᖂس׽ໍՀߪፖ֨ΔۖषᄎᖂխޓآߠଡԳऱژڇΖ ૹរਢΔᓿղᖂسߪ։ᎁٵፖױ෻ᇞࢤऱΔլਢהଚءߪΔۖਢ๯ሐᐚඒߛᦞԺ

༳༽ृऱ᠆༄वᢝ᧯ߓࢬᔅղऱΖຍԫߓ٨ᓤᠧऱኙᅃֱڤΔܧ෼נኲྥቤ։ऱ

֮֏ኙمᣂএΔᖂسݙ٤๯ඒஃऱ᥹ᦞࢬ୬ࠫፖ٦෼Ζ

ሐᐚඒߛ܂੡ԫ୚ךየᦞԺሎ܂ऱᓵ૪ᖲࠫΔڇڼܧ෼נԫጟ։ᠦኔᔌऱড়

᧯֏ֱڤΖڇڼൣݮՀΔሐᐚګ੡؆ף࣍ଡԳߪՂऱٱಖΔԳଚԫֱ૿ګ੡ሐᐚ ඒߛᦞԺᓵ૪ऱזߢԳΔԫֱ૿Ոڇڼሐᐚඒߛऱ໱഑խףאࣚൕࢨ֘ݼΖ

ʭăཾᆈ଀Չ҉ĶьӨӬ௚ķ!

ሐᐚඒߛᚨ᠖෎܂੡ψवᢝፖట෻ऱሐᐚฤᒘፖ๵ঞωא֗܂੡ψ։ᠦኔᔌ ऱᦞԺᓵ૪ω࿛լٵᐋ૿ऱሐᐚΔሐᐚඒߛᚨᝫڶ׼ԫֱ૿Δܛਢൎᓳኙ۞ݺऱ ᣂএΔ،ਢԫጟެࡳଡԳᚨڕ۶ނ۞ա৬ዌګ੡۞ߪ۩੡ሐᐚ׌᧯ऱ଩෻ᨠΖڼ ጟᐋ૿ऱሐᐚਐऱਢψԳଚ۩ࠃऱ۞ݺኪ৫ωΔՈ༉ਢല۞աݮႿګฤٽሐᐚฤᒘ ऱ׌᧯ΰFoucault, 1990b: 13αΖۖຍጟଡԳല۞ա᠏֏੡׌᧯ऱড়᧯֏ֱڤΔՈ༉

ਢߓᢜᖂऱรԿଡᏆ഑Κ۞ݺݾ๬ऱ଩෻ᖂΖ

Foucault ऱߓᢜᖂઔߒࠩԱඡཚܧ෼נፖছԲཚઌᅝՕऱլٵΖছԲཚထૹ

࣍ట෻რݳፖᦞԺሎ܂ऱषᄎመ࿓Δࠡ৵ঞൎᓳኙ۞ݺऱᣂࣹΕ۞ݺऱଥᕆא֗

۞ݺऱݾ๬࿛ᨠ࢚Ζ႓ᅗᆁΰ2003Κ36αᎁ੡Δ࿨ዌࢨݛᨠᐋڻऱᇞ࣋ኔᔌΔਢ ଡԳᐋڻհ۞طኔᔌऱছ༼යٙΖ৵ृࡐྥᏁ૞ছृթ౨ኔ෼ΔۖছृءߪᝫᏁ

૞৵ृթ౨ຶࠡפΖԲृઌյ࿨ٽթ൓אኔ෼۞طΖ

ൎᓳ۞ݺݾ๬଩෻ᖂऱሐᐚඒߛΔထૹڇଡԳऱ۩ࠃᐋ૿ΔࠡലਐנԳଚኙ

࣍۞ݺژڇऱᏝଖא֗ڇس੒׈੺խऱࡳۯΖ៶طᒔࡳٺጟ۩੡๵ঞΔᇢቹޏ᧢

۞ݺऱژڇፖᏝଖΔۖګ੡ԫጟψژڇऱᢌ๬ωΰarts of existenceαࢨጠ੡ψ۞ݺ ऱݾ๬ωΰtechnique of the selfαࢨਢψژڇભᖂωΰaesthetics of existenceαΰDreyfus

& Rabinow, 1983: 231-238αΖຍጟژڇભᖂਢԫጟಳޣ۞ݺऱݮႿא֗۞ݺऱޏ

᧢Δٍਢԫጟ۞ݺଥ᝷ऱኔᔌֱڤΖ

ڂڼΔຍጟૹီψ۩ࠃऱ۞ݺኪ৫ωऱሐᐚඒߛΔٍ׌്۞࿇ࢤچނ۞աݮ Ⴟګฤٽሐᐚฤᒘऱሐᐚ׌᧯ΖྥۖΔլٵଡԳڇڼመ࿓խᄎڶࢬ஁ฆΔࠀ։ܑ

।෼ڇ؄ଡֱ૿ΰDreyfus & Rabinow, 1983: 238-243; Foucault, 1990b: 25-32αΚ )Ι*Ңоրᘞ՗࣏ܖၾኈޟগ౩ᄂᡝ!

ࢬᘯऱψ଩෻ኔ᧯ऱဪࡳωΰdetermination of the ethical substanceαΔՈ༉ਢ ଡԳല۞ա৬ዌګሐᐚ۩੡ऱֱڤΖ଩෻ኔ᧯ࠌଡ᧯۞աެࡳ۞աऱ۩੡ਢܡฤ ٽሐᐚΖ༉ Kant ۖߢΔ଩෻ኔ᧯ਢึᄕऱؾऱΔլመ Foucault থᎁ੡۞ݺፖሐᐚ

๵ᒤ່੡യ֊ᣂᜤऱᚨਢტൣΖ )Π*݈௃ޟ዁Ԓ!

ψࣚൕऱᑓڤωΰmode of subjectionαਢଡԳ৬م۞աፖ๵ঞհၴᣂএא֗

ᎁव۞աڶኔᔌᆠ೭ऱֱڤΖψ۞࿇ࢤچኔᔌਬሐᐚᆠ೭ωፖψ෻ࢤچൕࠃਬሐᐚ

۩੡ωԲृਢኲྥլٵऱΖψ෻ࢤچωਢਐൈᐚڤऱፖཏሙ֏ऱ۩੡ֱڤΔਢԫጟ ڇྤՂࡎחհՀլ൓լऱࡹൕΖۖψ۞࿇ࢤچωਢԫጟᢞࣔ౨ജอए۞ա।෼Δ ਝਢԫጟਙएࢤऱԾਢԫጟભᖂڤچژڶΖ

)έ*ԙ࣏Ռרগ౩кᡝޟПԒ!

ޢଡԳڇሎ܂଩෻ኔ᧯ழΔࢨਢᇢቹނ۞ա᠏᧢ګ۞ա۩੡ऱ଩෻׌᧯ՂΔ ٺԳऱ।෼ֱڤᄎڶլٵΖFoucault ጠհ੡ψݮګ۞ݺऱኔᔌωΰthe practice of selfα ࢨਢԫጟψᐖᆠऱᆃ඿ݮڤωΖ

)Ѳ*গ౩кᡝޟತྃҬޟ!

ڇ଩෻׌᧯ऱึᄕؾऱΰtelosαՂΔԫଡ۩೯ਢܡሐᐚΔլႛڇ࣍ࠡءߪࢨ ᗑ௽ࢤΔٍᣂ׏ଡԳፖᖞ᧯ᛩቼא֗۩੡ᑓڤࢬ׭ڶऱچۯΖՈ༉ਢᎅΔᅝݺଚ ऱ۩੡ᜰַڇٽ׏ਬሐᐚ๵ᒤழΔݺଚუ૞ګ੡չᏖᑌऱژڇΔਢܡ૞ګ੡۞ա ऱ׌ԳΖ

אՂ༓ଡֱ૿Δٺ۞հၴਝڶᗑمࢤΔՈڶਬጟᣂᜤࢤΖ଩෻ኔ᧯ױ౨ਢਬ ጟሐᐚऱ۩੡।෼Ιࣚൕֱڤਢԫጟ᥆࣍ਙएભᖂՂऱᙇᖗΙݮګ۞ݺऱኔᔌਢ ԫ๯ଡԳףאሎشऱݾ๬Ιۖึᄕؾऱঞਢ࠷ެ࣍۞ݺऱࡳۯΖFoucault ࢬൎᓳ ऱሐᐚਢٺጟ׌᧯֏ፖኔᔌऱݮڤΔਢԫጟא۞ݺ଩෻੡ᖄٻऱሐᐚΔۖլਢא

๵ᒤ੡ᖄٻऱሐᐚΖۖຍጟኙଡԳሐᐚऱ֘৸Δਢԫጟא۞ݺኔᔌፖଥ۩੡ᖄٻ ऱΔൎᓳऱਢኙ۞ݺऱᣂএΖ

៭ਢհਚΔ࿝ृᎁ੡Δሐᐚඒߛᚨױൕڼ۞ݺݾ๬ऱ଩෻ᖂհխڶࢬඔ૭Ζ ଈ٣ΔԳଚᚨᇠൕփ֨ࠐᣂ֨۞աऱ۩੡א֗۞աፖהԳհၴऱᣂএΔۖॺሐᐚ ฤᒘࢨ๵ᒤࢬࠫࡳऱ৵࣠Ζሐᐚඒߛ࠹ࠩઝᖂઔߒऱড়᧯֏Δࠌ൓ݺଚނ۞ա৬ ዌګवᢝऱ׌᧯Ζ࣍ਢΔሐᐚګ੡Ꮭଖፖ۩೯๵ঞऱಳ༈Δሐᐚඒߛګ੡ሐᐚฤ ᒘऱ٦෼Δࠀࠌ൓ଡԳፖኔਜس੒׈੺งᠦΖ

ࠡڻΔሐᐚඒߛᚨឭๅ๵ᒤऱޔᗻΔๅᠦፖࠫ৫ߓอऱᣂᜤΖሐᐚඒߛ܂੡

ԫጟ։ᠦኔᔌऱড়᧯֏ֱڤΔࠌ൓ଡ᧯๯೴։੡ԲցኙمΔຍጟᦞԺሎ܂ࠌ൓ݺ ଚނ۞ա৬ዌګ੡܂ش࣍הԳऱ׌᧯Ζ࣍ਢΔሐᐚګ੡ଡԳ۩੡ऱᑑಖΔሐᐚඒ

ߛګ੡ᦀࠌԳଚࣚൕࢨ֘ݼऱֱڤΖ

່৵Δሐᐚඒߛᚨ౨ജࠌଡԳ৬ዌԫጟ۞ݺݾ๬ऱ଩෻ᨠΔຍਢԫጟ۞ݺଥ

᝷ऱژڇᢌ๬ΔᚨીԺ࣍ലଡԳऱسࡎΰbiosαሒࠩԫژڇભᖂऱቼ੺Ζሐᐚඒ ߛ܂੡ԫጟ۞ݺݾ๬ऱ଩෻ᖂΔଡԳᖂ฾ڕ۶ല۞աီ੡඿ඨፖ۩੡ऱ׌᧯Δࠀ ৬ዌ۞աګ੡ሐᐚऱ۩೯ृΖڼழΔሐᐚܛਢԳଚ۩ࠃऱ۞ݺኪ৫Δሐᐚඒߛਢ ᨃଡԳ۞࿇ࢤچႿທګ੡ฤٽሐᐚऱ׌᧯Ζ

Ёăඕ! ኢ

ߓᢜᖂऱઔߒڶܑ࣍ႚอऱઔߒֱڤΔࠡլႛࢴ؞ٚ۶อԫऱ๵৳א֗ݮՂ ᖂऱ່ึࢤΔ׌്լژڇٚ۶ᒔࡳऱءᔆΔࠀ૞ڇषᄎኔᔌऱ।૿խބנឰါ๠Ι ٵழΔߓᢜᖂԾਢڇಖᙕய࣠ऱᖵ׾Δਐנଡ᧯๯ᦞԺሎ܂ࢬ೴ሶΕ৬ዌፖᖙ᜕

ऱࠃኔΖ

ᓵ૪ਢԫ୚٦෼ऱࠫ৫ߓอΔࠡԫֱ૿܂੡৸უࡉߢ፿հၴऱᖯᑚΔਢԫጟ

๯গՂฤᇆ׊๯፿ဲࢬܧ෼נऱ৸უΙ׼ԫֱ૿Ոਢၲඔࠀขسრᆠய࣠ऱ

፿ߢ࿨ዌΖᓵ૪Ո௫֗षᄎኔᔌΕषᄎࠫ৫ፖषᄎᎁٵΔࠡኙ؆ඈೈ࿓ݧፖփڇ

൳ࠫߓอΔࠌ൓षᄎऱሎ܂ܧ෼ԫጟ೯ኪፖጹ৺ᣂএऱᦞԺመ࿓ΖۖڼᦞԺመ࿓

ٍਢ֏પڇ׌᧯ߪՂऱპᨠढ෻ᖂΔࠌଡԳขس๵ಝፖࡹൕऱய࣠Ζ

៭ਢհਚΔߓᢜᖂࢬ૞൶ߒऱ׌ᠲထૹڇषᄎխऱట෻ΕᦞԺፖ׌᧯հၴऱ ᣂএΖట෻ץਔԱ๵ᒤ֏ݾ๬Εਙएਙᦞא֮֗֏ऱኔᔌΖᦞԺܧ෼נԫጟ೴ܑ

ߓอΕࠫ৫֏ऱݮڤא֗ٽ෻֏ऱ࿓৫Ζۖ܂੡ԫጟ׌᧯Δঞਢຏመ൳ࠫࡉࠉᘸ ऱԫጟࡹൕ࣍הԳऱֱڤΔࠡᆖطრᢝࡉ۞ݺᎁᢝᜤᢀ࣍۞ݺऱᎁٵΖຍࠄઔߒ

׌ᠲٍਢߓᢜᖂઔߒऱԿՕ׌ၗΚట෻ΕᦞԺፖ଩෻ᖂΔٵழΔٍਢߓᢜᖂംᠲ

֏ऱݮڤΖ

ሐᐚඒߛऱߓᢜᖂ൶ߒΔڂۖױၲ୶נԿጟᐋ૿Ζรԫጟሐᐚඒߛਐऱਢԫ

୚۞੡᧯ߓऱवᢝߓอΔࠡژڇ࣍ਬࠄሐᐚ৙ጠא֗ᖂ๬ઔߒऱवᢝߓᢜխΔਬ ࠄᄗ࢚ࠠڶᖵ׾࿇୶ऱԫીࢤፖຑ຃ࢤΔࠀၞۖګ੡ԫ୚ሐᐚඒߛऱψట෻ωΙร Բጟሐᐚඒߛਢԫጟ೴։ߓอΔܧ෼נԫጟআࠌᦞԺᣂএژڇऱ֫੄ፖࠫ৫֏ऱ

ݮڤΔᐖऑچലሐᐚඒߛࠫ৫֏ፖٽ෻֏Δۖګ੡ᦞԺሎ܂ऱመ࿓Δ׊ٍਢԫጟ

։ᠦऱኔᔌΙรԿጟሐᐚඒߛঞਢထૹڇଡԳऱ۩ࠃᐋ૿ΔਐנԳଚኙ࣍۞ݺژ ڇऱᏝଖא֗ڇس੒׈੺խऱࡳۯΖԳଚᚨᇠൕփ֨ࠐᣂ֨۞աऱ۩੡א֗۞ա ፖהԳհၴऱᣂএΔۖॺሐᐚฤᒘࢨ๵ᒤࢬࠫࡳऱ৵࣠Ζሐᐚඒߛᚨൎᓳऱਢឭ ๅ๵ᒤऱޔᗻΔࠀࠌଡԳګ੡۞ݺ۩ࠃऱ׌᧯Ζ

ൕߓᢜᖂࠐ൶ಘሐᐚඒߛΔࠀॺڇ৬ዌࢨᖫمԫ୚ᄅऱᏝଖࢨሐᐚ๵ᒤΔۖ

ਢڇᇞዌਝڶऱᦞ৖Ε༿᥻נ଺ڶऱሐᐚඒߛྤאࠌԳհ۩ࠃࠠ׌᧯ࢤΖሐᐚඒ ߛլᚨਢᙅ༛ԫ୚๯৬ዌנऱψట෻ωΔ૰ࠌԳஜஜࣚᜨΔٍլ౨ګ੡ԫጟ೴ܑψݺ ଚωፖψהृωᣂএऱᦞԺՠࠠΖ܀۟֟ΔሐᐚඒߛᚨࠌԳૹီ۞ݺऱژڇፖء ߪڇس੒׈੺խऱچۯΖሐᐚࠀॺ່ึؾऱΔ۞ݺ૤ຂא֗ࠌ۞աګ੡ኔᔌऱ׌

᧯ᚨਢഗءऱֱٻΖ

ણ҂͛ᚥ

ຫᡖ஑ΰ᤟αΰ2002αΖD. Robinson ထΖѻߛᇄࡣ౪фкဎΖፕקΚᘷᙰᨓΖ

႓ᅗᆁΰ2003αΖ۞ݺଥᕆፖ۞ݺ໌ᄅΚඡڣແਲऱ׌᧯Я۞ݺᨠΖሉ࣍႓ᅗᆁΰ׌ᒳαΔ ࡣᏰཱི፣Ȉࡣ౪фʝࡣ๖ᄺʝࡣ෥ҕΰ଄ 11-45αΖፕקΚؐࡾ֮֏Ζ

ᓐ७ߐΰ᤟αΰ1998αΖB. Smart ထΖയࢠΖፕקΚ؎ੌΖ

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