人員解說效果評估之研究－ 以高雄市立美術館為例
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(3) . . ٦ࠩڃᖂீᦰΔփ֨ࠡኔਢ༬எऱΔࢢᓰᄐၞ৫᎔լՂΔࢢፖٵᖂၴࢬڶ ሶᎶΔޓᖜ֨ऱਢᖂீऱ۔ஃਢܡᄎඵԫᢰᦰΕԫᢰՂఄΔ᜔ਢڦቝྤᙰ፧ᢓ ऱݺΛᐜࢉΔຍԫ֊ຟਢڍᐞΖৠՕऱீଅᖦኔΔඒඒᖂᎁటΔٵᖂઌՈᄕࠡᘜ ΔצצΔฅᄐڇܛณছΖ ტऱԳৰڍΔଈ٣Δਢݺᓵ֮ऱਐᖄ۔ஃᆺவቯΔტ൞૿ڇኙԫଡ৸უሂ ᥬΕኙᓵ֮ᐊᑓڤශྤᄗ࢚ऱᖂسΔ౨נבᄕՕરࢤΔլឰղਐᖄΔ༼נᣪ၆৬ ᤜΔᨃ֘ݺ٦Կऱ৸ەᓵ֮ᐷᐊֱٻΔࠀല壆ڍ؈ղޏאၞΖ ൷ထΔტᖜٚݺᓵ֮ૠ࿇।֗ᓵ֮ՑࡡەऱࣔܦΕᠱՂ墾ࠟ۔ۯஃΔ ტ൞ଚኙݺᓵ֮փ୲ࢬ༼נऱጟጟ৬ᤜΖ ٦ࠐ༉ਢፖݺԫٵᕿऱٵᖂଚΔץਔଉ܆ΕᑽΕᇣΕڳॗΕਞݳΔᝫڶਹ ፂΔڂ܃ଚऱᑷ֨ᚥڦΕઌյಘᓵΕᔞழ࠰ܗΔڇݺઔߒࢬऱֲթ౨ڍڼڕ७ڍ ৎΖ ່৵Δტऱਢݺऱ୮ԳΔ܃ڶଚऱ֭Δ܃ଚऱቔᚐΔᝫڶৰڍழଢऱץ ୲Δݺऱᓵ֮ਢྤऄګݙऱΔ֠ࠡਢॳΔՖࠝࢭᦟᓃՀऱழၴటऱਢ֜֟Ζ᠃ڼא ᓵ֮ࢬݺڶფ֗אფݺऱԳΖ. I.
(4) ኴ. . २༓ڣΔᇞᎅݳՠڇᓒড࿇୶Δլႛڇ؆ੌ۩ΔഏփٺՕ໑ढ塢Εભ 塢ՈຟઌᤉሎشᇞᎅݳՠΙႂؑمભ塢٤ഏรԿஆֆمભ塢Δॊ༼֒ত ᢌ֮ଅհٚ೭Δ۞ 1994 ࠐאمګڣΔܛᆤشᇞᎅݳՠᖜٚ塢ֱ୶Գፖᨠฒհ ၴᄮຏऱᖯᑚΔ៶طᇞᎅݳՠ១ᑥΕᄷᒔࠀ༄ڶൣტۥऱߢΔല୶ق৸უ ፖփ୲Δإᒔ堚ᄑऱႚሒᨠاฒΔᨃᨠृڶ༭ஙऱᖂΔၞۖᗨีवᢝΙۖભ 塢Ոڼڂሒࠩඒߛפ౨Ζ ྥاฒൕխࢬگܮᇷಛऱڍኒ֗ભ塢ࢬ༼ࠎհᇞᎅࣚ೭ਢاٽ֊ܡฒᏁޣΔս ؘڶאףኔᎾေ۷Ζءઔߒܛ൶ಘႂؑمભ塢Գᇞᎅհய࣠Δאψवᢝ ᛧ࠷ω Ε ψኪ৫᧢ޏω Ε ψ۩რٻω֗ψᇞᎅ᧯᧭ωଡዌ૿Δ܂ᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷հਐ ᑑΖආം࠴ᓳֱڤၞ۩Δאᨠႂؑمભ塢ψᙑᤚᢌՕஃ─ۦຳऱᦅ֤ ୶ωऱاฒઔߒኙွΖ ം࠴ආߓอࢼᑌΔ࿇࣋ം࠴ 600 ٝΔڶயം࠴ 574 ٝΖം࠴ᇷறᚨ شSPSS ᇘ ຌ᧯ၞ۩։࣫Δኔᢞ࣠Κڶፖᇞᎅࣚ೭հاฒֺڶፖᇞᎅࣚ೭հاฒڇψव ᢝᛧ࠷ω Ε ψኪ৫᧢ޏω Ε ψ۩რٻω֗ψᇞᎅ᧯᧭ωՂ݁᧩ڶထฆΖ ່৵ᖕઔߒ࣠Δ༼ٺנႈ৬ᤜࠎٺભ塢܂ᇞᎅݳՠٺႈઔᓰ࿓֗ᇞᎅ ࣚ೭ಝᒭհەΖ. ᣂဲΚݳՠΕᇞᎅΕᖄᥦΕᢌ֮ፖ. II.
(5) Abstract In the recent years, every museums has hired docent for service. Kaohsiung museum of fine arts is the third National museum, it’s responsible for promoting the atmosphere of arts in southern Taiwan. Since 1994, it hired docents to be the communication bridge between curator and audience. They deliver the thinking and contents of the exhibits to people by their simple, accurate and emotional words; and make them have a pleasure learning and gain knowledge. Moreover, museum has accomplished its function of education. However, we have to evaluate that if the docent service has meets people’s needs or not. Our study is to investigate the effect of docent in Kaohsiung national museum. We use “Knowledge Acquisition”, “Attitute Change”, “Behavior Intension” and “Docent Experience” as our index of docent evaluation. We sent the questionnaires to people who went to the exhibition “The Enigma of M.C. Escher”. We sent out 600 questionnaires and had collected 574 valid questionnaires. We test these quesionnaires with SPSS system. The result shows that people, who paticipate the docent sercive, has sgnificant difference in “Knowledge Acquisition”, “Attitute Change”, “Behavior Intension” and “Docent Experience” than people who don’t paticipate. According to the result, we propose many suggestion to be traning reference for for museum docent service.. Keywords: volunteerΙcommentateΙdocentΙart activity participate. III.
(6) ؾ. ᙕ. 1. ፃᓵ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 ઔߒહནፖ೯ᖲ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 ઔߒؾऱ.................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 ઔߒੌ࿓................................................................................................................... 5 1.4. ઔߒ................................................................................................................. 6 1.4.1 ৬塢ᖵ࿓ፖؾᑑ.......................................................................................... 6 1.4 .2. ᇞᎅݳՠऱࢵႥፖഛಝ............................................................................. 8. 1.4 .3. ᇞᎅᑓڤ................................................................................................... 10. 2. ֮൶ಘ........................................................................................................................... 14. 3.. 2.1. ᇞᎅऱࡳᆠ........................................................................................................... 14. 2.2. ᇞᎅऱઌᣂ֮................................................................................................... 16. 2.3. ᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ऱࡳᆠ........................................................................................... 18. 2.4. ᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ऱઌᣂ֮................................................................................... 21. 2.5. ᇞᎅऱઌᣂհᓵ............................................................................................... 23. ઔߒֱऄ......................................................................................................................... 27 3. 1 ઔߒኙွ.............................................................................................................. 27 3.2. ᧢ႈऱࡳᆠፖᘝၦ............................................................................................. 28. 3.3. ઔߒ............................................................................................................. 32. 3.4. ઔߒਮዌ............................................................................................................. 34. 3.5. ࢼᑌֱऄ............................................................................................................... 35. 3.6. ኔ᧭ૠ............................................................................................................... 35. 3.7. ം࠴ᓳ............................................................................................................... 36 3.7.1 ം࠴ૠ.................................................................................................... 37 3.7.2 ം࠴ቃᇢ.................................................................................................... 37. 3.8. ڤإം࠴............................................................................................................... 41. 3.9. อૠ։࣫............................................................................................................... 44 IV.
(7) 4.ઔߒ࣠ፖಘᓵ................................................................................................................. 46 4.1. ᨠ୶ᥦऱاฒհഗءᇷற։࣫....................................................................... 46 4.1.1 ڣ............................................................................................................ 46 4.1.2 ࢤܑ............................................................................................................ 47 4.1.3 ᄐ............................................................................................................ 47 4.1.4 ඒߛ࿓৫.................................................................................................... 48. 4.2. 4.3. ॾ৫ፖய৫։࣫................................................................................................. 49 4.2.1. ॾ৫։࣫.................................................................................................. 49. 4.2.2. ய৫։࣫................................................................................................ 49. ᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷։࣫............................................................................................... 55 4.3.1 ᗑمᑌ ءt ᛀࡳ ........................................................................................ 55 4.3.2. ڂ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫ ANOVA ᛀࡳ .......................................................... 57. 4.3.3. ֱᛀࡳ.................................................................................................. 67. 4.3.4. ઌᣂ։࣫.................................................................................................. 69. 4.3.5 ڍցಱូ.................................................................................................... 70 5.. ᓵ................................................................................................................................. 72 5.1. ઔߒૻࠫ............................................................................................................... 72. 5.2. ઔߒᓵ............................................................................................................... 72. 5.3. ઔߒ৬ᤜ............................................................................................................... 74 5.3.1. ኙભ塢ऱ৬ᤜ........................................................................................ 75. 5.3.2. ኙ৵ᥛઔߒऱ৬ᤜ.................................................................................. 75. ֮ە................................................................................................................................ 77 ॵᙕԫ............................................................................................................................ 90 ॵᙕԲ............................................................................................................................ 91 ॵᙕԿ............................................................................................................................ 93 ॵᙕ............................................................................................................................ 94 ॵᙕն............................................................................................................................ 95 ॵᙕք............................................................................................................................ 96 V.
(8) ॵᙕԮ............................................................................................................................ 97 ॵᙕԶ............................................................................................................................ 98 ॵᙕ. ኔ᧭ิቃᇢം࠴.......................................................................................... 99. ॵᙕԼ. ኙᅃิቃᇢം࠴........................................................................................ 101. ॵᙕԼԫ. ኔ᧭ิڤإം࠴.................................................................................... 103. ॵᙕԼԲ. ኙᅃิڤإം࠴.................................................................................... 105. VI.
(9) ।. ڻ. । 1 چٺ໑ढ塢ᇞᎅᑓڤԫᥦ।................................................................... 11 । 2 ᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ઌᣂ֮հઔߒዌ૿........................................................................... 22 । 3 ႂؑمભ塢 99-103 ڣ৫ሏড়Գᑇִܑอૠ। ................................................. 27 । 4 ፖᇞᎅհاฒڇवᢝᛧ࠷Ղऱംႈ....................................................................... 28 । 5 اฒᨠ୶ᥦ৵ڇवᢝᛧ࠷ऱംႈ........................................................................... 29 । 6 اฒᨠ୶ᥦ৵ڇኪ৫᧢ޏऱംႈ........................................................................... 30 । 7 اฒᨠ୶ᥦ৵۩ڇრٻऱംႈ........................................................................... 31 । 8 اฒᨠ୶ᥦ৵ڇᇞᎅ᧯᧭ऱംႈ........................................................................... 31 । 9 ቃᇢം࠴ॾ৫։࣫।................................................................................................... 38 । 10 ܔೈၦ֡ኴ।......................................................................................................... 39 । 11 ቃᇢം࠴ፖڤإം࠴ᠲؾኙᅃ। ............................................................................. 40 । 12 ᇷற։࣫ऄ।............................................................................................................. 45 । 13 ࠹ྒྷृڻڣᑇۍ։ֺ............................................................................................. 46 । 14 ࠹ྒྷृࢤܑڻᑇۍ։ֺ............................................................................................. 47 । 15 ࠹ྒྷृᄐڻᑇۍ։ֺ............................................................................................. 48 । 16 ࠹ྒྷृඒߛ࿓৫ڻᑇۍ։ֺ..................................................................................... 48 । 17 ڤإം࠴ॾ৫։࣫..................................................................................................... 49 । 18 گᚹய৫։࣫।......................................................................................................... 53 । 19 ܑய৫։࣫।......................................................................................................... 53 । 20 ኔ᧭ิፖኙᅃิڇଡዌ૿ऱؓ݁ᑇฆ t ᛀࡳ ................................................. 55 । 21 ኔ᧭ิፖኙᅃิڇवᢝᛧ࠷հྒྷ᧭։ᑇᗑمᑌ ءt ᛀࡳ ..................................... 56 । 22 ڣኙྒྷ᧭։ᑇΕଡઔߒዌ૿հ᧢ฆᑇٵᔆࢤ................................................. 57 । 23 ڣኙྒྷ᧭։ᑇΕଡઔߒዌ૿հ ANOVA ᛀࡳ................................................. 58 । 24 ڣፖྒྷ᧭᜔։ࠃ৵ᛀࡳ......................................................................................... 58 । 25 ࢤܑኙྒྷ᧭։ᑇፖዌ૿ऱٵᔆࢤ............................................................................. 60 । 26 ࢤܑኙྒྷ᧭։ᑇፖዌ૿ऱ ANOVA.......................................................................... 60. VII.
(10) । 27 ᄐኙྒྷ᧭։ᑇፖዌ૿ऱٵᔆࢤ............................................................................. 61 । 28 ᄐኙྒྷ᧭։ᑇፖዌ૿ऱ ANOVA.......................................................................... 62 । 29 ᄐኙྒྷ᧭։ᑇऱࠃ৵ᛀࡳ..................................................................................... 62 । 30 ඒߛ࿓৫ኙྒྷ᧭։ᑇፖዌ૿ऱٵᔆࢤ..................................................................... 64 । 31 ඒߛ࿓৫ኙྒྷ᧭։ᑇፖዌ૿ऱ ANOVA.................................................................. 64 । 32 ඒߛ࿓৫ኙྒྷ᧭։ᑇऱࠃ৵ᛀࡳ............................................................................. 65 । 33 ኔ᧭ิፖኙᅃิاฒڣ։ֺؒࠏฆࢤ............................................................. 67 । 34 ኔ᧭ิፖኙᅃิاฒࢤܑ։ֺؒࠏฆࢤ.............................................................. 67 । 35 ኔ᧭ิፖኙᅃิاฒᄐ։ֺؒࠏฆࢤ.............................................................. 68 । 36 ኔ᧭ิፖኙᅃิاฒඒߛ࿓৫։ֺؒࠏฆࢤ...................................................... 68 । 37 ଡዌ૿ऱઌᣂ։࣫.................................................................................................. 69 । 38 ۩אრٻࠉ᧢ᑇऱᑓڤኴ.............................................................................. 70 । 39 ۩אრٻࠉ᧢ᑇऱ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫.......................................................................... 70 । 40 ۩אრٻࠉ᧢ᑇհಱូএᑇ.............................................................................. 71. VIII.
(11) ቹ. ڻ. ቹ 1 ઔߒੌ࿓ቹ..................................................................................................................... 5 ቹ 2 ભ塢؆ᨠቹ................................................................................................................. 6 ቹ 3 ભ塢ۯᆜቹ................................................................................................................. 6 ቹ 4 ભ塢ᑔᐋؓ૿ቹ......................................................................................................... 7 ቹ 5 ભ塢چՀᑔᐋؓ૿ቹ................................................................................................. 7 ቹ 6 ભ塢Գิ៣ቹ......................................................................................................... 8 ቹ 7 ભ塢ᇞᎅݳՠࢵႥፖഛಝᖵ࿓ቹ............................................................................. 9 ቹ 8 ભ塢ᇞᎅݳՠࣚ೭ၷิ៣ቹ................................................................................... 12 ቹ 9 ᇞᎅዌګԿైቹ....................................................................................................... 19 ቹ 10 Օฒႚᐾய࣠ࠉᘸᑓڤ............................................................................................. 24 ቹ 11 ሏড়֘ᚨᐋ్ቹ......................................................................................................... 25 ቹ 12 ᎁव-ኪ৫-۩ᑓڤቹ .............................................................................................. 33 ቹ 13 ઔߒਮዌቹ................................................................................................................. 34 ቹ 14 ኔ᧭ૠቹ................................................................................................................. 36 ቹ 15 ኔ᧭ิࢼᑌመ࿓ቹ..................................................................................................... 42 ቹ 16 ኙᅃิࢼᑌመ࿓ቹ...................................................................................................... 43 ቹ 17 Բၸైڂ։࣫ઔߒਮዌቹ.......................................................................................... 50 ቹ 18 ైڂ๛ၦܒឰᑑᄷቹ.............................................................................................. 51 ቹ 19 Բၸైڂ։࣫.............................................................................................................. 52 ቹ 20 ੌ᧯ཕԺፖདྷ᧯ཕԺऱ࿇୶૩ᇾቹ.......................................................................... 59 ቹ 21 ᖂ८ڗჃ.................................................................................................................. 63. IX.
(12) 1.ፃᓵ. 1.1 ઔߒહནፖ೯ᖲ. ᙟထᆖᛎীኪऱ᠏᧢Δषᄎऱ৺ᝪ࿇୶ΔഏԳऱسֱڤՕ᧢ޏΔᖲඳ࠷ז ԱڍᑇऱԳԺسขΔՠ܂ழၴឈྥᜍΔس܀ֽؓ֗ՠࢬ܂থՕᏺףΙढᔆ سऱޏ೯Ա壄壀سऱᏁޣΔഏԳྐඨٖאၵ೯ࠐငᒷՠ܂ᚘԺ֗ᇖᚍఒ ีऱߪ֨Ζ 1998 ڣਙࢌၲࡨኔਜሶၜٖԲֲऱൻਜΔ2001 ޓڣ٤૿ං೯ࡌٖԲֲਙΔ ॺՠ܂ऱழၴ᧢९Δኙٖၵ೯ऱቤΕᙇᖗՈ༉။ࠐ။ૹီΙڜאඈጹྃΕੌ ࣍ߨ್क़Εี壄ఒԺጐऱሏᖈ۩࿓Δլ٦࠹ॹᅭΔດዬૹီದሏᖈխऱवࢤຝ ٝ(ݛ࢘ܦΔ2004)Ζᖕᨠ٠ิ៣ऱᓳΔࢬڶഏᎾளሏ۩࿓խપ ڶ37%ਢא ֮֏ᨠ٠೯ᖲΔᙊข֮֗֏ளሏऱᨠ٠Ꮑ אإڣޢޣ15%ऱګ९ݶຒᏺ(ףLeeΕ TaraΕCharlesΔ2001)Ζݺഏᨠ٠ ݝ2012 ڣഏԳளሏणउᓳق᧩ٍܫΔاฒڇ ഏփளሏழൕࠃऱሏᖈ೯խڶሒԿګᙇᖗψ֮֏᧯᧭೯ω Δۖψ֮֏᧯᧭ ೯ωխԾאψףᢌ֮೯ωֺࠏ່(ᨠ٠ݝጻΔ2014)Ζ २ࠐڣΔڍਙࢌᖲዌ֗اၴቸ᧯ઌᤉދԵತΕढΕԳԺΔᜰᙄٺጟᣊীऱᢌ ֮೯Ιࠉᖕ֮֏ຝอૠΔ102 ڣ٤ഏᢌ֮୶ዝ೯ऱᜰᙄଡᑇΔط۟܅ඈݧ ᐙׂΕ֮ΕଃᑗΕီᤚᢌ…Δࠡխီᤚᢌᜰᙄଡᑇ٤ڣ 6156 ଡΔ ۾9.3% ऱֺࠏΔ֧ܮ२ 3042 ᆄԳࣲڻᓾ(֮֏ຝጻΔ2014)Δભ塢բൕႚอൎᓳറᄐࠢ ៲ΕঅژΕઔߒΕᇭᤩΕ୶قᖲ౨ࢤפ౨ΔឩՕषᄎࢤפ౨ΔאየߩاฒඒߛΕ ٖၵΕᨠ٠հᏁ(ޣ႓ཕྰΕᆠ࢘Δ2009)Ζ ྥۖΔഏփኙᢌ֮ඒߛऱ९ཚ࢙ီΔທاګฒᢌ֮ᦸᓾ౨ԺཏሙլߩΔ᜕ࠌڇ ᆖᛎՂ၌။ຆᒡΔ܀ભტై塄থڶآய༼֒(ዧᣪᐚΔ2010)Ιاฒ૿ڇኙ୶ ழΔ౨ߨ್क़ࢨᎅנψຍԳढ।ൣسړ೯ω Ε ψຍ܂ऱᠱړۥធᨻωΕ ψຍ ଅནړભω……ီᤚՂऱ༴૪Δথྤऄኙ܂ޓڶၞԫޡऱᇞᤩΕ։࣫ፖ ေᏝ(࠱ፇଉΔ2002)Ζભഏ໑ढ塢࠰ᄎ(American Association of Museums) ڇψߦ፞. 1.
(13) ܫΰThe Belmont Reportα ωխΔࡳ໑ढ塢ऱࠌࡎڶԲΔԫਢᏺၞवᢝႚᐾΔ Բਢᏺၞ༭ݶஙऱტᤚΔছृ᥆࣍ᎁवᏆΔ৵ृ᥆࣍ൣრᏆΰ᠏֧ܦᣝੳΔ 2000α Ιࢬࠡڇ࿇۩ऱψ࠱။ፖؓω( Excellence and Equity) ֮խՈਐנΚ ψભ 塢ऱඒߛפ౨լڇᆠऱኙᖂீᖂسऱᆏڜؾඈۖբΔޓᐖᆠऱࣹૹᖞ᧯ᖲ ዌኙاฒඒߛऱࢭᖜω(1992)Ζຍጟൎᓳ։ࠆवᢝΕ࿇୶ᇭᤩᆖ᧭ፖ༼ࠎઌᣂᇷಛΔ א٤اኙွऱࣚ೭ኪ৫Δګվભ塢ऱᚌ٣೭ΖڼطΔ ψᇞᎅࣚ೭ωګԱٺ ભ塢່ཏሙආ۩ऱඒߛֱூΙຘመᇞᎅࣚ೭Δ֧ᖄاฒ᧯᧭ᢌ৫Δየߩᢌ ऱᦸᓾΔၞۖ࿇वᢝऱױ౨ࢤΖ ۞ 1984 ڣᕼԭഏ୮ֆႼمګ৵Δຫፂ(م2006)ᎁܛၞԵψᇞᎅழזω Δ վբሒψၦωऱཏ֗Ι֮ढᇞᎅΕནᨠᇞᎅΕᖵᇞᎅΕسኪᇞᎅΕ᠌ײᇞᎅΕཬ ढᇞᎅΕچᔆᇞᎅΕ֮֏ᇞᎅ…ΔᓉྥګݮᄅऱवᢝႚᐾຜஉΖGrant (᠏֧ܦ ᅗΔ2013)១ࣔऱലᇞᎅ։ګ᧯ᇞᎅፖԳᇞᎅΔ᧯ᇞᎅࠎ༼ܶץሏড়ऱٚ ۶ࠠڶᇷಛࢤΕᎅࣔࢤ֗ඒߛࢤऱ૿ΕᐙଃࢨቹׂᇷறΔࠏם֫ڕΕኹΕ ΕᇞᎅྨΕ୶قΕᐙׂΕሽᆰ֗ሽီᆏؾΖ᧯ᇞᎅຏൄਢሏড়່٣൷ᤛऱ ᇷಛΔ،༼ࠎ۞طଡܑࢤऱ൶Δࣚ೭ऱኙွՈለڍለᐖΙԳᇞᎅঞਢאለࠠ რᆠऱֱࠎ༼ڤᇷಛΔڶࠠ౨ࡉፖᇞᎅऱሏড়ᄮຏյ೯Ε᠖堚ᎄᇞ֗࠰ܗሒګ ڍጥृհؾऱऱᚌႨΔຍᚌႨԫऴਢ᧯ᇞᎅࢬྤऄ࠷זऱΖ ଗܗᇞᎅऱ壄७ᖄᥦΔ֮ढհભאᓾ࣫ΕནᨠհભאঅژΕᖵࠢਚ ੌאႚΕسኪ۞ྥאঅߛΕ᠌ײհભښאᥨΕཬढګ९אᎁवΕچᔆඒߛ אᐾΔၢ֮֏אႚࢭΕۥᐜࠢא࿇୶Ζԫଡړऱᇞᎅࣚ೭Δاڇฒऱ ᨠመ࿓խΔފዝထ༼ࠎᇷறΕ֧ᖄΕඒߛΕୡᑗΕႚΕංᐖ֗ඔ࿇ᖂ೯ᖲߡ ۥΔᨃاฒធࣔࠥऱტ࠹ᖵΕઝᖂΕ֮ढΔྥ۞֗אᙊขΔᛧߜړऱሏᖈ᧯ ᧭ΙٵழՈފዝᚌߐංᔭऱߡۥΔല᧯հ౧Εփ୲Εࣚ೭ᇷಛղאᖞٽΔ ຘመՑᙰ۩ᔭЁᇞᎅࠐᔭഇΔא೯ขᄐऱᓒড࿇୶Ζ֮֏ຝٍ࣍ 99 ڣലհ֮ ֏໌რขᄐհᒤᡱΔᗨᄕංᐖհΖ ᇞᎅࣚ೭ڇᓒড࿇୶ 30 ڣΔاאฒᓳኙွΔၞ۩ᇞᎅհய࣠ऱઔߒլ ֟Δ࣠Ոاق᧩ڍฒኙᇞᎅࣚ೭ऱ֘ᚨཏሙߜړΖॺڇԳᇞᎅګயऱઔߒՂΚ ܦᏕఇΕࣥஶ(ڠ1994)א൷࠹د՞ഏ୮ֆႼჃჃףሏড়խ֨ऱ 12 ڍ᧯֗փ୶ 2.
(14) قᇞᎅऱሏড়ᓳኙွΔઔߒ࣠᧩ࠟقጟᙇႈڇᇞᎅփ୲ऱಖᖋՂڶฆࢤژ ڇΔڇ܀ኙഏ୮ֆႼऱᎁव࿓৫֗ሏড়ኪ৫Ղঞྤ᧩ထฆΖ࣑ଥΕྂݳ׆ΰ2002α ࠡڇઔߒխנ࣠Δૠߜړऱᇞᎅኹኙ࣍ഏ՛ᖂ࿙ڇሏᖈ᧯᧭֗ᖂய࣠Ղ ࠠ᧩૿إڶထࢤᐙΖ്ᇣΕࣥஶ(ڠ1997)ઔߒࣨᖯࣥ୮क़Ⴜऱᇞᎅਜհய࣠Δ ઔߒ࣠࿇شࠌྤڶᇞᎅਜᒔኔᨃሏড়ڇᖂய࣠Εሏᖈ᧯᧭ֱ૿ࢬڶฆΖ ڇԳᇞᎅګயऱઔߒՂΚ(ॹޕ1987)אፕק೯ढႼ֗ᕼԭഏ୮ֆႼઔߒΔ ၞ۩ᇞᎅګயհઔߒΔઔߒ࣠᧩قሏড়ᎁԳᇞᎅ່౨ݙᖞچ।ሒᇷಛΔᇞᎅ ਢ່࠹ሏড়ᦟ०ΔՈਢ່౨֧ದሏড়ᘋᔊऱᇞᎅ᧯Ζݛ࢘ܦΕ႓ࡲګΕᓐි༡ (2003)אፖઝ໑塢ࡎسઝᖂᨚᇞᎅࣚ೭ऱഏխسઔߒኙွΔၞ۩ᇞᎅګயհઔ ߒΔઔߒ࣠࿇ഏխڇسፖᇞᎅছΕᇞᎅ৵Δڇवᢝᏺ९ᒔ᧩ڶထإઌᣂΖא Ղ༓ଡઔߒ्݁ࡳԱᇞᎅऱګயΔᎁᇞᎅࣚ೭౨ᚥܗሏড়ڇᖂய࣠Εሏᖈ᧯᧭ Ղᛧٻإய࣠Ζ ॊ༼ࣙতຝᢌ֮ଅૹٚऱႂؑمભ塢Δࠡඒߛפ౨ऱංᐖΔආشᇞᎅ ݳՠᖜٚ塢ֱ୶ԳፖاฒၴᄮຏऱᖯᑚΔᏆاฒาา࠺ᢌհભΙ2013 ڣ ભ塢٥ᜰᙄ 24 ᚾ୶ᥦ(ભ塢ጻΔ2014)Δ֧ܮ२ 104 ᆄऱᨠԳ(ڻᨠ٠ݝጻΔ 2014)Ζీڇભ塢ඒߛรԫᒵऱᇞᎅݳՠΔ૿ڇኙޢԫᚾ୶ᥦழΔྤᓵਢᢄΕᙡ ႿΕऄΕ֮ढࢨ৬ᗰΔຟؘႊ٣ല塢ֱհഛಝᇷறፖ۞ա৬ዌऱवᢝղא᠏֏Ε ᇭᤩΔ٦ٽᨠฒऱࢤΔۖ৵ፖհ։ࠆΔየߩاฒ֨ߪڇᠾ࣋ऱሏᑗհ؆Δಳޣ वᢝࢤऱ᧯᧭Ζ ྥۖΔኙભ塢ऱઔߒڍᑇೣٻભඒߛ(ᓐࢉ܆Δ2002ΕຫߛᑽΔ1999)Εا ฒऱ᧯᧭۩ᔭ(ᔤᣝဉΔ1999ΕࣥᆢࣲΔ2013)֗ݳՠጥ(ࣥි୲Δ2002Εཕ֮Δ 2007)Δ܀ኙ࣍ભ塢Գᇞᎅऱګயေ۷ঞבհᠥڕΔߒຶભ塢Գᇞᎅऱψᔆω ڕ۶Λᇞᎅࣚ೭ਢإܡᒔႚሒԱᢌહ৵ऱܶᆠΛਢܡᨃاฒტᤚवᢝࢬڶᏺ९Λ ਢܡᖿᚐاฒኙᢌขسᄅऱߠᇞፖᑷൣΛԾਢܡየߩΕ࠷ஙاฒΔاฒߜړ ऱሏᖈ᧯᧭Λሑᘋઔߒ֮ءհ೯ᖲΔאႂؑمભ塢ઔߒΔ൶ಘاฒኙψԳ ᇞᎅհய࣠ωऱٺଡ૿ٻΔཚඨءઔߒऱψԳᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ωࠎ༼ױٺભ 塢܂ᇞᎅઔᓰ࿓֗ᇞᎅࣚ೭ಝᒭհەΖ. 3.
(15) 1.2 ઔߒؾऱ. ભ塢ೈԱ༼ࠎ୶ᥦᎅࣔΕנठΕᐙׂࡉભᓰ࿓؆Δᇞᎅࣚ೭ኙ࣍ඒߛං ᐖጩਢ່ڶᑨԺऱԫႈΔ،౨ജۼኙ࣍܂ऱᎁवፖࢷ୶वᢝᏆࡉփ୲৫Ζ ڇᅝছ e ֏ऱੋੌՀΔࠐآᄕױڶ౨ດዬ e ֏ໂࢬ࠷זΔא܀ၸࠐᎅΔ ᇞᎅսਢ֮ٺඒᖲዌፖᨠฒၴऱտΔਢֆᎁڇฒڍᇞᎅ᧯խΔ່࠹ ᦟ०Ε່ᐖ൷࠹Ո່Գࢤ֏ऱտ(ݛ࢘ܦΔ2001)Ζ ᖜٚᇞᎅլႛጵٽԱٺጟറᄐवᢝܗ࠰װᨠฒᖂΔૹޓऱਢהଚቔᚐᨠ ฒ೯ࡉᗑمᖂΔװၲខ۞աऱ़֚ࡉᗨีଡԳऱီᤚભტᆖ᧭(႓٠ߊΔ2011)Ζ ྥۖΔᇞᎅऱய࣠ᝫਢؘႊ൷࠹լឰऱေ۷ፖޏၞΔޣאሒ່ࠩᔞ֊Ε່ڶயऱ ႚᎠᇷಛፖवᢝ(႓ڶໃΕ്ᅜୠΔ2012)Δ႓٠ߊ(1993)མᎅΚψԫଡᇞᎅຫ૪ऱ 堚ཐፖܡΕ।ሒ؏ݾऱړᡏΔലᄎᐙࠩاฒኙ୶ऱᛵᇞ࿓৫֗אኙ໑ढ塢ऱᨠ ტω ΖࠃኔՂΔભ塢ਢԫଡࡎسڶऱֱچΔڕ۶ᨃᨠฒᖑڶԫଡ༭ݶऱભ塢 ᨠᆖ᧭ΔࠀᣋრፖԳ։ࠆૹሏભ塢Δຍթਢԫଡભ塢ᇞᎅԳࢬ૿ᜯऱ່ ՕਗᖏΖഗ࣍ڼΔءઔߒऱؾऱڕՀΚ 1. ൶ಘاฒڇᨠ୶ᥦழΔڶፖԳᇞᎅࣚ೭հاฒፖڶፖԳᇞᎅࣚ೭հ اฒΔڇवᢝᛧ࠷ՂܡڶฆΖ 2. ൶ಘاฒڇᨠ୶ᥦழΔڶፖԳᇞᎅࣚ೭հاฒፖڶፖԳᇞᎅࣚ೭հ اฒΔڇኪ৫᧢ޏՂܡڶฆΖ 3. ൶ಘاฒڇᨠ୶ᥦழΔڶፖԳᇞᎅࣚ೭հاฒፖڶፖԳᇞᎅࣚ೭հ اฒΔ۩ڇრٻՂܡڶฆΖ 4. ൶ಘاฒڇᨠ୶ᥦழΔڶፖԳᇞᎅࣚ೭հاฒፖڶፖԳᇞᎅࣚ೭հ اฒΔڇᇞᎅ᧯᧭ՂܡڶฆΖ. 4.
(16) 1.3 ઔߒੌ࿓. ࢭՂ૪ઔߒփ୲Δᚵૡઔߒੌ࿓Δ܂ઔߒച۩ऱࠉᖕΔੌ࿓ڕՀΚ. ᇷறگႃ. ઔߒ೯ᖲ ᇷ ற گ ႃ. ઔߒؾऱ. ം࠴ᒳ፹. ം࠴ቃᇢ. ം࠴ࡳᒚ. ം࠴࿇࣋. ᖞፖ։࣫. ᓵፖ৬ᤜ. ቹ 1. ઔߒੌ࿓ቹ. 5. ᇷ ற گ ႃ.
(17) 1.4 ઔߒ. 1.4.1 ৬塢ᖵ࿓ፖؾᑑ. 1978 ڣᓏᆖഏ٣سٚ۩ਙೃ९ΔمڇऄೃऱਜਙܫխᎅΚ ψ৬م֏זഏ୮Δ լႛഏڶا༄ߩऱढᇷسΔՈഏا౨ڶൈऱ壄壀سΖԼԲႈ৬խΔ٨ Ե֮֏৬ω Ζ࣍ۯխऱഏمભ塢֗مؑקભ塢ઌᤉمګΔਢषᄎࣚ ೭ऱॺᛜࢤܓኙ؆ၲ࣋ऱةՆ֮֏ᖲዌ(ֵᥞΔ1998)Ζ ႂؑਢԫଡૹאՠᄐΕຄሎ֗ድᄐದ୮ۖዊऱ௧ຟؑΔ۞ֲएழזದܛ ࡳۯψՠᄐৄؑω ΔףՂഏاਙࢌඒߛऱૹק᎘তΔᨃᖑڶ٤ຟᄎ່Օ໎ՠ ᆢऱႂؑΔైڶψ֮֏ޥዣωհጠ(႓ᣝፚΔ2007)Ζऴ۟ 1994 ڇڣႂؑਙࢌऱ ᗨᄕං೯ՀΔ٤ഏรԿஆֆمભ塢ΔՈਢতรԫஆֆمભ塢ऱႂؑمભ 塢թڤإၲ塢Δ塢ܿΚႂؑቔ՞ભ塢ሁ 80 ᇆΔ݄ᆵ࣍ چ۾41 ֆຸऱփ൫ ഖ֮֏ႼփΔ᧯৬ᗰԫچՂᐋΕچՀԲᐋਗ़ၴ৬ᗰΔ᜔ᑔࣨ૿ᗨ 8318 ࡓΔਢ່ࠠᑓΕ່ڶۥऱભ塢(ຫભཕΕᓐࢉ܆Δ2012)Ζ. ቹ2. ႂؑمભ塢؆ᨠቹ. ቹ3. ᇷறࠐᄭΚႂؑਙࢌᄅፊݝጻ. ႂؑمભ塢ۯᆜቹ. ᇷறࠐᄭΚgoogle چቹ. 6.
(18) ቹ4. ભ塢 1-4 ᑔؓ૿ቹ. ቹ5. ᇷறࠐᄭΚભ塢ጻ٦፹. ભ塢 B1 ᑔؓ૿ቹ. ᇷறࠐᄭΚભ塢ጻ٦፹. ᤂໂհॣΔܛᓿղ༼ࣙতຝᢌ֮ଅऱٚ೭Δފዝ֧տഏփΕ؆ᢌଅᑪΕ ܂Εᢌ୮ऱૹߡۥΖଈٚ塢९႓թ᠖ࡳאψભભ塢ω Ε ψറຫ٨ω Ε ψഏᎾءՒ֏ΔءՒഏᎾ֏ω৬塢ؾᑑፖܦ(ۥഏဎΔ1994)Ζཚٽڶऱ֮ ֏ਜΔ࿇ཀઔߒΕࠢ៲Ε୶ᥦ֗ඒߛංᐖפ౨Δࣚא೭ՕႂຟᄎऱاฒΔޓ তاฒ༼ࠎભࣲᓾΕઔߒፖᔆऱ֮֏ٖᖈᇷᄭ(ੋΕڹ౨ዊΔ 2004)Ζ ઌለ࣍مؑקભ塢Εഏمભ塢Δႂؑمભ塢ឈᖑڶለګᑵऱ࿏ ᧯ૠ(ࣥࠋكΔ2007)Δ܀থະತԺΕթԺլߩհᐡΔೈ塢९Εఽ؆ΔՈႛڶ ୶ᥦิΕࠢ៲ิΕංᐖิΕઔߒิ༓ټԳᒳࠫΖ႓թ塢९ڣڍࠡאऱ۩ਙᆖ᧭ ܺࣚ܌ᣄΔආ壄ਙΔറࣹ࣍റԳፖઔߒԳऱᆤشፖ࿇ཀ९թऱᜎயΔۖ ലֶรԫᒵऱࣚ೭Գזངψݳՠωࠫ৫ΔᇞެԱԳࠃᒳࠫऱᣄᠲΖ ᖵᆖ႓թΕᘕࡲᅇΕޕঊᔃ֗ٚऱࠕᙦۯ塢९Δ۟ 2012 ࢍڣڣַΔ ႂؑمભ塢٥ݳڶՠ 1013 ԳΔຑᥛڣᜤπᢌ୮ρᠧषᜰᙄհψԼՕֆ ᙄ୶ړᥦωรԫټΔԼՕֆᙄ୶ړᥦհխΔႂؑمભ塢ᦖܛਔଡ୶ᥦΖຍ હ৵ࢬז।ऱრᆠΔլႛਢᢌ֮ኙႂؑمભ塢ऱᎁٵፖ्ࡳΔٵழՈਢԫଡ ᆖ၄⇕ऱભ塢ࢬ໌ທנऱլױ౨(خࠋزΔ2010)Ζ 7.
(19) ભ܂୶ᥦΕഏᎾભ܂ٌੌհΕച۩Εጥ ୶ᥦิ. ֗ᖄᥦΕᇞᎅΕ൷ৱࣚ೭Εᄅፊᜤᢀࠃႈ ભ܂հᐛႃΕ፦៲ΕᖞەᖕΕ։ᣊ࿆ಖΕ⫋ᇘ֗. ࠢ៲ิ 塢. ఽ. ඒߛ೯ංᐖΕᖄᥦΕᆠՠጥΕሽᆰᖄᥦߓอΕጻᎾ ංᐖิ. ९. ଥ៤ࠃႈ. . ጻሁΕᇷᄭඒΕᢌᝑஆΕᢌቹΕچଗΕ ኔࠃسႈΕᄅፊᜤᢀΕഏփ؆ᖂઔߒᄎᤜհΕ ᜰᙄΕठڣٱፖႂؑભ୶ᐛٙ֗עढᒳٱࠃႈ խ۫ᢌΕᢌ۩ਙΕᢌထ܂Εᢌհઔߒ֗ഏ. ઔߒิ. ఽ. փ؆ᖂઔߒᄎᤜհᜰᙄࠃ ֮Εൊ೭ΕנΕઔەΕತขΕભֆႼΕᤞᓡհጥ ֗ࠡהլ᥆ิٺ៣ࠃႈ. ᄎ. ૠ. ࠉऄᙄᄣૠΕᄎૠࠀଫᙄอૠࠃႈ. ࠃ. ࠉऄᙄԳࠃጥࠃႈ. ૠ Գ ࠃ ቹ6. ભ塢Գิ៣ቹ. (ءઔߒەભ塢ጻ٦፹). 1.4 .2 ᇞᎅݳՠऱࢵႥፖഛಝ. ԫᚾփ୲ፖՑᅾଫࠠऱ୶ړᥦΔࠡ୶נऱ່ՕؾऱΔ༉ਢ៶ထ୶ᥦඒߛᨠฒΔ ᨠฒ༼ࠎᖂऱᖲᄎ(ࡌפ㝿Δ2001)ΖຍᏁᚌߐऱᇞᎅല୶قփ୲ಛஒΔإ ᒔ堚ᄑऱႚᎠᨠृΔᨠृթ౨ڶ༭ஙऱᖂΔၞۖᗨีवᢝΙۖભ塢Ո౨ڂ ۖڼሒࠩඒߛפ౨Ζᇨڕ႓٠ߊ(1993)ࢬᎅΚ ψᨠฒΕ໑ढ塢ࡉ୶հၴΔڕขس ຑΔ༉ᔾߜړऱᖄᥦᇞᎅω Ζႂؑمભ塢ࠀྤᇞᎅԳհᒳࠫΔ٤طᇞᎅ ݳՠᖜٚᨠฒፖ୶ၴऱૹᖯᑚΙᇞᎅݳՠऱࢵႥΔطංᐖิᚵࡳࢵႥ១ີΔڇ ٺՕ᧯࿆עΔᦟ०ኙભڶᘋᔊࠀݳڶൕࠃᇞᎅࣚ೭ՠ܂ऱ֖ࣛףԵΙەԳ ႊᆖאՀەᇢၸ֗ኔٽΔࡨ౨ᖜٚભ塢հᇞᎅݳՠΚ 1.ॣᇢΚطᇷᇞᎅݳՠᖜٚ૿ᓫॣᇢࡴΔ៶૿طᓫԱᇞە೯ᖲ֗ભറᄐवᢝ 8.
(20) ઌᣂᇷಛΖॣᇢٽृΔױףรԫၸഛಝΖ 2.รԫၸഛಝΚඒભ塢ഗءवᢝΕ塢៲ᙡႿտฯΔࠀᓮᇷᇞᎅᇞ ᎅقᒤΖ 3.ᓤᇢΚࡳެ᧘ࢼאᇞᎅەᇢႉݧΕᙡႿᠲΙٽृࡨ౨ףรԲΕรԿၸ ഛಝΖ 4.รԲၸഛಝΚٽᅝཚਬଡ୶ᥦΔඒᇞᎅփ୲Ζ 5.รԿၸഛಝΚಾኙรԲၸഛಝհඒփ୲Δࡳެ᧘ࢼאႉݧΔၞ۩ᇞᎅ ەᇢΙٽृࡨ౨ףᇞᎅኔΖ 6.ᇞᎅኔΚᇢشཚԿଡִΔᇢشཚၴޢၜႊࠩ塢ചႧ່֟Կ՛ழΔאᗣᒭᇞᎅݾ ؏֗റᄐवᢝऱᖂΖ 7.ڤإٚشΚီᇢشཚၴנႧणउΕᇞᎅ֗؏ݾՠ܂ኪ৫ᐉுհΔٽृղאٚشΖ. ෟ ॣ. ޮ. ᇢ ٽ. ෟ. รԫၸ. ޮ ෟ. ഛಝ ٽ. รԲၸ. รԿၸ. ഛಝ. ഛಝ. ޮ ෟ. ٽ. ڤ إ. ኔ ٽ. ቹ7. ޮ. ᇞ ᎅ. ٚ ش. ભ塢ᇞᎅݳՠࢵႥፖഛಝᖵ࿓ቹ. ԫᚌᔆऱᇞᎅਢྤऄࠉᔾየ֚ደଆऱᨋტࢨᙟრᇞᎅᇷறݙױܛ ګΔጐຂऱᇞᎅؘႊڶᐖऑऱवᢝ֗լឰऱᔹᦰΕઔߒ܂৵એΔࠀᖐ࣍ലٺ ᣊᇷಛۭאףᜤᖞٽΕ֏֘Δړߜאऱᇞᎅኪ৫Εᇞᎅ؏ݾΔۖ৵।ࠐנ ऱಛஒթ౨֧ದሏড়٥ᏓΕᨬᑜΕტ೯ࠀข۩سΖڼΔڤإᖜٚႂؑمભ 塢ऱᇞᎅݳՠΔؘႊٺףႈᇞᎅݳՠഛಝᓰ࿓Δࡨ౨᠆༄۞աΖഛಝᓰ࿓אڶՀ ༓ጟ(ࣥࡵટΔ2001)Κ 1.ছಝᒭΚᄅၞᇞᎅࢬၲऱؘݾ౨ᓰ࿓Ζ 9.
(21) 2.ݾᢌᣊᓰ࿓ΚڣޢᙄԫڻΔᆤᓮवټᢌ୮ඒભ໌܂Ζ 3.ᖄᥦΚᝮᓮᅝཚ୶ᥦհ໌ࢨृ܂वټᢌՠृ܂Δࠩᇞᎅݳՠᅝཚ୶ ᥦ܂հᝑᇞΖ 4.ᦰᄎΚᝮᓮवټᝑஃᏆᇞᎅݳՠᔹᦰᢌઌᣂᤄΖ 5.ԳᎾᄮຏᓰ࿓ΚᆤᓮټஃඒԳᎾᣂএᄮຏᏆΖ 6.ᢌ୮ՠ܂Κᢌ୮ՠ܂אԱᇞᢌ୮հ໌܂ᖵ࿓ፖ֨Ζ 7.լࡳཚᜰᙄٺጟ֒༼࣍ܗڶᇞᎅైᔆհᓰ࿓Ζ ీڇભ塢ඒߛංᐖรԫᒵऱᇞᎅݳՠΔٽԱભ塢ิٺઔߒԳऱဍဎΔ ڇᇞᎅመ࿓խፖاฒյ೯Δၞۖඔ࿇اฒऱભტᆖ᧭Ζ. 1.4 .3 ᇞᎅᑓڤ. Գᇞᎅאױᇖ୶ךᎅࣔऱլߩΔࠃ٣ԱᇞᨠฒऱહནΔᇞᎅփ୲ޓאױ၀ २ᨠฒऱᏁޣΙᇞᎅवᢝऱറᄐૉ౨٦ჸᔞᅝऱᇞᎅ؏ݾΔޓ౨֧ܮᨠฒࣹრԺΔ ࠀขس٥Ꮣ(ᇀᑗᗕΔ2005)ΖࣥՓ৯Εݛ࢘ܦΕຫཕ(2006)མመᇞᎅᔆፖࣚ ೭ᔆհᣂএઔߒΔᢞኔլٵषᆖહནऱሏড়ࢬೣړऱࣚ೭ᔆࠀլઌٵΔᇞᎅ ऱᔆՈᄎᨃᇞᎅࣚ೭ऱᔆขسฆࢤΖࢬאΔᚌᔆऱᇞᎅᝫႊา֨ऱࠐ۞ լٵषᆖહནऱሏড়Δቤנլٵऱᇞᎅ۩࿓ፖᇞᎅᑓڤΖ ឈྥࡌפ㝿(1986)ᎁΚ ψ໑ढ塢ඒߛՠٺڶ܂ጟֱڤΔྥۖڇຍࢬڶऱඒߛֱ ڤխսאԳᇞᎅ່౨ا֧ܮฒऱᖂᘋᔊΔՈਢ່ऴ൷Ε່ڶயऱԫጟω Ζڇ܀ᇞ ᎅԳ֫֗ᇞᎅழၴૻڶऱૻࠫՀΔଃᇞᎅګٺՕ໑ढ塢ᚦᇖԳᇞᎅՑऱՠ ࠠΖڼڂΔٺՕ໑ढ塢ೈ᧯ᇞᎅ؆ΔڇԳᇞᎅऱ۩ᑓڍڤආቃપΕࡳழ ࠟጟΔ౿ലچٺ໑ढ塢ᇞᎅᑓڤ១٨ڕՀΚ. 10.
(22) ।1. چٺ໑ढ塢ᇞᎅᑓڤԫᥦ। ᣊܑ. ቃપᇞᎅ. ࡳழᇞᎅ. ଃᇞᎅ. റ୮ᇞᎅ. ਚ୰໑ढೃ. v. v. v. v. խઝ໑塢. v. ୶ཚၴࡳڶழᇞᎅ. ႂઝՠ塢. v. ୶ཚၴࡳڶழᇞᎅ. ഏم໑塢. v. קભ塢. v. v. խഏભ塢. v. v. ໑ढ塢. v. v. ৠࣟ௧س塢. v. v. v. ᦉዚຯ塢. v. v. v. ࣟছ塢. v. v. v. 塢ܑ. ໂ. ု. v v v. (ᇷறࠐᄭΚٺ໑ढ塢ጻᖄᥦࣚ೭ᇷಛΔءઔߒ٦፹). ભ塢ऱᇞᎅࣚ೭᥆ඒߛංᐖᄐ೭ᒤᡱΔطංᐖิຂ (ભ塢ጻΔ2014)Δ Գᇞᎅࢬ༼ࠎհᇞᎅࣚ೭ֺԫऱ໑ढ塢ڍףޓց٤૿ࢤΔૠ։նጟΚ 1ΕଃᖄᥦΚࠉᖕ୶ᥦࢤፖૹᇞᎅۖᙕ፹ΔاฒႛᏁᖇߪٝᢞٻભ塢ඒߛࣚ ೭խ֨ᙄଗشΔڶױܛԫԳԫᖲψଡԳᖄᥦωऱࣚ೭Δᨃᢌऱං ᐖ೯ޓᐖཬΖ 2Εᖄᥦ٨߫Κڼભ塢ऱࡳழᖄᥦࣚ೭ΔޢၜԲ۟ၜֲՂ֑ 10 ழ 30 ։ΕၜԲ ۟ၜքՀ֑ 14 ழ࣍ࣚ೭נ࿇ΔྤᏁቃપΔټᠰլࣅΔاฒီᏁ ሎشΖൕ 2012 ڣ1 ִ~12 ִ٥ᜰᙄ 609 ڻΔપ 18255 Գ(ףຫ ભཕΕᓐࢉ܆Δ2012)Ζ 3ΕቃપᖄᥦΚࣚ೭్ٺᖂீ֗ٺֆߏمቸ᧯Δךאٝ࿇ཀભ塢ऱඒߛפ౨Δ Յ 15 ԳאՂቸ᧯࣍ቃࡳᨠֲ 2 ၜছቃપΔࠆױܛറԳᖄᥦࣚ೭Δ ൕ 2012 ڣ1 ִ~12 ִΔ٥ࣚ೭ 290 ቸڻΔપ 15831 Գ(ףຫભཕΕ ᓐࢉ܆Δ2012)Ζ 4Εറ୮ᖄᥦΚ༼اฒ୶ᥦᨠᘋᔊ֗ԵԱᇞΔٺٽႈ୶ᥦᝮᓮറ୮ᖂ ृ፟塢اฒၞ۩ᖄᥦΔ֧Ꮖࣲᓾᢌ܂ऱփොፖ।ΔྤᏁ 11.
(23) ቃપΔټᠰլࣅΔൕ 2012 ڣ1 ִ~12 ִ٥ᜰᙄ 14 ڻΔપ 412 Գ (ףຫભཕΕᓐࢉ܆Δ2012)Ζ 5Ε֫ᖄᥦΚऺᣂᡖߪ֨ᎽᡶृհॣΔޢڇଡִรԫଡਣཚքՂ֑ၲᙄ ֫ᖄᥦࣚ೭Δൕ 2012 ڣ1 ִ~12 ִ٥ᜰᙄ 13 ڻΔપ 108 Գ (ףຫભཕΕᓐࢉ܆Δ2012)Ζ ႂؑمભ塢ؾছ٥ڶᇞᎅݳՠ 69 ԳΔࠉࠡࢬݳᣋࣚ೭հழၴΔ։ܑޢڇ ࡌԲ۟ၜֲՂΕՀ֑ழചႧ(ޢၜԫٖ塢)ΔՂ֑ 09:30-12:30 រΔՀ֑ఄ 13:30-16:30Δ ڻޢଖఄԿ՛ழΖᇞᎅݳՠڇଖႧழၴΔຂऱਢᖄᥦ٨߫Εቃપᖄᥦ֗֫ ᖄᥦԿຝ։Ιଈ٣ࠉႂؑمભ塢ංᐖิࢬඈࡳࢨቃપቸਐࡳऱᖄᥦᇞᎅᠲΔ ቤנԫᇞᎅૠΔ٦ᖕࢬ૿ኙऱᨠฒΔࠡषᆖહནΕளሏؾऱΕೖఎழၴΕ ளሏཚඨऱլٵΔղאଥإΔྥ৵ش១ᑥΕᄷᒔࡉ༄ڶൣტۥऱߢΔലࠡ ऱ৸უࡉփ୲ղא༿(قᇸ৬ࣔΔ2004)Ζཚඨຍጟࣚא೭ߡ৫נ࿇Δറ᥆ড়፹ ֏ऱᇞᎅࣚ೭Δ౨ᨠاฒԫଡ༭ݶΕךየवᢝࢤΔլא࣍ٵऱሏᖈ᧯᧭Ζ. 塢. ९. 塢ֱᅮᖄԳ. ᇞᎅิิ९. ᇞᎅิ೫ิ९. ࡌ. ࡌ. ࡌ. ࡌ. ࡌ. ࡌ. ࡌ. ࡌ. ࡌ. ࡌ. ࡌ. ࡌ. Բ. Բ. Կ. Կ. . . ն. ն. ք. ք. ֲ. ֲ. Ղ. Հ. Ղ. Հ. Ղ. Հ. Ղ. Հ. Ղ. Հ. Ղ. Հ. ֑. ֑. ֑. ֑. ֑. ֑. ֑. ֑. ֑. ֑. ֑. ֑. ิ. ิ. ิ. ิ. ิ. ิ. ิ. ิ. ิ. ิ. ิ. ิ. . . . . . . . . . . . . ቹ8. ભ塢ᇞᎅݳՠࣚ೭ၷิ៣ቹ 12.
(24) ࣍طᇞᎅመ࿓ਢᇞᎅፖᨠฒ૿ኙ૿ऱ൷ᤛΔڇਬጟ࿓৫ՂࠐᎅΔᇞᎅऱመ࿓ ༉ਢवᢝऱٌੌΙڂᇞᎅᘜઝᖂवᢝΕߢ।ሒ౨ԺࡉᇞᎅଡԳऱଅ࣍ԫ ᧯Δפګऱᇞᎅ౨ᨃᨠฒڇᇞᎅመ࿓խΔขسൎ௺ऱ٥ᏓፖྤᒡऱტԺΖڂ ڼᖜٚԫଡጠऱᇞᎅݳՠࠀլ୲࣐ΔೈԱറᄐહནवᢝ؆ΔᝫᏁࠠڶඒߛᖂ୮ऱ ᆖ᧭᠏ངΕઝᖂ୮ऱઔߒ壄壀Εᖵᖂ୮ऱᏝଖܒޅΕײەᖂ୮ऱᐉშေ۷Ε֮ᖂ ୮ऱߢભტ(ཕ֮Δ2007)Δ່ૹऱਢڶԫឍլᜱᣄΕةᑷൣऱ֨Δթ ౨ᑗڇՠ܂ΕᑗڇᇞᎅΕᑗڇᖂΕᑗڇ։ࠆΖ ྤᓵਢભ塢৬塢ऱࠌࡎΕංᐖิኙඒߛංᐖऱ֨شΔٍࢨᇞᎅݳՠኙ୶ऱ 壄ᖄᓾΔؾऱຟਢԱࣚ೭ՕฒΔאՕฒऱᏁޣנ࿇រΔ༼ࠎՕฒ༭ஙऱ ሏᖈᨠᆖ᧭ΔݦඨՕฒขسኙᖵΕ֮֏Εᢌ٥ᏓΔၞۖԱᇞ୶ऱփ୲Δፖ ۞աऱسᆖ᧭ٽΔۖ৬ዌנ᥆࣍۞աऱवᢝΔࠀଫࠠඔ࿇ፖቔᚐԳ֨հயΖ ࠩԫڕᏥ㝡ࣾ(1995)ࢬߢΚ ψભ塢៶طඒߛංᐖΔࠌ٤֏֮ࠆٵاᣪ៲Δ֮ࠩ ֏݁༄Δ༼ࠎ່ࠋऱٖၵ೯ωհؾᑑΖ. 13.
(25) 2. ֮൶ಘ. ີء൶ಘፖઔߒᠲڶᣂհ֮Δאءઔߒհਮዌ֗ઔߒՠࠠૠհ ᓵഗ៕Ζ֮൶ಘᒤץਔΚ ԫΕᇞᎅऱࡳᆠΖ ԲΕᇞᎅऱઌᣂ֮Ζ ԿΕᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ऱࡳᆠΖ Εᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ऱઌᣂ֮Ζ նΕᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ऱઌᣂऱᓵΖ. 2.1 ᇞᎅऱࡳᆠ. ឈྥऄഏՕࡎଈၲψભՕฒ֏ωऱଈࠏΔലመ׆װࢬ៲گऱᢌڇᢅ ௬୰ຫ٨୶(قᇸֱۣΔ2005)Δ܀ԼધխཚאছΔᑛભऱ໑ढ塢սլ؆ਢԫ ଡഏ୮ࢨ֟ᑇߏԳࢬمΔຍࠄᣪ၆ऱᇷᄭႛ༳൳֟ڇᑇऱ壄ٝ֫խΔԫا ฒլ࣐൷ᤛΔ،ਢאψመװωᖄٻΔאψᕴढω Ε ψᑑءωྡྷរ(ࣔפΔ1994)Δ ۖ៲گፖઔߒਢࠡפ౨ΔԳᣊᖵ࿇୶ऱདྷ᠙ڇွ׃ჃᇙΔګԱഏ୮ႚ ፖߪ։ۯچऱॽᣝץᇘ(BarbaraΔ2003)Ζ Լધ৵ཚΔ໑ढ塢ڇᑛભچᓒড࿇୶ΔאഏऱՕ໑ढ塢ኙ؆ၲ࣋ ࠏΔຍז।໑ढ塢բᆖլ٦ਢଡԳᗑڶΔۖ٤ࢬا٥ࠆΔ໑ढ塢ၲࡨ᠏אٻψ ڇω Ε ψࠐآωᖄٻΔאψᨠฒᏁޣω Ε ψԳωྡྷរ(ࣔפΔ1994)Ζڇൎᓳψֆ ฒωࣚ೭Εૹီؓࠌᦞشፖ༼ࠎཏࣚࢤٵ೭հՀΔ໑ढ塢ګֆ٥ࣚ೭ऱ໑ढ塢(ᔤ ᣝဉΔ1999)Ι1907 ڣભഏंՓቅભ塢ऱఄໃࣔΗٳ፞(Benjanin Ives Gilman)ଈ٣ ଠᖄඔشᇞᎅԳ(docent)Δ1909 ंڣՓቅભ塢ᏺ (Docent) ᇞᎅΔోપՕຟ ᄎ໑ढ塢֗ഏՕ໑ढ塢ઌᤉᇿၞΔ໑ढ塢ᇞᎅൕڼနॕ࿇୶Ζ ψDocentωԫဲվ໑ढ塢ᐖऑࠌشΔኙ࣍ભ塢ڶޓլױཙזऱૹࢤΔ ڼԫဲټՈਢࢮ࣍נԭ֮ docereΔܛ।قψඒω(to teach)հრΖऴ۟ؾছַΔ. 14.
(26) ڼԫဲټսլՕ୮ࢬᑵवΔਢ໑ढ塢ऱԫଡറဲټڶΖ1987 ڣThe Random House ֮ࠢรԲठࡨലࡳဲټڼᆠψԫଡ໑ᖂऱ֧ᖄृΔܑਢਐڇ໑ढ塢 ਐᖄᨠฒࢨ୶ڇᥦխ༼נᇞᎅऱԳω(᠏֧ᏥഠੴΔ1992)Ζڶ܀ᣂᇞᎅψdocentωऱ ࡳᆠΔࠡהറ୮ᖂृսઌᤉ༼נऄΖ Wallin(1965)ᎁᇞᎅऱრᆠ࣍ڇᄮຏԳፖᛩቼᄗ࢚հመ࿓ࢨ೯Ζץᙅ༙ (1970)ᎁᇞᎅਢط໑ढ塢ऱඒஃࢨറ॰ԳΔऴ൷ᝑ૪ຫ٨ढհټጠΕࢤᔆΕழ זڶᣂհᇷறΔᨃᨠृ൷ᛧធࣔᒔኔऱᄅवᢝΖ׆㝿(1991)ᎁᇞᎅਢԫጟ Գፖ۞ྥΕԳፖԳհၴΔႚሒ৸უፖ࢚ऱመ࿓ΖKnudson, Cable & Beck (1995)ᎁ ᇞᎅਢᛩቼࣚ೭ऱृΔױᚥܗԳଚޓԱᇞፖࠆ࠹໑ढ塢ΕֆႼ֗۞ྥᇷᄭΔ ၞۖࠌԳଚޓԱᇞ۞աऱسᛩቼΖᄘࣔᔃ(1999)ᎁᇞᎅਢലਬࡳփऱ۞ ྥፖԳ֮ᛩቼࢤΔᆖٺطጟ᧯ࢨ೯ֱڤΔႚሒਬࠄࡳऱኙွΔؾऱ࣍ڇ ֧ದຍࠄࡳኙွኙᅝچᛩቼհᣂࣹፖԱᇞΔᆖࣲطᓾፖवࢤऱԱᇞΔ༼ࣙለ ᔆऱس᧯᧭ΖMoscardo (1999)ᎁᇞᎅਢԫڶૠቤΕޡڶᨏऱ᧯ߓΔঅᎽᨃள ሏृጐױ౨ऱڍຏመᨠᖂԱᇞᙊขࡉᨠृ۞ߪऱᏝଖΖ(ݛ࢘ܦ1999)ᎁᇞ ᎅਢԫጟಛஒႚᎠऱࣚ೭Δؾऱܫڇव֗࠷ஙሏড়ࠀᤩွહ৵ࢬז।ऱრܶΔ ཚ౨ᖿᚐሏড়ኙࢬ༴૪ऱࠃढขسᄅऱߠᇞፖᑷൣΖۖભഏᇞᎅ࠰ᄎ (National Association for Interpretation)ࠡڇጻీխΔঞࣔػലᇞᎅࡳᆠԫጟഗ࣍ٚ೭ীऱٌ ੌመ࿓Δؾऱ࣍ڇ৬مᙊขႚࢭრᆠፖᨠฒᘋᔊၴऱൣტࡉ֨ཕᜤᢀΔࠎ༼៶ױઌ ᣂऱᇷಛΔࠐየߩޢԫଡԳऱᏁޣፖ࡛ړΔٵழԾլೣᠦխ֨ᠲΖ אՂኙᇞᎅऱࡳᆠΔ݁ᎁᇞᎅਢאႚᎠಛஒऱᨠ࢚ு֨ΔؾऱਢᨃՕฒޓ ᎁᢝ֗ᇞᠲᇷᄭΔၞۖᣂࣹᠲፖ༼֒سᔆΖ ᙟထழזऱ᧢ޏΔᇞᎅڶԱޓᐋऱࡳᆠΚ Sam (1992)ലᇞᎅࡳᆠլਢवᢝऱႚሒΔᝫᚨᇠီขسრᆠऱᖲࠫΔፖ چขسຑΔࠀᎁٵᅝسچऱՒچፖԳΖJacobson (1999)ᎁᇞᎅࣚ೭ೈ Աਢᇷಛऱႚᐾ؆ΔඒߛՈਢࠡૹפ౨ΔլႛඒߛاฒᙅښጥऄΔՈ౨ᏺൎ اฒኙጥਙऱ֭ΖLarryΕTed (2002)ᎁᇞᎅਢԫጟಛஒऱႚሒࡉඔ࿇ऱመ ࿓ΙՈਢԫጟඒߛࢤ೯Δࠡؾऱڇ༿ྥ۞ࡉ֏֮قᇷᄭऱრᆠΖ്ࣔΕࣥबߐ (2002)ᎁᇞᎅਢሎٺشጟ᧯ႚሒᄮຏऱԫጟඒߛࢤ೯Δ،៶طڍऱտᨃ 15.
(27) ಛஒऱႚሒृፖ൷࠹ृࢬڶյ೯ΔؾऱਢຘመኔᎾऱढΔรԫ֫ऱᆖ᧭ࡉᇞᎅ ᧯ࠐ᧩ࠡנقၴऱ᜕ᖩٌᙑᣂএΔۖլਢຫ૪।૿ऱᇷಛࢨࠃኔΖᇞᎅհ ׀Freeman Tilden (2007)הڇऱπInterpreting our HeritageρԫխᇞᎅࡳՀפ౨ࢤࡳᆠΔᎁ ᇞᎅਢຘመढऱࠌشΕऴ൷ऱ᧯᧭Δ֗᎖ܗᎅࣔऱտΔאඔࠡقრොፖᣂ ຑࢤؾऱհ೯ΔۖլਢႛႚᎠᒔኔऱಛஒۖբΖۖ(ݳة2012)ᎁᇞᎅਢຑ ൷ሏড়ፖளሏچរऱԫጟ֫Δਢאႚሒளሏچរრᆠؾऱऱԫጟඒߛ೯ࡉٌ ੌመ࿓Ζ אՂऱຍࠄࡳᆠΔբނඒߛࢤᘜԵࠡխΔ݁ᎁᇞᎅࣚ೭ਢԫጟඒߛࢤऱ೯Δ Ոਢԫጟඔ࿇መ࿓ΔࠠڶრොΔլ٦ਢಛஒऱႚᐾΔ۟ᝫီਢขسრᆠ ऱᖲࠫΖ ጵٽՂ૪Δءઔߒᎁψᇞᎅωլਢຫ૪।૿ऱᖕࢨࠃኔΔۖਢࠠڶႚᐾፖ ඔ࿇ࢤऱඒߛפ౨Δ،ਢԫጟಛஒऱႚᎠΔՈਢԫጟඒߛऱመ࿓Ι ψᇞᎅωሎٺشጟ ᧯ႚᐾֱڤΔലᇞᎅᠲΕᛩቼΕᨠฒऱԳᔆࢨᆖ᧭Δ܂ԫݙᖞऱ։ࠆΔନ ܓᨠฒڼڇԫመ࿓խᛧԱᇞΕඔ࿇ፖࣲᓾΔၞۖ༼֒ኙवᢝऱಳޣፖس᧯᧭Ζ. 2.2 ᇞᎅऱઌᣂ֮. ឈྥԫሏড়ڇൕࠃሏᖈ೯ழΔڍᑇਢԱ࣋ᠾ֨ൣΕބ༈ᨋტࢨሟ۞ա ՠ܂ऱ߬໎Δ܀ڍሏড়սݦඨ౨ൕխᖂࠩڶᣂຍࠄچ۞ྥࡉ֮֏ऱઌᣂवᢝΖ ᇞᎅΔࠎ༼ױഏ୮ֆႼΕཤࣥΕሏᑗΕ֮֏ᙊܿΕ໑ढ塢Ε೯ढႼچऱሏড় ԫࠄࣚ೭ΔאየߩהଚऱᏁޣΖ२ڣΔഏփ؆ڶᣂᇞᎅऱઔߒ֮Δᓵ૪ऱᒤᡱԼ ։ᐖऑΔ౿១٨ڕՀΚ รԫᣊᓫᓵψᇞᎅറᄐव౨ωץਔ(ݛ࢘ܦ1999)ࠡڇᇞᎅറᄐհ৬مઔߒխΔ ូנᇞᎅਢٽԱषᄎᖂΕ֨ᖂΕႚᐾᖂΕጥᖂΕᛩቼᖂ֗ᆢฒᓵࢬ ขسऱᖂ॰Ζຫભख़Ε്ᡯִ(2008)ঞޓၞԫڇޡ൶ಘٖၵልᄐᇞᎅԳറᄐव౨ հઔߒխΔ࿇ٖڇၵልᄐറᄐवᢝֱ૿Δچאᛩቼ່ᎁૹΙڇᖄᥦᇞᎅ ݾ౨ֱ૿ΔൣፃऱጥԼ։ૹΙڇറᄐኪ৫ֱ૿ঞאՠ܂ᑷ່ݵૹီΖAlba 16.
(28) (2010) ຘመኙᇞᎅऱᓳ֗ፖ໑ढ塢ඒߛՠ܂Գऱᓫ࣠Δ൶ಘᢌ໑ढ塢 ᇞᎅऱಛஒᏁޣΔ່৵ូנᇞᎅឈਢ໑ढ塢ֆฒݮွ֗୶࢚ऱႚᐾृΔ ڇ܀ᇞᎅտֲ墿ઝ֏ݾऱൣउՀΔᢌቹ塢սਢ່౨የߩᇞᎅಛஒऱֱچΖ Robin (2009)۞ࠐאଡᖵ໑ढ塢ऱ 12 ۯᇞᎅઔߒኙွΔຘመᓫၞ۩ᇞᎅ റᄐ࿇୶ऱᖂߡۥઔߒΔઔߒᇷற᧩ࠟڶقଡऱֱऄΔॣٚᇞᎅᚨ࠹إ ڤಝᒭΔۖ৵թਢॺڤإऱᥛᖂΖ รԲᣊᣂ࣍ψᇞᎅᣊীωऱᓵ૪ ڶPekarik (2008)ലᇞᎅ։ࠟګጟΔԫጟਢ ྫڕඒߛ୮ૹီፖሏড়ኙᇩΔԫጟਢፖሏড়֟յ೯থךየᖿൣऱ֮ढფृړΔה ଚਢ໑ढ塢ऱඒߛՕࠌΔՈਢ໑ढ塢ऱՑᅾᛜᔭृΖྏ٢દ(2012)Δಾኙ໑ढ塢Գ ՠᝑᇞፖ֏זᖄᥦߓอ܂ઔߒΔઔߒ࣠࿇ࠡڶٺᚌ٭រΔ່ࠋऱᖄᥦᇞᎅֱ ڤਢԳᝑᇞፖ֏זᖄᥦߓอऱڶᖲٽΖಸࣔႧ(2002)ߪ۞אᆖ᧭ᓫ໑ढ塢ᇞ ᎅհ᠏ীΔൕ 70 זڣऱᖲඳહᒚڤ᠏ሀ֮֏Εറᄐ֏Εवᢝ֏ऱറ୮वᢝীᇞᎅΔ ཚᝬԵ 21 ધ໑ढ塢౨ڍޓܮᇞᎅറᄐԳթΔאᔞᚨଆຒ࿇୶ऱழזΖ รԿᣊൕψᇞᎅݾ౨ωထ֫ऱڶຫፂ(م2006) אTilden ऱᇞᎅรঞհᖿ࿇ ᓵΔᇞ࣫֜ᕙᎹഏ୮ֆႼؒՂޡࣥێچሐऱᇞᎅྨΔઔߒ࿇ᚌߐऱᇞᎅ ॺೝྥऱ࣠Δ܂ֱऄڍցዌᣤ᠃ΔൎᓳᇞᎅլႛᏁ؏ݾΔޓᏁֱऄΖ ႓ঊ֛(1998)ᎁڇᖄᥦᇞᎅመ࿓խΔױ٣ॺאߢऱॆ᧯٣ტ೯ࠀا֧ܮฒᇿᙟΔ ٦ല୶ࢬܶऱवᢝڶයլేΕլ৺լஊऱ।ሒࠐנΔၞۖඔ࿇اฒᖂऱᘋᔊΔ ሒࠩ໑ढ塢ඒߛऱψึߪᖂω࢚Δࢬאᇞᎅ؏ݾਢߢፖॺߢऱᄮຏ۾ٺԫ תΖ รᣊঞਢൕψᇞᎅפ౨ωᓵ૪Δץਔ്ڶನ❴Εຫිᨋ(2008)א८॰ഏ୮ֆ Ⴜ୶ق塢ઔߒΔኙሏড়ၞ۩ᇞᎅࣚ೭ऱየრ৫ፖૹီ৫հᓳΔઔߒ࣠᧩ قሏড়ኙ࣍ᇞᎅࣚ೭֗ᇞᎅפ౨ტࠩየრΔየრ࿓৫መ࣍ሏড়۩ছऱཚඨፖૹ ီ࿓৫ΖພفੳΕࣔ׆ցΕᏥଥ壁 (2007)֗ᚮڶᐚΕࣥᛚወΕຫগٛ (2010)։ܑא ؐףᛜᆄࡱڣΕՕᄻፖຼཽ۔ဩሏড়ၞ۩ം࠴ઔߒΔ࣠࿇ፖᇞᎅࣚ೭հሏ ড়լႛᏺףኙ֏֮چڇऱᛵᇞΔ౨უቝᅝழऱسणउΖֱࢣ⪌ΕഠΕ࢘ܦ ( ݛ2012)ΕຫࡲخΕຬ(چ2006)։ܑಾኙມঅᥨ࠰ᄎΕഏྥ۞مઝᖂ໑ढ塢հᇞ ᎅፖاฒၞ۩ᇞᎅԳᏁޣፖב၄რᣋᓳΔઔߒ࣠࿇ᇞᎅറᄐ֗ࣚ೭ኪ৫ 17.
(29) ᄎᐙᣋבᏝऱ܅Δᎁᇞᎅࣚ೭֒༼ױሏᖈᆖ᧭ፖᏺ९ߠፊΖࠕܦଥΕڹ (ݑ2001)ಾኙףഏمઝᖂՠᢌ໑ढ塢ऱاฒΔ܂ᇞᎅᐙاฒᨠ໑ढ塢ᆖ ᧭հઔߒΔլႛ࿇ڶᇞᎅᏆऱاฒኙ࣍ᨠሁᒵऱየრ৫ࣔ᧩࣍ڶᇞᎅ ᏆऱاฒΙڶሒ२Ԯګऱاฒݦඨ٦ڻਈઝՠ塢ழΔ౨ᛧᇞᎅऱᇞ ᎅࣚ೭ΖPreethi & Joe (2008)א೯ढႼᇞᎅኙွΔ൶ಘᇞᎅڇᇞᎅࣚ೭խਢܡ ႚሒঅߛඒߛಛஒΔઔߒ࣠᧩قሏড়ឈྥᎁᇞᎅࢬႚሒऱঅߛಛஒૻڶΔ܀ սᎁٵᇞᎅਢ೯ढঅߛඒߛऱૹࠐᄭΖ ࠡڶהᠿ(ࣲױ2012)אഏمᖵ໑ढ塢ऱ୶ઔߒ᧯Δ൶ಘᄅழזऱᇞ ᎅࣚ೭Δᓵנᇞᎅᑓڤᚨൕ۩ऱᝑ૪ীᇞᎅΔሀ။ࠩ൶ীऱᇞᎅΔթ౨૾܅ ᨠ୶ԳᑪࢬࠐऱᖑᚲΖ׆ᑽᑽ(2011)ᎁᇞᎅਢኔ໑ढ塢षᄎඒߛ౨ऱૹ ֫Δ֠ࠡਢኙॹ֟ڣऱైᔆඒߛΔᎁ໑ढ塢ᚨ᧢ޏᆖᛜᑓڣ֟ॹ֧ܮאڤΔ֠ ࠡਢᇞᎅऱֱڤΖRobin (2005)אᖵ໑ढ塢֗ᢌ༔ઔߒΔ൶ಘ໑ढ塢ऱ ᖂᓵਢܡፖᇞᎅऱഛಝਢԫીऱΔࠃኔ࿇໑ढ塢ࢬᨬཆऱᖂ࢚─আၞ ൶Δႛᔞ࣍شԫሏড়Δڇ܀ᇞᎅऱഛಝᓰ࿓ՂࠀլᔞشΖ ጵᨠՂ૪ፖᇞᎅઌᣂհ֮ࢬᓫ֗ᇞᎅᒤᡱΔڶየრ৫Εڶറᄐव౨Εڶᇞᎅ ᏁޣΕڶᇞᎅ؏ݾΕڶᚌរऱ൶૪Δߠױᇞᎅբཏሙاฒࢬ൷࠹ໂ࠹ૹ ီΔᣄࢡ׆㝿(2008)ڇՕچچᠧറᒚխΔᄎऴߢറᄐऱᖄᥦᇞᎅԳലਢԫ॰ ᄅᘋऱ۩ᄐΖ. 2.3 ᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ऱࡳᆠ. ᇞᎅਢاٻฒႚሒᇷಛΔՈਢԫጟඒߛመ࿓Δྥۖاฒൕխگܮᇷಛऱڍኒ֗ ભ塢ࢬ༼ࠎհᇞᎅࣚ೭ਢاٽ֊ܡฒᏁޣΔؘڶאኔᎾऱေ۷࣠ॾ࠷װՂ్ ᖲᣂ֗षᄎՕฒ(׆㝿Δ1991)Δࠌᇞᎅऱפ౨լਢԫଡᗑمऱᇷಛΔۖਢ౨ജ ലሏড়ᇷಛ֘ਠڇᆖᛜጥެ֗אፖᖲᣂփຝڶᣂऱࠃ೭ՂΖ ᄘࣔᔃ (1999)ࠡڇπᇞᎅඒߛρԫխ༼֗ᇞᎅዌڶګԿైΔܛጥᖲᣂΕ ᇞᎅᇷᄭΕሏড়ΖڼڇᇞᎅዌګԿైխΔᇞᎅࣚ೭ފዝԿृၴऱຑߡۥΙኙሏ 18.
(30) ড়ۖߢΔᇞᎅࣚ೭ਢԫጟᖂፖᖿ࿇໌ທࢤऱ೯ΙኙጥᖲᣂۖߢΔਢԫጟಛஒ ႚሒ֗ᇷᄭጥऱՠࠠΙኙᇷᄭࠐᎅΔਢԫጟඒߛ֗অߛฃΖ(ݛ࢘ܦ1998)ᎁ ᇞᎅऱפ౨ਢڇԳΕᇷᄭΕጥᖲᣂၴګݮᄮຏऱᖯᑚΔՈ༉ਢຘመᇞᎅࣚ೭Δሎ شտࠌהԳڶრᢝࢨྤრᢝᐙփ֨ऱტ࠹ΔאሒګᇞᎅऱؾᑑΖᇞᎅࠀլਢԫ ጟٻᄮຏΔ،Ꮑᦫृऱڃ墅Δڼڕթ౨ขسᠨٻऱٌੌΖ. ጥᖲᣂ. ጥᖲᣂ ᇷ. ᄭ. ቹ9. ሏ. ড়. ᇞᎅዌګԿై. ʳ ᇷறࠐᄭΚଥ۞ޏᄘࣔᔃ(1999). πᇞᎅඒߛρ. ʳ. ڼڂΔᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ऱૠսႊൕاฒऱ֘ਠထ֫Ιإᒔऱᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷Δլ ႛኙᢞࣔᇞᎅ೯ऱڇژਢઌᅝૹΔኙاฒऱᎁवΕኙጥۯऱެՈਢլױ ࢨऱΖ ᇞᎅࣚ೭ڼڇᇞᎅዌګైխਝਢૹڼڕڶ۾ߡۥΔਢᠨٻऱᄮຏΔڶᣂ ᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ऱࡳᆠΔഏփ؆ᖂृՈ༉ڍൕᇞᎅऱߡ৫Δઌᤉ༼אנՀऄΚ Ham (1986)ᎁᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ਢԫጟመ࿓Δຘመေ۷אױࠩᇷಛΔޏᇞᎅ ೯Δ༼֒ᇞᎅᔆऱֱऄΖຫਟࣔ(1989)ᎁᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ڇᘝၦᇞᎅऱֱ ऄࢨ᧯ऱய࣠Δ༼ࠎࠐآଥޏޓࢨإૠऱشڶᇷಛΖMedlin & Ham (1992)ਐנΔ ᇞᎅေ۷ਢᒔᎁᇞᎅᔆऱֱऄΕᙄᢝᚌរΔࠀᛵᇞګயऱ܅Δࠡؾऱ墵ਢ Աޏᇞᎅ೯ΖຫᏕᏚ(2005)ᎁࠉᖕᇞᎅפ౨ႈאףؾᛀီΔवࢨ༳༽ՠ ګ܂யΔ܂ױՀڻփ୲ᓳᖞऱࠉᖕΔՈ፺墿ᇞᎅറᄐֽᄷऱ٦༼֒Ζ്ࣔΕࣥ 19.
(31) बߐ(2002)ᎁᇞᎅऱய墿ਢᏁլឰऱေ۷ऱΔࠀլਢޢԫڻऱᇞᎅຟݙભΔધ ᙕޢԫڻऱᚌរΔᆖլឰऱଥإፖޏၞΔᇞᎅפԺթᄎዬዬᏺףΖTheobald (֧ࡌ ॑ڕΔ2005)༼נᇞᎅေ۷ਢኙࡳؾऱྒྷၦऱ࣠ࢬנ܂հܒឰΔਢᇞᎅᇷಛگႃ ፖ։࣫ऱመ࿓Ζ אՂࢬ૪Δ݁ਢאᇞᎅറᄐव౨ऱߡ৫ࠐࡳᆠᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷Ζᇞᎅࣚ೭ऱ ؾऱਢኙሏড়༼ࠎڶᔊऱΕ༭ݶऱ᧯᧭ݮྤ֗אऱඒߛΔڼڂᇞᎅऱ।Εᇞ ᎅփ୲ΕႚሒऱಛஒΔૉ౨ᆖطᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ۖאףଥإΔঞᇞᎅૠհயല ᄎყݙףΖ ڶᖂृঞਢൕጥᖲዌऱߡ৫ࠐࡳᆠΚዧᣪᐚ(2000)ᎁေ۷ױലᛀಘ࣠ ༼ࠎ塢փެ܂ەΔᅝ܂Հޏڻၞऱ़ၴΔլႛ༼֒ᖂᏝଖΔق୶࣍ܗڶᖂ ऱ৬مΔՈ༼ᨠฒᨠᓾֽᄷΖSteven (᠏֧ Belcher1991)ᎁေ۷ਢԫጟ໑ढ塢റ ᄐጥፖᨠฒհၴऱ܂ٽΔਢሒࠩࠌ୶ᥦפ౨࿇ཀړޓΕࠌᨠฒࠩޓՕየߩ ؾऱऱֱऄΖ׆㝿(1991)ᎁإᒔऱေ۷࣠אױጥۯԱᇞؾছࢬࠌشऱᇞᎅ փ୲ΕᇞᎅֱڤਢܡᅝΔࠀᖕᨠฒऱ۩ࠐܒឰΔਢܡሒࠩࠐࡳऱᖄᥦᇞ ᎅؾᑑΖMoscardo (1996)ᎁᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ڶࠠࠎ༼ױრᆠऱྒྷၦ࣠Δࠌጥृ Աᇞሏড়ऱᏁޣ۶Δၞۖ᠏᧢ࠡኪ৫ፖ۩Ζ אՂࢬ૪ԯᖂृൕጥᖲዌऱߡ৫ᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ࢬՀऱࡳᆠΔઃᎁᇞᎅய ࣠ေ۷ऱ࣠Δࠎױጥृ܂۩᧢ޏऱەΖጥृࠉױေ۷࣠ᒔኔԱᇞᇞ ᎅؾᑑਢܡսྥᔞᅝΛሏড়۩ਢܡᛧޏΛᇞᎅૠऱދᇷய墿֗ച۩யԾ ڕ۶ΛլឰଥإጥൻਜΔᨃጥޓߜړΖ ۖભഏᇞᎅ࠰ᄎ (National Association for Interpreta tion) Ոኙᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷܂ ုנᇞΔᎁᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ਢԫଡᒔࡳᇞᎅᔆऱࢤ૿ڍऱመ࿓Δਢ᥆࣍ᇞᎅऱԫ ຝٝΖڼመ࿓ᝫץਔދԵፖڃ墅ΔࠀᘝၦԳᣊΕᖲዌΕᛩቼፖઝݾၴऱᣂএΖ ጵូאՂࢬ૪Δءઔߒᎁᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ਢߓڶאอऱֱऄ፦ႃᇷறΔࠐܒឰ ԫଡֱூࢨࣚ೭ਢܡሒࠩቃཚؾᑑΔࢬऱإᒔေ۷࣠Δࠎױጥࢤ᧯ࠠۯऱ ެࠉᖕΔᨃጥृԱᇞؾছࢬشհᇞᎅփ୲ΕֱڤਢܡᅝΛᇠڕ۶ᓳᖞֱ౨ڶ ய࿇ཀᇞᎅפ౨ΔሒګᇞᎅؾᑑΖ. 20.
(32) 2.4 ᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ऱઌᣂ֮. २࣍طࠐڣՕฒኙٖၵ೯ऱૹီΔሏᖈհ塒ኙवᢝऱᛧ࠷ᏁޣΔۖڂ೯ᇞ ᎅࣚ೭ᑷᑪΔլጥਢ֪؆ሏᖈٍࢨփᢌ֮୶ዝ೯Δࠎ༼ڶڍᖄᥦᇞᎅࣚ೭Δԫ ࠐᚥاܗฒԱᇞسኪ۞ྥࢨᢌ֮ᇷಛΔԲࠐᗨีवᢝΖᇞᎅਝਢاฒࢬ༼ࠎऱԫ ጟࣚ೭ࢤൻਜΔڼڂΔေ۷اฒऱ֘ᚨਢ່ऴ൷ለ壄ᒔऱᇞᎅய࣠ྒྷ৫ֱऄΖ ڶᣂᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷հ֮ΔՈ༉אڍፖᇞᎅࣚ೭ऱاฒઔߒኙွΖ౿ലഏփፖ ᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷հઌᣂ֮ᤍ٨ڕՀΚ ޕᣪ(2003) ࣟאႨࣥऱᓾᘛ־೯ኙွΔಾኙሏড়ၞ۩سኪளሏऱᇞ ᎅࣚ೭ய࣠հઔߒΔઔߒ࣠᧩قΚ൷࠹ᇞᎅࣚ೭ऱሏড়Δྤᓵਢڇवᢝᛧ࠷Εሏ ᖈ᧯᧭ࡉঅߛᎁ૿ֱٵΔຟ࣍۞۩ᨠृΔԳᇞᎅய࣠ፖሏড়ኙᖞ᧯ᓾᘛ೯ የრ৫հઌᣂٻإڶհᣂএΖ ࣥஶڠΕᄘ(1996)مؑקא೯ढႼՕ຺ᦨઔߒچរΔאᇞᎅމኙሏ ড়ᨠழհೖఎழၴΕ۩Ε᧯᧭֗ᖂயֱ࣠૿ऱᐙΔࠐ൶ಘᇞᎅኹհᇞ ᎅய࣠Δઔߒ࣠࿇ڇֲऱೖఎழၴΕᖂய࣠Ε۩Ε᧯᧭Ղ݁ڶฆΔ܀ ኙॺֲሏড়ऱೖఎழၴঞྤᐙΖ Ꮵࠉ( ڕ2009) אمؑקף೯ढႼψၢՒ೯ढω೯ढᇞᎅ೯ऱᖂ ࿙ၞ۩ψ೯ढ壂ܓඒߛᇞᎅ೯ኙഏ՛ᖂ࿙೯ढ壂ܓवᢝፖኪ৫հᐙઔߒωΔઔ ߒ࣠࿇࿇ڇ೯ढ壂ܓᇞᎅ೯տԵ৵Δᖂ࿙ኙ೯ढ壂ܓवᢝ֗ኪ৫ऱ։Ղ ݁᧩ထ࣍ছྒྷ։Δຍ᧩ق೯ढ壂ܓᇞᎅ೯౨ڶயᏺၞᖂ࿙ኙ೯ढ壂ܓഗءᏁ ޣΕ೯ढऱ۞ྥ۩ፖᛩቼ᠆༄֏ၴऱᣂএΕᨠኘ೯ढऱإᒔֱڤٺႈवᢝΖ ׆ৎྰ(2009) ؑקאഏ՛ 4-6 ్ڣᖂ࿙ኙွΔၞ۩॒՞ጸႼᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ ઔߒΔઔߒ࣠࿇ᖂ࿙ፖᇞᎅࣚ೭৵Δឈྥᄎڂ్ڣΕᖂ।ڶۖైڂ ᧩ထฆऱᇞᎅய࣠Δڇ܀ሏᖈ᧯᧭֗वᢝᛧ࠷Ղ݁᧩ڶထઌᣂΖ ઌለ࣍Δᇞᎅࣚ೭ದޡለඡऱխഏՕຬՈڶઌᣂઔߒΔຯΕޙ՛॑(2009) ֗ᢅख़Εᢅॽ (2011) Ո։ܑಾኙᐖࣟ塒ᓌ՞ࢪΕᐖ۫ࡤധ՞ഏ୮ཤࣥֆႼද ऱሏড়܂ઔߒΔ࿇ፖᇞᎅࣚ೭հሏড়ڇवᢝᛧ࠷Ղڶለړய࣠Δڇኪ৫ፖ۩ ऱ᧢ޏՂለᗨᄕΔڇளሏ᧯᧭ՂՈለڶᚥܗΖ 21.
(33) ഏ؆ᖂृኙᇞᎅயٍ࣠ڶઔߒΔ౿ᤍ٨ڕՀΚ Michael & Angus (2008) ۫אᖾՕྥ۞ࠅܓऱᇞᎅྨᇞᎅய࣠ઔߒΔઔߒ ࣠࿇᜕ྥਢڇ՛உՂمᇞᎅྨΔ܀ᇞᎅփ୲ړΔሏড়ڇवᢝᛧ࠷ Ղ༉ᄎگࢬڶᡸΔຑچᨃሏড়ኙ۞ྥঅߛڇኪ৫֗᧢ޏሏᖈ᧯᧭Ղ݁إܧᏺ ९ွΖ Mark (1997) ࠌشᎁव֨ᖂ֗ᖂᓵΔಾኙᖾՕྀࠅܓ௧ᦡऱሏড়ၞ۩ ᇞᎅய࣠ऱઔߒΔઔߒ࣠࿇ᇞᎅࣚ೭լႛאױᨃሏড়ڇवᢝՂگࢬڶᡸΔՈኙ ޏᛩቼऱኪ৫֗۩ՂΔڶᏺ९ய࣠Ζ Heike & Alison (2000) ۫ోאᥞჃୂתऱٞᡈᐖઔߒΔኙ 40 ټሏ ড়ၞ۩Եᓫऱᇞᎅய࣠ઔߒΔઔߒ࣠ᢞኔᇞᎅࣚ೭אױᨃሏড়ڇᛩঅवᢝ֗ ሏᖈ᧯᧭Ղڶᏺ९ய࣠Ζ Katherine (2003) ಾኙഏሒᐠዿഏ୮ֆႼऱሏড়ၞ۩ᇞᎅய࣠ઔߒΔઔߒ࣠ ᧩قᇞᎅࣚ೭ᒔኔ౨ᨃሏড়ڇᛩঅवᢝՂࢬڶᏺ९Δ᧢ޏሏড়ኙ۞ྥֆႼऱኪ৫ ፖ۩Ζ ౿ലՂ૪ፖᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷հઔߒዌ૿٨।ڕՀΚ. ।2. ᇞᎅய࣠ေ۷ઌᣂ֮հઔߒዌ૿ ᒧټ. ઔߒዌ૿. ࣟႨࣥᓾᘛ־೯ᇞᎅࣚ೭ய࣠հ. वᢝᛧ࠷Εሏᖈ᧯᧭. ઔߒ. অߛᎁٵ. ࣥஶڠΕᄘ. ፕمؑק೯ढႼՕ຺ᦨኹᇞᎅய࣠հ൶. ೖఎழၴΕ۩. 1996. ಘ. ᧯᧭Εᖂய࣠. ृ܂. ޕᣪ. 2003. ೯ढ壂ܓඒߛᇞᎅ೯ኙഏ՛ᖂ࿙೯ढ壂. Ꮵࠉڕ. 2009. ׆ৎྰ. 2009. ܓवᢝፖኪ৫հᐙઔߒ ॒՞ጸႼᇞᎅေ۷հઔߒЁؑקאഏ՛ նք్ڣᖂ࿙ࠏ. वᢝᛧ࠷Εኪ৫᧢ޏ. वᢝᛧ࠷Εሏᖈ᧯᧭. ຯΕޙ՛॑. ளሏᇞᎅኙ㥀ࣥᙊขچሏড়ऱᐙ㫠ઔߒ─א. वᢝᛧ࠷Εኪ৫᧢ޏ. 2009. ᐖࣟՕټႼհԫ塒ᓌ՞ࢪࠏ. ۩᧢ޏΕሏᖈ᧯᧭. 22.
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