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Temporomandibular disorders (TMD): an overview Oral Surgery 2008;1: 60-8

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口腔病理科 On-Line KMU Student Bulletin

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原文題目(出處): Temporomandibular disorders (TMD): an overview Oral Surgery 2008;1: 60-8

原文作者姓名: Durham J

通訊作者學校: School of Dental Science, Newcastle University, Framilington Place, Newcastle Tyne, UK

報告者姓名(組別): 賴珮翎 報告日期: 97.07.28 內文:

一、病因:

1. Poorly understood and can easily be misrepresented 2. Okeson定義5種與TMD有關的因素

1) occlusal factors, 2) trauma, 3) emotional stress, 4) deep pain input 5) parafunctional activities

二、Signs and symptoms 1.高發生率(20-75%)

2.年齡約從2nd to fourth decade

3.性別發生率沒有顯著性差異(1:1),但就診率女性多於男性(1:7) 4.六大症狀:

1) 關節雜音(joint noise)—clicking sound. Creptius (grindging)

2) 閉鎖(locking)—open(inability to close fully), closed (inability to open fully) 3) 疼痛—頭頸部或肩膀疼痛

4) 臉部、頸部或肩膀肌肉酸痛(muscular tenderness) 5) 耳痛(otalgia)或耳鳴(tinnitus)

6) 心理社會因素(psychosocial effect) 三、診斷

1.藉由流行病學指數(epidemiological indices), 影像診斷(radiography), 電子測試 (electronic test), 臨床診斷指數(clinical diagnostic indices)進行診斷

2. 流行病學指數(epidemiological indices)—運用於大規模調查但無法運用於個別 性的鑑別診斷

3. 影像診斷(radiography)—

1)簡單的X光攝影與CT最主要用來檢查TMJ是否有pathology, 如rheumatoid arthritis.

2) MRI可以檢查關節與相關結構 4. 電子測試(electronic test)

Jaw tracking, vibratigraphy, sonography, electromyography, thermography( the most reliable)

5. 臨床診斷指數(clinical diagnostic indices)

1) RDC- a dual-axis approach to the diagnosis of TMD

-- axis 1:著重在臨床檢查。有標準化的檢查方法。因為有很多的檢查,所以無 法實際用在每一個病人身上的常規檢查。檢查結果分為三類,第一類為myofacila pain disorder, 第二類為disc displacement disorder, 第三類為degenerative disease disorder

--axis 2: 為病人問卷調查。醫師可以使這份問卷評估來病人的疾病程度。

2) RDC可以表現出fair to good的疾病診斷可信度。是目前最有公信力的TMD 診斷工具。

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四、Psychological and psychosocial factors in TMD

1) 目前認為TMD由physical, psychological and psychosocial factors所影響。至於 psychology是病因或是TMD引起的結果目前仍未有定論。但治療TMD時考慮 psychological factors對治療效果是會有影響。

2)有psychological disorder的病人常伴隨有TMD。特別在女性患有憂鬱症的患 者容易發現。

3) Psychological disorder的患者會表現出急性或慢性TMD,以後者居多。

Myofacial subgroup最常伴隨有psychological disorder。

4)在慢性TMD病人中,最常出現的psychological disorder為somatisation(55%)與 depression(39%)。兩種疾病皆會導致TMD的治療效過變壞,可能與患者疏於照顧 口腔健康有關。

五、Management of TMD

1) 目前認為reversible conservative therapy為治療TMD的第一線方法。治療前須 先排除有organic pathology, 如systemic diseases, hereditary conditions or neoplasia.

然而fibrosarcoma, nosopharyngeal carcinoma and lateral pharyngeal space infection 的表徵有時會與TMD很相近,所以須先排除這些疾病的可能性。

2) The conservative therapies包含有supportive p’t education, physical therapy, pharmacological pain control, intraoral appliances與simple occlusal therapy

3) The irreversible therapies 包 含 有 complex occlusal interventions 與 surgical approaches

4) 尚未經過科學證實的治療TMD方法有transcutaneous electrical stimulation, soft laser, radiofrequency surgical cauerisation and chiropractic care.

六、conservative therapy

1) 包 含 有 cognitive behavioural therapy, physical therapy, pharmacological therapy and intraoral appliance

2) cognitive behavioural therapy—提高病人對影響TMD因素的認知,增加功能 性及生理性的活動(functional and physical activities),訓練患者放鬆的能力,藉由 催眠(hypnosis)或其他方式改變患者對疼痛的認知。

3) Physical therapy—恢復正常關節功能,減少關節疼痛與loading。可以短時間 改善symptoms and signs。所以對急性期TMD的症狀比較有幫助。

4) Pharmacological therapy—包含有NSAIDs, opiates, antidepressants, anxiolytics, corticosteroid。但目前並沒有標準的給藥規則,所以臨床須小心評估使用。

5) Intraoral appliance-- 包含有soft splint與stabilisation splint

z Soft splint—為2mm厚度, full coverage mouth guard type lower jaw appliance.無法做咬合調整但可提供雙側咬合接觸。

z Splint的治療機制尚未明朗,仍有許多假說。

z 文 獻 較 少 支 持 soft splint 有 治 療 效 果 。 有 些 文 獻 認 為 治 療 效 果 與 stabilisation splint一樣。也有文獻抱持相反的看法,認為soft splint沒有 治療效果甚至會有更嚴重的symptom and signs。

z 因目前對TMD的治療並沒有正式的立論基礎再加上soft splint容易被病 人接受,而且為reversible therapy,價錢也便宜,治療效果也還不錯所以在 初期治療TMD仍是一項不錯的選擇。

z Stabilization splint可以配戴在上顎或下顎,但以上顎居多。行事有hard acrylic 或softer polyvinyl或兩者混合使用。可以精確調整咬合讓condyle 在musculoskeletal stable position。

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z 對Stabilization splint治療效果有支持者也有反對者。目前的文獻認為雖 然沒有足夠的證據顯示Stabilization splint的治療效果不好,所以對 myogenous and arthogenous TMD的患者仍是繼續使用Stabilization splint 來做治療。

七、Irreversible therapy

1) 包含有occlusal therapy與surgery

2) Occlusal therapy對有些case有效但仍缺乏有效的證據支持咬合調整對TMD 的治療效果或是需要prophylaxis treatment

3) Occlusal therapy and occlusal adjustment as the only treatment modality is rarely defendable; however, in combination with other forms of therapy, occlusal adjustment can contribute to a positive treatment outcome in selected cases

4) Surgery—

z Absolute indications: trauma, ankylosis, congenital anomalies, organic pathology.

z 並非保守治療失敗後就必須接受手術治療。

z Arthroscopy and arthrocentesis在治療disc displacement, arthogeous TMD and TMD that is refractory to conservative treatment

z Reston and Turkelson經由meta-analysis分析認為arthroscopy and arthrocentesis 對disc displacement without reduction的治療有顯著的效果。在arthroscopy and arthrocentesis兩種治療效果則沒有顯著性差異。

z 最近有radomised effectiveness study指出arthroscopy的治療效果並沒有優於 其他medical management。

八、結論

1. A group of complex biopsychosocial chronic illnesses 2. Conservative therapy目前認為是第一線治療TMD的方法 3.在特殊情形下irreversible therapy對治療TMD可能會有效果

4.目前缺乏標準化評量TMD的治療效果,所以應建立再現性高的標準化評量。

這樣對治療TMD的方法才會有evidence-based management.

題號 題目

1

Panorex View可做下列何種診斷?

(A) Acute bone deformation

(B) Determining the position of the condyle in their respective fossa (C) Assess the articular space to diagnose the intracapsular disorders (D) The most effective choice for evaluating the TMJ

答案(A) 出處:Functional occlusion. Peter E. Dawson. p322-323 題號 題目

2

對於咬合板的治療下列敘述何者錯誤

(A) Verification of centric relation by loading test

(B) Occlusal splint for therapy must be worn only at night

(C) Stability of the bite on the splint over the course of a few days (D) Elimination of painful symptoms

答案(C) 出處:Functional occlusion. Peter E. Dawson. p322-3

參考文獻

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