多協議標記交換網路界接服務品質保證之研究

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кםᛉᇾ੃Ϲೱშྮࠧତڇચݡኳܲᙋ̝ࡁտ

เֶኰ

̮ം̂ጯྤੈ̍඀ࡁտٙ

เ౾ܷ! ᆒѣึ

༱ਕԫఙጯੰྤੈ̍඀ր

ၡ! ࢋ

ᐌ඾შྮ็Ꮾྤफ़ݭၗ۞̙Т(тᄬࢰăྤफ़׶ᇆࢰ)̈́̂ณྤफ़߹Ă็௚

۞ፋЪّڇચሀё̏൑ڱ႕ֹ֖ϡ۰၆̙Тڇચݡኳ۞ᅮՐĄЯѩ IETF ؠཌྷ າ۞ڇચሀёĂӈߏमளّڇચሀёĂ׎၆ٺ̙Тڇચ۞ᆸ৺ֶᙷҾࢎؠ̙Т

۞็ਖ਼ඉரĄᐌ඾็Ꮾྤफ़߹ᇴณ۞፬ᆧĂд੻຅შྮ̚ࡶֹϡमளّڇચ۞

ᙷҾ፟ט˵૟٢࡭ր௚൑ڱ࢑ఈĂЯѩमளّڇચშྮѣ႙႙ᙝቡ̼۞ᔌ๕Ą ΩγĂ˘჌ࢦࢋ۞შྮϹೱԫఙкםᛉᇾ੃Ϲೱ(MPLS)შྮ̏൒ԆјĂ׎૞

ڦٺშྮ̚็Ꮾݡኳܲᙋ۞ԫఙĂι̙ಏ፾ჯ᜕ྤफ़߹̚ྤफ़۞߹ШྮशĂቁ

ܲშྮბ၆ბߙ˘ᙷҾ็Ꮾ۞ݡኳĄMPLS შྮԫఙдᇾ੃྆ѣዋ༊۞᛼Ҝ೩

ֻᖎಏ۞ڇચඈ৺੃ྶĂЯࠎᇾ੃׍౯ᖎൺͷ׽ؠܜޘ۞ّኳĂਕ೩ֻ˘჌ྵ

ᖎଥ۞ྤफ़็Ꮾ͞ёĂซ҃ΞͽԼචშྮ۞ᕖ·ّĂ༊मளّڇચშྮࠧତٺ MPLS შྮॡĂтңቁܲშྮڇચݡኳߏ˘࣎ࣃ଀ଣ੅۞યᗟĄώቔኢ͛૟ࡁ տዋϡٺѣቢ̈́൑ቢშྮमளّڇચᄃ MPLS ࠧତშྮᒖဩ̚Ă೩΍າ۞ᐛᆵ გநڱ݋̈́ࠧତ̝ڇચݡኳٚତڱ݋Ăдᐛᆵგநڱ݋̚૟ֶӈॡّአፋăฉ ഇّአፋ̈́ܡ඗தҿᕝͽ׽ؠٕજၗ͞ёአፋᐛᆵĂֹ׎ѣड़гᆧΐᐛᆵ۞ֹ

ϡத׶ࢫҲր௚ܡ඗தĄΩγࠧତ̝ڇચݡኳٚତڱ݋ĂΞྋՙࠧତٚତᇆᜩ ڇચݡኳ۞Я৵ăજၗྤ໚አፋග̟̙Т۞ڇચݡኳܲᙋĂ֭ෞҤፋវड़ਕͽ ഇԱ΍̙Тڇચඈ৺ᑕѣ۞ڇચݡኳĄдѣቢᄃ൑ቢࠧତშྮన౯̚тң೩ֻ

ڇચݡኳ۞ᖼٚĂ૟ߏ˘࣎ᔙШ൑ቢᆵᐛॡ΃࠹༊ࢦࢋኝᗟĂ˵ߏώቔኢ͛۞

͹ࢋଣ੅ϫ۞Ą

ᙯᔣෟĈࠧତăፋЪّڇચăमளّڇચăڇચݡኳăкםᛉᇾ੃ϹೱĄ

QoS GUARANTEE IN INTERCONNECTED DIFFSERV BASED ON MPLS NETWORK

I-Shyan Hwang

Department of Computer Engineering and Science Yuan-Ze University

Chung-Li, Taiwan 320, R.O.C.

Bor-Jiunn Hwang Yu-Shun Liu

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Van-Nung Instistue of Technology

Chung-Li, Taiwan 320, R.O.C.

Key Words: MPLS, integrated service, differentiated service, QoS, internetworking.

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ABSTRACT

Because of the diversity of types of information (such as voice, data and video), and guantities of traffic, the traditional Integrated Service Model can no longer satisfy users’ requirements for different qualities of services (QoS). A Differentiated Services Model was designed by IETF to meet different transit stratagems concerned with different classes. Along with the rapid increase in transit speed, the Differentiated Services Model seems to lag behind, especially in the interconnected switches for different services. (Adjusting the channel bandwidth of the (frequency) temporarily or regularly has become a pressing task needing a solution.) An important switching technique, MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switch), guaranteeing the quality of the transited materials, can insure high quality for each class, with no need to service the flowing paths of datagram information. Besides, it can improve the system performance and offer a simple service class to the class-marked ISP. With its characteristic labels’ short, simple and fixed lengths, the MPLS can provide a compact method of information transit. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new bandwidth adjustment algorithm for Internetworking between Differentiated Services Model and MPLS networks. The system can adjust itself automatically according to temporary adjustments, regular adjustments of the bandwidth and blocking probability; hence, it can effectively increase the usage percentage and decrease the blocking probability. We hope the system can offer a connecting principle for interconnected service quality solving the major problems that plague the quality in internetworking networks. In addition to the effect of the whole, and finding out different service qualities for different classes, the proposed algorithm is concerned with auto adjustment and can offer a completely different style of guaranty for different qualities of services.

˘ă݈! ֏

ᐌ඾შྮ็Ꮾྤफ़ݭၗ۞̙Т̈́ connection (flow) ࣎ ᇴ ۞ ᓄ к Ă ็ ௚ ۞ ፋ Ъ ّ ڇ ચ ሀ ё (integrated service model)Ă̏൑ڱ႕ֹ֖ϡ۰၆̙Тڇચݡኳ(QoS : quality of service)۞ᅮՐĄᆵᐛშྮ۞೼̈́Ăෛੈົᛉ̈́ᇆည็Ꮾ

۞ᅮՐᄃ͟ᔗᆧĂቁܲЧ჌ྤफ़ݭၗ็Ꮾ۞ڇચݡኳĂࠎ

༊݈ާᅮྋՙ۞ኝᗟ̝˘ĄϏֽᔙШ൑ቢॡ΃Ă3G ೩ֻՀ к̮̼ăՀ׍ᇅّ۞кಫវڇચĄЯᑕ҃Ϡ۞ߏमளّڇ ચሀё(differentiated services model)Ă၆ٺ̙Тڇચ۞ᆸ৺

(class)ࢎؠ̙Т۞็ਖ਼ඉரĂ၆ٺ ISP (internet service provider)ຽ۰҃֏Ă˵ΞЯѩѣ̙Т۞ќ෱ᇾ໤Ąᐌ඾็

Ꮾిޘ۞፬ᆧĂд੻຅შྮ̚Ă˘ਠमளّڇચ۞ᙷҾ፟

ט˵ព଀̙ᇳֹϡĄΩ˘͞ࢬĂ˘჌ࢦࢋ۞შྮϹೱԫఙ кםᛉᇾ੃Ϲೱშྮ(MPLS : multi-protocol label switch)̏

൒ԆјĂMPLS ૞ჟٺშྮ̚็Ꮾݡኳܲᙋ۞ԫఙĂιΞ

̙υಏ፾ჯ᜕ྤफ़߹̚ྤफ़̮۞߹ШྮशĂ҃ቁܲშྮბ ၆ბ็Ꮾ۞ݡኳܲᙋĄMPLS შྮԫఙдᇾ੃྆ѣዋ༊۞

᛼Ҝ೩ֻᖎಏ۞ڇચඈ৺੃ྶĂЯࠎᇾ੃׍౯ᖎൺ׽ؠܜ ޘ۞ّኳĂਕ೩ֻ˘჌ྵᖎଥ۞ྤफ़็Ꮾ͞ёĂซ҃Ξͽ Լ ච შ ྮ ۞ ᕖ · ّ Ą ༊ म ள ّ ڇ ચ შ ྮ ࠧ ତ (interconnected)ٺ MPLS შྮॡĂтңቁܲშྮڇચݡኳߏ˘࣎ࣃ

଀ଣ੅۞યᗟĄ

˟ă࠹ᙯࡁտ

็ ௚ შ ᅫ შ ྮా ቢ ڇ ચ ۞ ็Ꮾ ם ؠ ࠎ Ⴝ Ξਕ ڇ ચ (best-effort service)ĂٕΞֶፂؼᏵ̈́ྤफ़߹εटԡޘ۞̙

ТĂՙؠឰߙֱপؠދΒᐹА็ᏮĂ೩੼ދΒ็Ꮾ۞ݡኳĄ ၆ٺშᅫშྮాቢڇચֽᄲĂࣧώ൑ڱઇזݡኳܲᙋڇચ

۞შྮםؠĂனдΞ೩ֻՀซลݡኳ׶ड़த۞შྮ็ᅍڇ ચĄன̫ϡ͗၆఼ܫڇચ̏ᔌШᇴፂăᄬࢰăᇆည̈́ෛੈ

ፋЪ۞кಫវྻϡĂΐ˯შྮϡ͗۞ԣిјܜĂֹ଀ᆵᐛ

఼ܫڇચॡ΃ు႙јԛĄдშྮ็ᏮϹೱ࿅඀̚Ăࡶͽ࣎

Ҿੈ߹(flow)ࠎಏҜࠎፋЪّڇચ(integrated service)ĂΞͽ ੫၆Տ࣎ੈ߹೩ֻ࣎ҾڇચĂҭݒົౄј̚มϹೱన౯۞

ࢦ̂࢑ፉᄃ኏ᑝ̙҃׍ؼणّĄ҃ͽ̙ТᙷҾࠎૄᖂ۞म ளّڇચ(differentiated services)ĂЯࠎ׎ͽދΒ(packet)ࠎ ڇચ၆෪Ă֭૟ኑᗔ۞გந፟טϹϤშྮᙝቡ۞ྮϤጡֽ

࢑యĂֹ̚มშྮਕԣి۞Ϲೱੈ߹Ă̂̂೩چშྮड़ਕĄ Ϗ఼ֽੈშྮĂ൑ኢдѣቢٕ൑ቢ۞ᒖဩĂౌ૟ߏͽ็ਖ਼ IP(internet protocol)ދΒࠎಏҜ۞შྮĄ൑ቢშྮბϡ͗૟

౅࿅ѣቢშྮᄃѣቢٕ൑ቢϡ̝͗ม็ᏮĂЯࠎमளّڇ ચ൑ڱ੫၆࣎Ҿੈ߹೩ֻݡኳܲᙋĂٙͽ̙֭ዋЪдϡ͗

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ბშྮ೩ֻڇચĂΪዋЪϡٺ̚ม็Ꮾ۞੻຅შྮĄ҃д

൑ቢᆵᐛϡ͗ბშྮĂ݋ߏͽ࣎Ҿੈ߹ࠎ͹ֽ೩ֻፋЪّ

۞ڇચĂЯѩ೩ֻ˘࣎ϤЧੈ߹ࠎ͹۞൑ቢშྮࠧତҌͽ

̙ТᙷҾࠎ͹۞ѣቢშྮĂߏϏֽΞਕ۞ᆵᐛ఼ੈᒖဩĄ дᄬࢰăྤफ़ăӈॡᇆࢰˬ჌ྤफ़ݭၗ۞็Ꮾშྮ༊̚Ă тڍΞͽᖣϤજၗአፋᐛᆵ፟טĂдยཉٕ۰߹ณҲ۞ྤ

फ़ݭၗᐛ྽༊̚Ăᛖٸ΍ᐛᆵֹϡᝋĂឰ׎΁ጾᑟ۞ᐛ྽

ΞᖣϤજၗአፋ׎΁ยཉ۞ᐛ྽ྤ໚ٕฉഇّࢎؠᐛᆵֹ

ϡ۞ቑಛĂͽழྋጾᑟᐛ྽۞࢑ྶĂ˵ΞᖣϤฉഇّ۞አ ፋᐛᆵĂ೩ֻ̙Т۞ڇચݭၗ೩੼შྮ۞ڇચݡኳĄϫ݈

Ξ೩ֻڇચݡኳ۞ڇચѣፋЪّڇચăमளّڇચ̈́

MPLS ЧѣপҒĂ̶Ҿୃࢗт˭Ą 1. ፋЪّڇચ(integrated service)

็ ௚ შ ᅫ შ ྮ ೩ ֻ ۞ ૄ ώ ڇ ચ ͞ ё ࠎ Ⴝ ˧ ڇ ચ (best-effort service)Ă̙ኢซֽ۞ྤफ़߹ࠎң჌ݭၗĂౌͽ АซА΍(first in first out, FIFO)۞͞ёֽ఍நĂ఺၆̙дͼ ؼᏵॡม׶ᐛᆵ̂̈۞ྤफ़ֽᄲߏ֖ૉ۞ĄҭϤٺშྮԣ

ి۞൴णĂధкӈॡݭၗ۞ր௚(тෛੈົᛉăშᅫშྮ࿪

ྖă෍ᑢ၁ဩඈ)ᅮࢋ࣎Ҿ۞ᐛᆵܲᙋࢋՐ[1]ĄͽـΪ೩ֻ

ಏ˘ܲᙋ۞Ⴝ˧ڇચĂ൑ڱдາ˘΃შྮ̚ቁܲՏ࣎ྤफ़

߹ٙᅮ۞ڇચݡኳĂ҃ፋЪёڇચӈߏΐૻனх۞ IP შྮ

ΑਕĂ೩ֻӈॡ׶Ⴝ˧ڇચ۞ᅮՐĄIETF ௡ᖐ(internet engineering task force)ࢵА೩΍ፋЪّڇચߛၹĂӀϡ RSVP(resource reservation protocol)[2]םؠֶፂੈ߹ఢॾֽ

ܲ঻შྮྤ໚Ăͽܲᙋѩੈ߹̝ڇચݡኳࢋՐĄፋЪёڇ ચ఍ந۞ඉரߏ૟൏ᕇٸдՏ˘࣎፾ϲ۞ੈ߹Ą༊შྮ˯

۞׌࣎ბᕇдેҖТ˘࣎ᑕϡ඀ё۞ॡ࣏Ă΁ࣇдშྮ˯

ٙ็ਖ਼۞ދΒົѣ࠹Т۞ֽ໚ҜӬᄃϫ۞ҜӬă࠹Т۞

TCP/UDP(transmission control protocol/user datagram protocol)ૂ̝˭ĂՏ˘࣎ੈ߹ਕૉШშྮࢋՐ࠹Т۞ڇચඈ

৺Ă׏ݭ۞ڇચඈ৺ಶߏග˘࣎ܲᙋҌ͌ѣ౵̈็Ꮾதă

౵̂۞ؼᏵॡมă౵̂۞ދΒ᏷εதĂ̯ˢ፟ט˵ົॲፂ ϫ݈۞შྮྤ໚Ăֽՙؠߏӎࢋତצੈ߹ШშྮࢋՐ۞ڇ ચඈ৺Ą

2. मளّڇચ(differentiated services)

д IP შྮ˯тң၆Տ̙࣎Тᅮࢋ೩ֻ̙Тඈ৺۞ڇ ચĂҌ̫ౌߏ˘ۡజଣ੅۞ྖᗟĄፋЪّڇચӀϡ RSVP םؠĂֶፂੈ߹ఢॾֽܲ঻შྮྤ໚Ăͽܲᙋڇચݡኳࢋ

ՐĂ൒҃ٙѣྮϤጡ̈́͹፟࠰ᅮ၆Տ˘ੈ߹ܲ঻˘Њੈ߹

ېၗ҃ౄјؼणّ(scaling)ָ̙યᗟĄIETF ٺ 1998 ѐ೩΍

۞˘࣎ࠧٺፋЪّڇચ̈́Ⴝ˧ڇચ۞็Ꮾ͞ڱĂಶߏٙᏜ

۞मளّڇચ[2]Ąमளّڇચ۞ϫ۞ᄃፋЪّڇચ۞ϫ

۞Ăౌߏࠎ˞ਕૉдϫ݈ྻү˭ᆧΐ׍౯ݡኳڇચܲᙋ۞

ਕ˧Ă҃मளّڇચߏ੫၆ፋЪّڇચٙઇ۞Լ։ĂЯѩ

׎дᕖ·ّᄃგந˯ࢋͧፋЪّڇચрĄҭߏፋЪّڇચ дੈ߹۞ݡኳߏৌϒઇז׍ѣܲᙋ۞Ă҃मளّڇચ۞݈

೩݋ߏ઄న̙ࢋ੫၆Տ˘࣎ੈ߹ઇ఍நĂ҃ߏ੫၆ߙ˘ཏ

࠹Тّኳ̈́ᅮՐ۞ੈ߹ჸะ੓ֽઇ఍நĄमளّڇચࠎ˞

ᖎ̼ྮश˯ྮϤጡ۞ኑᗔޘ̈́გநĂ࿰న˞ೀ჌ڇચĂ૟

ދΒ̶ᙷ˘੓ჸะ఍நĂ೩ֻ࠹Т۞ݡኳܲᙋĂ҃ͷ૟ኑ ᗔ۞߹ณአ༼Αਕ(conditioning functions)Ăт̶ᙷăႾଠă

๬ౄ(shaping)ĂČĂඈٸдშྮᙝࠧ۞ྮϤጡ྆Ăтѩშ

ྮ̰ొ۞༼ᕇΪᅮࢋॲፂՏ࣎ދΒ۞मளّڇચ᛼Ҝֽઇ ડҾ̶ᙷĂͽ೩ֻ࿰న۞ೀ჌ڇચΐԣშྮბ၆ბ็Ꮾి

ޘ[3]Ą

3. кםᛉᇾ੃Ϲೱ(MPLSĈmulti protocol label switch) ܧ ా ඕ ጱ Ш ۞ྮ Ϥ ጡ ߏ ̙ ᅮࢋ ۢ ྽ ྤ फ़ ็ਖ਼ ۞ ྮ शĂ׎ᖒश۞͞ڱߏϤహវֽүજၗᏴፄĂЯѩྤफ़д็

ਖ਼۞࿅඀ࡶ࿃זጾ๫Ă݋ྮϤጡົۡତ૟ދΒϴୢĂ҃ϴ

ୢ۞ދΒυืГϤ൴ਖ਼ბࢦ็Ă఺ֹࣧώಶ̏ጾ๫۞შ

ྮĂЯࠎࢦ็۞ᙯܼ҃ΐࢦშྮ۞࢑ፉĄͽాඕጱШࠎૄ

ᖂ۞ ATM (asynchronous transfer mode)Ϲೱ፟Ă݋ߏͽർ វֽઇᖒशĂЯѩిޘྵԣĂͷ̙Яშྮ۞ᕖ·҃ᆧΐؼ ᏵॡมĂͧྵ੓ֽѣྵָ۞ᕖ·ّĄЯѩ̂ొ̶ր௚ຽ۰

۞੻຅შྮౌົֹϡాତጱШშྮ(т X.25ăframe relayă ATM)ĄЯࠎΪѣдֹϡాඕጱШშྮॡĂ̖ਕ೩ֻ̙Т۞

ڇચݡኳඈ৺Ąࠎ˞ֹ IP ދΒਕдܧాඕّડાშྮ̈́ా

ඕّᇃાშྮౌਕϒቁг็ਖ਼Ăր௚ຽ۰υืՀາϤડા

შྮా˯ᇃાშྮ۞ྮϤጡĂֹ׎ਕ૟ IP ދΒᖼೱࠎ ATM cell ГซˢᇃાშྮĂซҖͽ ATM Ϲೱ፟ࠎૄᖂ۞ྤफ़็

ᅍĂۡזࢋ΍ᇃાშྮซˢડાშྮॡГᖼೱа IP ދΒĄ

఺჌າԛၗ۞ྮϤጡЯࠎТॡ׍౯఍ந IP ދΒ۞ਕ˧̈́

Ϲೱ፟পّĂჍࠎௐˬᆸϹೱٕ፟ϹೱёྮϤጡĂ˵ѣˠ Ⴭࠎ IP Ϲೱ፟Ąϫ݈טؠ̚ѣᙯௐˬᆸϹೱ፟۞ᇾ໤Ă͹

ࢋߏ IETF ۞ MPLS[4-7]Ą

MPLS ᄃ DiffServ ڇચݡኳ۞ٚତ၆ᑕᙯܼĈMPLS

۞मளّڇચͽಏѨᖼਖ਼(per hop)ࠎૄᖂĂΐ˯ LSR ᖼਖ਼ შྮྤ໚۞፟טĂ΁Ϊࢋ˘࣎ᙷҬඈ৺̶ᙷᄦүטޘඉர

۞ ᙝ ቡ ྮ Ϥ ጡ ̈́ ˘ ࣎ ѣ ಏ Ѩ ᖼ ਖ਼ Җ ࠎ PHB (per-hop behavior)ඈ৺̶ᙷ۞८͕ྮϤጡĂӈΞၹј˘࣎೩ֻमள

ّڇચ۞ MPLS შྮ[8]ĄMPLS ϤދΒᇾᐝ۞ᇾ੃ֽડ̶

็Ꮾ۞ඈ৺ĄMPLS Shim Header ॾёͽ 3 ࣎Ҝ̮۞ Exp

᛼Ҝᇾϯ΍Տ࣎ދΒ۞ڇચඈ৺Ăٙͽ˘ਠ۞ MPLS შྮ

Ξͽѣ౵੼ 8 ࣎۞ڇચඈ৺Ă҃઄ֹ෹࿅ 8 ࣎ͽ˯۞ྖĂ ಶυืᕖ· MPLS ۞ᇾ੃̈́ Exp ᛼ҜĄ

मளّڇચሀёထ̶˞ྵ̈ඈ৺۞ڇચቑಛĂ૟ྤ໚

ޙϲдͽඈ৺̶ᙷࠎૄᖂ۞፟ט˯ĂΞޙϲՀк IP ڇચሀ ё۞ QoS ͞ڱĄೀ჌૱֍۞౵ָ̼͞ڱሀёĂтĈٙѣދ Βౌѣ̳π۞ QoS ᅈഀĂГΐ˯ྵ̈ఢሀ۞ତќሀёĂߏ

ͧྵѣड़۞͞ڱĄЯࠎमளّڇચሀёΪѣ͌ధ̙Тඈ৺

۞็ᏮĂֶދΒ۞ඈ৺ΞͽۡତᇾдދΒ˯Ă఺ྫྷፋЪّ

ڇચሀёͧྵ࠻ֽĂд Signaling ఼ੈםؠ༊̚ĂᅮࢋӘ෦

ྮϤጡ఺࣎ދΒ߹ณؠཌྷ۞ QoS[9]ѣځព۞ᐹᕇĄᇾд

(4)

ܑ˘ DSCPăPHB ᄃ EXP ۞၆ᑕᙯܼ

DSCP Service class PHB Exp field LSP 001010

001100 010010 010100 011010 011100

CBR-H CBR-L VBR-H VBR-L ABR-H ABR-L

AF11

AF12

AF21

AF22

AF31

AF32

010 011 100 101 110 111

LSP1 LSP2 LSP3 LSP4 LSP5 LSP6

ދΒ˯۞੃ཱིჍࠎमளّڇચበቅࢋᕇ DSCP (different- tiated service code point)ᇾ੃ᐹАᝋĄDSCP ҫमளّڇચ ᇾᐝ 6 ࣎Ҝ̮۞᛼ҜĂ֤ಶߏͽ݈۞ ToS (type of service) Ҝ̮௡Ąநኢ˯ĂԧࣇΞͽѣ 64 ̙࣎Т۞ދΒඈ৺Ăҭ DSCP ၁ᅫϡдಏ˘შྮ˯ͧຐည̈̚ޝкĂд 2 ̙࣎Т ඈ৺შྮٙ೩ז۞ր௚ਕ˧Ăߏ൴णमளّڇચ۞ૄώந ϤĄ

Տ࣎ᇾ໤۞ PHB ૟פ΃ DSCP ࣃĂԧࣇᑕྍޥ҂Տ˘

࣎ྮϤጡᑕྍѣ˘࣎ PHB ᄃ DSCP ၆໰ܑ[10]ĂͽವԱދ ΒҌ PHB ม۞ྮशĂՙؠ఺࣎ދΒ૟ࢋтң఍நĄDSCP ߏ˘࣎ྶдދΒ̰۞ཱིቅĂ̝ͅ PHB ߏ˘࣎ͅᑕދΒ۞ڇ ચᙷҾΑਕĄ҃ૄٺᑕϡ두Ր۞҂ณĂಶߏឰ Ingress ბΝనؠ DSCP ދΒ۞ࣃĄᓝּֽᄲĂIngress ბਕૉϡ QoS ણᇴనؠ DSCP ދΒ۞ࣃܑϯ AFĂྮϤጡྻϡ˘ֱ

ώг۞ඉரనؠ DSCPĂညߏٙѣ۞ދΒז྿ X ̬ࢬॡĂ Ξనؠ AF11 ދΒ౵̂็ᏮిதĄ༼ᕇќזދΒޢֶፂ DSCP ˯۞ࣃĂ఍நѣᙯ QoS ۞યᗟĄ༊д͚೯मளّڇ ચ۞ MPLS შྮ̚ĂDSCP Ξͽనؠ˘࣎ Hop ׶ՙؠޢᜈ

۞ Hop ̝ QoSĄώቔኢ͛ٙ೩۞ 6 ჌ᙷҾᄃ MPLS ۞ QoS ၆ᑕᙯܼĂтܑ˘ DSCPăPHB ᄃ EXP ၆ᑕᙯܼٙϯĄ 4. LDP and LSP

дֹϡ ATM ࠎૄᖂ۞შྮ̝̚ĂMPLS Ξͽᅅٽ۞ፋ Ъ ATM ̚۞ྮϤםؠĄ็௚۞ IP over ATM ౌߏυᅮޙϲ

੓ٙᏜ۞ PVC (private virtual circuit)Ăٙͽ ATM ̝̚ܮΒ ӣ˞ధк۞ PVC ۞ᙥඕĂҭߏ༊ߙ˘୧ PVC ۞ᙥඕᕝੈ

ॡĂ૟ົጱ࡭ᇴ୧ֶᏥѩᙥඕ۞ PVC ˘ТᕝੈĄҭߏ MPLS

׍౯ѣ any to any ۞ڇચਕ˧Ăдྻүॡ̙ϡְАޙϲా

ඕĂܮਕ૟ྤੈ็ᅍ΍ΝĄMPLS შྮ۞ LSR ΞֶፂދΒ

۞ Label ࣃֽᖼਖ਼ދΒĂ҃ܧ IP Header ۞̰टĄ༊ќז˘

࣎՟ѣᇾ੃۞ދΒॡĂLSR ܮົֶፂދΒ˯۞ϫ۞ҜӬߤ

ྙߏӎѣ࠹၆ᑕ۞ LSPĂࡶѣ۞ྖܮົдѩދΒ݈ΐ˯၆ ᑕ۞ᇾ੃Ă൒ޢਖ਼ග˭˘࣎ LSRĂࡶߤ̙ז၆ᑕ۞ LSPĂ

݋૟ѩދΒϹϤௐˬᆸ఼ੈםؠ(т IP)ֽ఍நĂтѩ˘ֽ

࠷Νᇾᐝ۞ᑭߤॡมĂMPLS ಶΞͽ೩̿ፋ࣎შྮ̝ྻү ड़தĄMPLS д̙Тඈ৺(class)ᕇ၆ᕇ(end to end)۞็Ꮾֹ

ϡ̙Т۞ LSPĄLSP ۞ޙϲ͞ڱΞͽ็௚ RSVP ٕߏ LDP ؠཌྷ็Ꮾྮश[11,12]Ă҃Տ୧ LSP Ξؠཌྷ 1 ٕк࣎ᛳّĄ ॲፂ LDP Message פ଀ Label ̈́Ξአፋ׎ᐛᆵटณĂ֭న ؠ Ingress Router Ҍ Egress Router ม End to End ۞็Ꮾྮ

Diff-Serv R MPLS network R Diff-Serv

ဦ 1 ր௚ߛၹϯຍဦ

शĄCR-LDP (constraint-based routing over label distribution protocol)[12,13]ߏдனѣ۞ LDP ̚ΐˢ˘ֱপঅ᛼ҜĂֹ

̝׍౯ traffic-engineering ۞ਕ˧Ăͽ௑Ъ̙ТϹ఼߹ณ۞

ᅮՐĄ҃ޙϲ఺࣎ྮश۞඀ԔĂۡזޙϲ۞ᅮՐඕՁĂፋ ୧ྮशాඕ̖ඕՁĄ

ώቔኢ͛В̶αౢĂࡁտዋϡٺ 11Mbps ൑ቢमளّ

ڇચშྮᄃ MPLS ࠧତშྮᒖဩĂ೩΍າ۞ᐛᆵგநڱ

݋Ă֭ͷѩڱ݋૟ֶӈॡّአፋăฉഇّአፋ̈́ܡ඗தҿ ᕝͽ׽ؠٕજၗ͞ёአፋᐛᆵĂֹ׎ѣड़гᆧΐᐛᆵ۞ֹ

ϡத׶ࢫҲܡ඗தĄௐ˘ౢᄲځშྮ۞ QoS યᗟĂᕇ΍ώ ቔኢ͛۞ࡁտજ፟̈́ࡁտϫ۞Ąௐ˟ౢ݋၆Ч჌ڇચݡኳ үซ˘Վ̬௜Ă֭၆ MPLS შྮࣧநүྵྎႽ۞ᄲځĂ֭

ͧྵ׎ม۞ᙯᓑّ׶ᐹ৿ᕇĄௐˬౢᄲځր௚ߛၹăአፋ

፟טăሀᑢ߹඀ăࠧତڇચݡኳ۞၆ᑕᙯܼ̈́ր௚ણᇴĄ ௐαౢ੫၆நຐ۞൑ቢშྮᒖဩ˭Ч჌አፋ፟טăአፋ͞

ڱ̈́አፋॡ፟Ă၆ր௚πӮܡ඗த׶ᐛᆵ̶Ҷүྎ௟۞ଣ

੅Ą౵ޢү˘ᓁඕĂ֭ଣ੅ϏֽΞࡁտ͞ШĄ

ˬăր௚ߛၹᄃሀᑢ͞ڱ

ώሀᑢր௚ֹϡ Cadence ̍׍హវ(BONeS 4.01Ĉblock oriented network simulator [14])Ă၆̙Тᐛᆵአፋ፟טซҖ ሀᑢĂॲፂሀᑢඕڍΐͽ̶ژͧྵĂԱ΍౵ָአፋ፟ט̈́

ዋᑕᒖဩĄDSCP д ToS ᛼Ҝ̚ҫѣ 6 ࣎Ҝ̮۞ܜޘĂҭ MPLS ۞ Exp ᛼Ҝ݋Ϊҫ 3 ࣎Ҝ̮۞ܜޘĂ఺̚ม۞मள дώቔኢ͛̚૟ග̟Ω˘჌ؠཌྷĄ

1. ր௚ߛၹ

ώր௚ߛၹтဦ 1 ٙϯĂሀᑢ 11Mbps ൑ቢშྮमள

ّڇચᏮ΍༼ᕇᄃ MPLS შྮ۞Ꮾˢ༼ᕇᙝࠧĄώኢ͛̚

ؠཌྷ 6 ჌̙Тඈ৺შྮ QoS ᅮՐੈ߹Вхڇચݭၗтܑ˘

ٙϯĂͽ̈́тဦ 2 ٙϯ۞ User ᙷҾϯຍဦĄ

૱ిதྤफ़(constant bit rate, CBR) ÆCBR-HighăCBR-Low តిதྤफ़(variable bit rate, VBR)

ÆVBR-HighăVBR-Low ዶిதྤफ़(available bit rate, ABR)

ÆABR-HighăABR-Low

CBR ᄃ VBR Տ࣎ඈ৺ᙷҾ࿰నᐛᆵЧࠎ 2MbpsĂABR Տ࣎ඈ৺ᙷҾ࿰నᐛᆵЧࠎ 1.5MbpsĄώቔኢ͛ሀᑢдซ ˢ MPLS შྮ݈ĂАઇрᙷҾ̶ᙷ̈́ѣड़۞ᐛᆵ̶੨Ă૟

ѣӄቁܲซˢ MPLS შྮޢ۞ڇચݡኳĄ҃ͷĂ̙Тᐛᆵ

̶੨፟ט၆ٺր௚࢑ྶ̈́შྮڇચ۞ݡኳ˵ߏ˘࣎࠹༊ࢦ

(5)

M.H.

CBR

DiffServ/

MPLS Priority mapping

MPLS network VBR

ABR

ဦ 2 User ᙷҾϯຍဦ

LSP1

DiffServ /MPLS Priority mapping

LSP2 LSP3 LSP4 LSP5 LSP6 1

2 3 4 5 6 High CBR (voice)

VBR (video)

ABR (data) Low High Low High Low

ဦ 3 ᙝࠧቑಛϯຍဦ

ࢋ۞ᇆᜩЯ৵ĂЯѩ၆ٺ̙Т۞ᐛᆵ̶੨፟טүஎˢ۞ଣ

੅ᄃͧྵĄ

2. ࠧତڇચݡኳ̝ٚତڱ݋

ώቔኢ͛ٙ೩۞አፋ፟טĂтဦ 3 ᙝࠧቑಛϯຍဦٙ

ϯĂ૟ 6 ჌ QoS ڇચᙷҾ̶Ҿ၆ᑕז 6 ୧ LSPĄދΒགྷϤ ЧᙷҾٙޙϲ۞ LSP ז྿࠹Т۞ Egress LSRĂ҃ DSCPă PHB ᄃ EXP ۞၆ᑕᙯܼؠཌྷтܑ˘ٙϯĄ༊ދΒז྿ॡĂ ᑭߤ DSCP ᛼Ҝ၆ᑕז PHB ۞ᐹАԔĂ̶Ҿࠎ AF11ă AF12ăAF21ăAF22ăAF31ăAF32Ą

3. አፋڱ݋

ώր௚ڇચ۞ड़ਕሀᑢෞҤሀёт˭Ĉ

(˘) ༊ CBR ٕ VBR ۞ᐛᆵֹϡࠎยཉॡĂ૟ٙ౺ᐛᆵБ

ొֶѨග ABR-High ̈́ ABR-Low ᐛᆵྵ̈۰Ą (˟) ༊ߙ჌ྤफ़ᙷҾ࢑ྶז྿አፋॡ፟ᓜࠧᕇॡĂ̟ͽአ

ፋ ABR ۞ొ̶౺ዶᐛᆵගֹ̟ϡĄֶ҃ፂ˭ࢬ۞୧ ІĂՙؠአፋᐛᆵ۞಼ޘ̈́ඉரĄ

(1) ҿᕝϫ݈შྮ̚ᐛᆵֹϡېڶĂԱ΍ᅮՐटณ̙

֖۞ᙷҾĂГઇซ˘Վ۞ՙඉ

(2) ͽ̙Т۞ᙝࠧ౺ዶटณҿᕝ፟טĂՙؠአፋᐛᆵ

۞υࢋّĄ

(3) ҿᕝአፋޢ౺ዶ̈́ᆧΐ۞ᐛᆵĂ၆ፋវڇચड़ਕ

۞ᇆᜩĂֹ̝྿ז౵̈۞ܡ඗தĄ

(ˬ) ॲፂ(˟)ٙ೩۞ˬ჌አፋඉரĂග̟̙Тඈ৺̶ᙷ۞

አፋ಼ޘĄՏ࣎ඈ৺ౌጾѣ੼ăҲ 2 ჌ᐹАԔ۞ྤफ़

็ਖ਼ݭၗĂ̶Ҿࠎ 1-6Ă҃ 1 ጾѣ౵੼̝ᐹАᝋĄ༊

҂ᇋˬ჌ྤफ़ݭၗ၆ؼᏵ̈́ຫε۞ୂຏّॡĂ̟ͽᄬ ࢰྤफ़(CBR)ྵ੼۞አፋᐹАᝋĂᇆࢰྤफ़(VBR)Ѩ

̝Ă҃ྤफ़(ABR)౵ޢĄ

ܑ˟ አፋ፟ט˘ᜓܑ

׽ؠё

ֶᐹАԔ ӈॡ ฉഇّ ֶܡ඗த

ֶ౺ዶᐛᆵ ӈॡ ฉഇّ ֶܡ඗த જၗё

ֶᐹАԔ ӈॡ ฉഇّ ֶܡ඗த

ֶ౺ዶᐛᆵ ӈॡ ฉഇّ ֶܡ඗த

ώኢ͛ؠཌྷ 2 ჌አፋ፟טĂ҃Տ჌አፋ͞ёֶᐹАԔ

۞̙Т̈́౺ዶटณ۞̙Т̶Ҿઇ΍አፋՙඉĂͽአፋ΍౵

ָᐛᆵֹϡதĄ 4. አፋ፟ט

አፋ፟טВ̶ 2 ჌Ă፟ט 1 ࠎ׽ؠёአፋĂ፟ט 2 ࠎ જၗёአፋĄՏ჌፟טГֶᐹАԔ̈́౺ዶᐛᆵ۞̂̈Ă̶

ҾଳפӈॡăฉഇّࠎજၗёአፋĄՏ჌፟טГֶᐹАԔ

̈́౺ዶᐛᆵ۞ֶ̂̈̈́ܡ඗தᓜࠧࣃ۞̙ТĂטࢎአፋॡ

፟Ăਬၡࢋтܑ˟ٙϯĄܡ඗த޽ĞಏҜॡม̰ዎܡ඗۞

ϡ͗/ಏҜॡมֹ̰ϡ۰ז྿۞࣎ᇴğĄ੫၆ܑ˟̝አፋ፟

טᄲځт˭Ĉ

፟ט 1Ĉ׽ؠё

ٙᏜ׽ؠёߏߙᅮՐᙷҾĂЯᐛᆵ̙֖ᅮઇᐛᆵ አፋॡĂ઄నٙᅮᆧΐ۞ᐛᆵࠎజአፋᙷҾ౺ዶ ᐛᆵ۞ 10%ĂಶአፋజአፋᙷҾ౺ዶᐛᆵ۞ 10%

ගֹ̟ϡĄአፋజአፋᙷҾ౺ዶᐛᆵ۞ 10%̙֖

ͽ೩ֻᅮՐᙷҾᐛᆵֹϡॡĂ׽ؠͽజአፋᙷҾ

౺ዶᐛᆵ۞ 10%௢ΐĂ౵੼Ҍ 50%ࠎͤĂౌ̙֖

ͽ೩ֻᐛᆵᅮՐॡӈކӘϡ͗ܡ඗Ą

፟ט 2Ĉજၗё

ֶ[ߙ˘ᙷҾ౺ዶᐛᆵ/ྍᙷҾᐛᆵ]%አፋĂтĈ

ּͧࠎ 10%Ƃ19%Ă݋አፋ 10%Ąּͧࠎ 20%Ƃ 29%Ă݋አፋ 20%ĂͽѩᙷଯĂ౵੼ 50%Ą አፋ͞ёѣͽ˭ 2 ჌Ĉ

(˘) ֶᐹАึԔአፋĈ༊ߙ˘ᙷҾ̝ᐛᆵֹ̙֖ϡॡĂ݋

АШ౵ҲᐹАԔአፋᐛᆵ(ABR-low)Ă̙֖ॡГШௐ

˟ҲҲᐹАԔ(ABR-high)አፋᐛᆵĄֹϡ׽ؠёٕજ

ၗёአፋᐛᆵĂአፋ͞ڱ̈́߹඀т˭ٙࢗĈ (1) ༊ඈ৺ᙷҾ i ז྿ॡĂАᑭߤ׎ٙᛳᐹАԔᙷҾ

౺ዶᐛᆵߏӎ̂ٺ׎ٙᅮ۞ᐛᆵĂѣ݋̯ధซˢ ӎ݋ᚶᜈ˭˘જүĄ

(2) ଂ౵ҲᐹАԔᙷҾ j АᑭߤĂ࠻࠻౺ዶᐛᆵљੵ

౵Ҳܲ঻ᐛᆵޢĂߏӎ̂ٺᙷҾ i ٙᅮ۞ᐛᆵĂ ѣ݋̯ధซˢӎ݋ᚶᜈᑭߤ˭˘࣎ྵ੼ᐹАԔᙷ ҾĄтڍᑭߤౌ՟ѣ֖ૉ۞౺ዶᐛᆵĂ݋ܡ඗ᙷ Ҿ i ซˢĄ

(3) ༊Աז֖ૉ۞౺ዶᐛᆵᐹАԔᙷҾޢĂՙؠֹϡ

׽ؠёٕજၗёአፋᐛᆵѺ̶ͧĄ

(6)

ܑˬ ր௚ણᇴ

ᙷҾ˘ ᙷҾ˟ ᙷҾˬ ᙷҾα ᙷҾ̣ ᙷҾ̱

ྤफ़ᙷݭ CBR CBR VBR VBR ABR ABR

ᐹАᝋ High Low High Low High Low

࿰నᐛᆵ 2M bps 2M bps 2M bps 2M bps 1.5M bps 1.5M bps

Ϡхॡม 100 ࡋ 100 ࡋ 100 ࡋ 100 ࡋ NC NC

ྤफ़த 8k bps 8k bps

96k bps 80k bps 64k bps 48k bps 32k bps

1k bps minimum

ྤफ़̂̈ Nc Nc Nc Nc 800K Bytes 1.0M Bytes 1.2M Bytes

800K Bytes 1.0M Bytes 1.2M Bytes

౵Ҳᐛᆵ 512k bps 512k bps 512k bps 512k bps NC NC

(4) ᆧΐᙷҾ i ۞ᐛᆵֹϡᝋĂ֭࠹၆ഴ͌ᙷҾ j ۞ᐛ ᆵֹϡᝋޢ̯ధซˢĄ

׽ؠёֶᐹАึԔአፋ߹඀ͽ̈́જၗёֶᐹАึԔ አፋ߹඀тဦ 4 ٙϯĄ

(˟) ֶ౺ዶᐛᆵአፋĈᑭߤ࣎ҾᙷҾᐹАึԔ۞ٙ౺ዶᐛ ᆵĂШ౺ዶ౵кᐛᆵ۞ᙷҾᐹАԔֹϡ׽ؠёٕજၗ

ёአፋᐛᆵĂአፋ͞ڱ̈́߹඀т˭ٙࢗĈ

(1) ༊ඈ৺ᙷҾ i ז྿ॡĂАᑭߤ׎ٙᛳᐹАԔᙷҾ

౺ዶᐛᆵߏӎ̂ٺ׎ٙᅮ۞ᐛᆵĂѣ݋̯ధซˢ ӎ݋ᚶᜈ˭˘જүĄ

(2) ᑭߤ౺ዶᐛᆵ౵̂۞ᙷҾĂГᑭߤ౺ዶᐛᆵљੵ

౵Ҳܲ঻ᐛᆵޢߏӎ̂ٺᙷҾ i ٙᅮ۞ᐛᆵĂѣ

݋ՙؠֹϡ׽ؠёٕજၗёአፋᐛᆵѺ̶ͧĂ՟

ѣ݋ܡ඗ᙷҾ i ซˢĄ

(3) ᆧΐᙷҾ i ۞ᐛᆵֹϡᝋĂ֭࠹၆ഴ͌ᙷҾ j ۞ᐛ ᆵֹϡᝋޢ̯ధซˢĄ

׽ؠёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵአፋ߹඀ͽ̈́જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵአፋ߹

඀тဦ 4 ٙϯĄ

አፋॡ፟݋̶ͽ˭ 3 ჌

ӈॡّአፋĈ༊ЧᙷҾϹ఼߹ณࡎ൒෹΍ᓜࠧࣃ҃൴ Ϡጫ๫ॡĂА၆Տ࣎ᙷҾᄓะྤफ़Ăͽۢ྽ՙؠࣹ˘࣎ᙷ Ҿѣ౺ዶྤ໚̈́ዋЪአፋ۞಼ޘĄ

ฉഇّአፋĈ̙Тг͞ѣ̙Т۞ᐛᆵᅮՐĂЯѩฉഇ

ّઍീЧᙷҾ۞ֹϡଐڶĂഴ͌ᑭߤ۞જүĂт 10 ࡋă20 ࡋ…Ą

ֶܡ඗தአፋĈֶЧᙷҾ۞ܡ඗த(ͽ 2%ࠎᓜࠧᕇ) ઇࠎࢨטĂ೩ֻځቁ۞ڇચݡኳܲᙋĄ

5. ր௚ણᇴ

ܑˬࠎώშྮߛၹ̝ሀᑢણᇴĂЧᙷҾ۞࿰నᐛᆵЪ

ࢍࠎ൑ቢშྮᐛᆵ 11MbĄCBR ᄃ VBR Տֹ࣎ϡ۰۞ྤफ़ த࿰నࠎ CBR 8k bpsăVBR mean rate ࠎ 64k bpsĂЯѩ՟

ѣྤफ़̂̈۞યᗟĄABR ۞ᐛᆵአፋҋ CBR ᄃ VBR ۞౺

i j

i

j

ဦ 4! Ч፟טአፋᐛᆵ߹඀ဦ

ዶᐛᆵĂՏѨአፋ಼ޘ̙˘ĂЯѩྤफ़็Ꮾத̙׽ؠĂҭ నؠ̏൳ˢ۞ֹϡ۰౵Ҳ็Ꮾதࠎ 1k bpsĄ

ܑαࠎώშྮሀᑢߛၹֹ̝ϡ۰۞ז྿தĂΐโфវ

ొ̶ώሀᑢనؠࠎֹϡ۰ז྿ыपॡมĂдѩॡ߱̚Ă˵

(7)

ܑα Чᙷϡ͗ඈ৺Տࡋ۞ז྿த

ॡ ߱ CBR-H CBR-L VBR-H VBR-L ABR-H ABR-L 0~500

500~1000 1000~1500 1500~2000 2000~2500 2500~3000 3000~3500 3500~4000 4000~4500 4500~5000 5000~5500 5500~6000

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

1.66 1.82 2 2.5

4 3.3 3.1 4 2 2.8

2 1.66

1.66 1.66 2 2 4 3.3

3 4 2 3 1.82 1.66

0.2 0.166

0.2 0.33 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.36 0.166

0.28 0.2 0.166

0.166 0.166 0.2 0.33 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.36 0.166

0.3 0.18 0.166

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

CBR-high

CBR-low

1 4043464952555861

(×100s)³⁴³⁷

31 29 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 4

ဦ 5 ̙үᐛᆵአፋॡ CBR ۞ֹϡ۰ז྿ᇴϫ

50 40 30 20 10

01 4043464952555861

(×100s)

VBR-high

VBR-low

ABR-high

ABR-low 37

34 31 29 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 4

ဦ 6 ̙үᐛᆵአፋॡ VBR ᄃ ABR ۞ֹϡ۰ז྿ᇴϫ

ߏώኢ͛ࡁտአፋ፟ט̈́ॡ፟ड़ਕ۞͹ࢋᇴፂొ̶Ą

αăሀᑢඕڍ̈́੅ኢ

ሀᑢր௚నؠ CBR ᄃ VBR Տ࣎ඈ৺ᙷҾ࿰నᐛᆵЧ ࠎ 2MbpsĂABR Տ࣎ඈ৺ᙷҾ࿰నᐛᆵЧࠎ 1.5MbpsĂCBR

ٕ VBR Чඈ৺ٺಏҜॡม̰(100 ࡋ)۞ܡ඗த෹࿅ 20%

ॡĂܡ඗ ABR ϡ͗ซˢĂͽۋפྵкᐛᆵֹϡ፟ົĄሀ ᑢ CBRăVBR ᄃ ABR ЧᙷҾ۞ֹϡ۰ז྿தࠎ Poisson

̶ҶĂֹϡ۰πӮז྿ᇴϫтဦ 5 ̈́ 6 ٙϯĄ

1500 ࡋҌ 2000 ࡋॡĂֹϡ۰۞ז྿த̖ၙၙ˯̿Ă

҃ѩॡ۞ CBR ̏གྷฟؕѣֹϡ۰ዎזܡ඗(blocking)Ą 2000 ࡋҌ 2500 ࡋॡĂֹϡ۰۞ז྿தࡎ൒ᔗᆧĂֹ

଀ CBR ᄃ VBR Ӯ൴Ϡᚑࢦ۞ܡ඗ĂՏ 100 ࡋ۞ܡ඗தࠤ Ҍ੼྿ 50%ͽ˯Ăтဦ 8 ٙϯĂშྮڇચݡኳ̏གྷז྿࠹

༊म۞гՎĄဦ 7 ᄃဦ 8 ̶Ҿܑϯ̙ࣧؕүᐛᆵአፋ۞ր

20 15 10 5 0

(%)

1 2729313335373941 51 5355575961

(×100s)

CBR-high CBR-low VRB-high VBR-low ABR-high ABR-low 25

23 21 19 17 15

13 43454749

11 9 7 5 3

ဦ 7 ̙үᐛᆵአፋॡ۞ր௚ܡ඗த

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

(%)

1 4043464952555861

(×100s)

CBR-high CBR-low VBR-high

ABR-high VBR-low

ABR-low 37

34 31 29 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 4

ဦ 8 ̙үᐛᆵአፋॡՏ 100 ࡋ۞ր௚ܡ඗த

௚ܡ඗தĄ

ତ˭ֽౢ༼Ă૟̶Ҿଣ੅ώኢ͛ٙ೩̝Ч჌ᐛᆵአፋ ڱ݋̈́፟ט˭ր௚۞ड़ਕĄ

1. ӈॡّአፋ

ώሀᑢ̚Ă઄న CBR ̈́ VBR ѣᐛᆵยཉॡĂֶѨአ ፋග ABRĂCBR ٕ VBR ֭ෛᐛᆵߏӎ֖ૉՙؠአፋᐛᆵ ᄃӎĄдͽᐹАԔӈॡአፋ۞͞ё̚Ăͽ ABR-Low ࠎᐹ Аᛖٸᐛᆵ۞ඈ৺Ăтڍ ABR-Low ۞౺ዶᐛᆵ̙֖ĂГ Ш ABR-High አፋ౺ዶᐛᆵගྵᐹА۞ඈ৺ᙷҾֹϡĄ

ͽᐹАԔӈॡአፋ۞͞ёĂCBR ᄃ VBR дЧ፟ט۞

ܡ඗தтဦ 9ăဦ 10 ٙϯĄ˘ਠ۞О෪ᄮࠎአፋᐛᆵ۞಼

ޘດ̂Ă၆ڇચݡኳ۞೩̿෸̂Ăҭགྷ࿅ώቔኢ͛۞ሀᑢ ඕڍ൴ன׎၁̙൒Ąд൑ࢨ۞ྤ໚̚༊൒ߏአ۞ດкດ рĂҭтڍдѣࢨ۞ྤ໚̚Ăአ۞಼ޘດ̂҃ͅౄјྤ໚

̶੨̙ӮĂЯ҃ౄј׎΁ඈ৺۞ܡ඗த˯̿ĄЯࠎ VBR

(8)

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

(%)

1 4043464952555861

(×100s)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VBR-high

VBR-low 37

34 31 29 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 4

ဦ 9 ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔӈॡّአፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR ۞ܡ඗த

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

(%)

(×100s)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VRB-high

VBR-low 147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 10 જၗёֶᐹАԔӈॡّአፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR ۞ܡ඗த

Տֹ࣎ϡ۰၆ᐛᆵ۞ᅮՐࠎ 64kbpsĂCBR Տֹ࣎ϡ۰Ϊҫ 8kbps ᐛᆵĂЯѩдր௚ጾ๫ॡĂЯࠎ CBR ۞ᅮՐᐛᆵ̙

̂ĂአፋјΑ۞፟தಶྵ̂Ă̯ˢ፟தಶົͧ VBR ੼Ą дӈॡአፋॡ፟̚ĂЯࠎ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔአፋ۞͞ё̚Ă Տ Ѩ ٙ አ ፋ פ ϡ ۞ ᐛ ᆵ ౵ ͌ ( ౵ Ҳ ඈ ৺ ۞ ౺ ዶ ᐛ ᆵ ۞ 10%ă20%ăČă50%)Ăజአፋඈ৺۞౺ዶᐛᆵດአດ̈Ă

ۡז̙ᇳአፋॡГೱҌௐ˟ҲᐹАᝋඈ৺አፋĂЯѩਕࣘ

ᜪٙѣᙷҾඈ৺۞ᅮՐĂߏٙѣአፋ፟ט̈́አፋ͞ё̚ܡ

඗த౵̈۞Ăтဦ 9 ٙϯĄ

׽ؠёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵአፋ۞͞ё̚Ăᔵ൒ٙአፋ۞͞ё

̪ࠎ׽ؠёĂҭЯࠎՏѨٙአፋ۞ᐛᆵ̪ྵֶᐹАԔአፋ

̂Ăྵटٽ൴Ϡྤ໚̶੨̙πӮ۞ଐڶĂЯѩᓁវ۞ܡ඗

த̪̂ٺ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔአፋ۞͞ёĄ

જၗёֶᐹАԔአፋ۞͞ё̚ĂՏѨٙአፋפϡ۞ᐛ ᆵ̂ٺ׽ؠёአፋ፟ט(జአፋඈ৺۞౺ዶᐛᆵੵͽజአ ፋඈ৺۞ᐛᆵĈГೱზአፋѺ̶ͧ)Ăజአፋඈ৺ՏѨజአ

֕۞౺ዶᐛᆵྵ̂ĂณົϤ̂ၙၙត̈ĂЯѩྵटٽ൴Ϡ ҫϡྤ໚யϠໂბ̶੨̙Ӯ۞ଐԛ൴ϠĂߏٙѣአፋ፟ט

̈́አፋ͞ё̚ܡ඗த౵̂۞Ăтဦ 10 ٙϯĄ

ֶᐹАԔአፋ۞͞ёĂЯࠎАአፋ۞ඈ৺ಶҫѣྵ̂

۞ྤ໚Ă҃જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵአፋᔵ൒ՏѨአ۞ณ˵ޝ

̂ĂҭЯࠎٙѣඈ৺አፋ۞ณౌྵӮඈĂЯѩܡ඗த൴Ϡ

۞፟தĂ҃ͅྵજၗёֶᐹАԔአፋҲĄ

д 2000 ࡋҌ 2500 ࡋ̈́ 3700 ࡋҌ 4000 ࡋॡĂϤٺ൴ Ϡጾ๫ֹᐛᆵአፋ፟ט̙̏ٽயϠड़ϡĂЯѩயϠܡ඗۞

ଐԛĂܡ඗த۞ֶ̂̈Ԕࠎ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔአፋ<׽ؠё

ֶ౺ዶᐛᆵአፋ<જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵአፋ<જၗёֶᐹА ԔአፋĂ׎̚જၗёአፋ͞ёд 4000 ࡋॡĂՏ 100 ࡋ۞ܡ

2000 1500 1000 500 0

(×100s)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VRB-high

VBR-low 147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 11 ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔӈॡّአፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR ۞ᐛᆵአ ፋѨᇴ

2000 1500 1000 500 0

(×100s)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VRB-high

VBR-low 147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 12 જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵӈॡّአፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR ۞ᐛᆵ አፋѨᇴ

඗த෹࿅ 20%ĂЯѩ˵ౄј˞ ABR ۞ܡ඗Ą

ֹϡ۰၆შྮፋវड़ਕ۞ࢋՐߏϖ൑ͤဩ۞Ă࠹၆҃

֏ ISP ၆܅෱(Cost)۞ࢍྵ˵ߏჟχ௟ზ۞Ă೩̿შྮፋវ ड़ਕ࠹၆ౄј܅෱۞ᆧΐĄͽӈॡّአፋֽᄲĂՏአፋ˘

Ѩ၆ ISP ຽ۰۞ർវड़ਕ˵࠹၆ᆧΐ˘ֱ߄ጼĄώቔኢ͛

ሀᑢޢ൴னĂᔵ൒׽ؠёֶᐹАԔአፋ͞ё۞ֹϡ۰ܡ඗

த౵̈ĂҭᓁវአፋѨᇴݒߏજၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵ͞ёአፋ Ѩᇴ۞αࢺкĂአፋѨᇴ౵੼۞тဦ 11ăአፋѨᇴ౵Ҳ۞

тဦ 12 ٙϯĄ

2. ֶܡ඗த̂ٺ 2%አፋ

дӈॡ۞ܡ඗த̂ٺ 2%ॡүአፋሀᑢ༊̚ĂЯࠎ VBR Տֹ࣎ϡ۰၆ᐛᆵ۞ᅮՐࠎ 64kbpsĂCBR Տֹ࣎ϡ ۰Ϊҫ 8kbps ᐛᆵĂЯѩдր௚ጫ๫ॡĂЯࠎ CBR ࢋՐ۞

ᐛᆵ̙̂ĂአፋјΑ۞፟தಶྵ̂Ă̯ˢ፟தಶົͧ VBR

੼Ă࠹၆ܡ඗۞፟தಶҲ۞кĄдր௚۞౵ܐഇĂϤٺإ ϏซˢᘦؠېၗĂЯѩܡ඗தົព۞ྵ̙ᘦؠĂ҃ CBR ᄃ VBR дЧ፟ט۞ܡ඗தтဦ 13ăဦ 14 ٙϯĄ

тТӈॡّአፋĂд׽ؠёֶᐹАԔአፋ۞͞ёĂՏ Ѩٙአፋפϡ۞ᐛᆵ౵͌(౵Ҳඈ৺۞౺ዶᐛᆵ۞ 10%ă 20%ă…ă50%)Ăֻග두ՐྵࠎӮඈĂЯѩਕࣘᜪٙѣ ᙷҾඈ৺۞ᅮՐĂΞ૟ܡ඗த۞ቑಛځቁࢨؠд 2%۞ቑ ಛ˯Ăߏٙѣܡ඗த>2%۞አፋॡ፟̚ܡ඗த౵̈۞Ăт ဦ 13 ٙϯĄ

׽ؠёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵአፋ۞͞ё̚Ăᔵ൒ٙአፋ۞͞ё

̪ࠎ׽ؠёĂҭЯՏѨٙአፋ۞ᐛᆵ̪ྵֶᐹАԔአፋ

(9)

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(%)

(×100s)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VRB-high

VBR-low

>2%

147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 13 ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔܡ඗த>2%አፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR ۞ ܡ඗த

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(%)

(×100s)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VRB-high

VBR-low

>2%

147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 14 જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵܡ඗த>2%አፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR

۞ܡ඗த

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

(×100s)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VRB-high

VBR-low

>2%

147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 15 ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔܡ඗த>2%አፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR ۞ ᐛᆵአፋѨᇴ

̂Ăྵٽ൴Ϡྤ໚̶੨̙πӮ۞ଐڶĂЯѩᓁវ۞ܡ඗த

̪൒̂ٺ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔአፋ͞ёĄ

જၗёֶᐹАԔአፋ۞͞ё̚ĂՏѨٙአፋפϡ۞ᐛ ᆵ̂ٺ׽ؠёአፋ፟ט(జአፋඈ৺۞౺ዶᐛᆵੵͽజአ ፋඈ৺۞ᐛᆵĈГೱზአፋѺ̶ͧ)Ăజአፋඈ৺ՏѨజአ

֕۞౺ዶᐛᆵྵ̂ĂณົϤ̂ၙၙត̈ĂЯѩྵटٽ൴Ϡ ҫϡྤ໚யϠໂბ̶੨̙Ӯ۞ଐԛ൴ϠĄ

જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵአፋՏѨአ۞ณ˵ޝ̂Ăྤ໚ҫϡ

۞ଐԛ˵࠹༊ᚑࢦĂЯѩܡ඗த൴Ϡ۞፟த˵ߏ౵̂۞Ă Ϥဦ 14 ଀ۢĄ

д 2000 ࡋҌ 2500 ࡋ̈́ 3700 ࡋҌ 4000 ࡋมĂϤٺ൴ Ϡጾ๫ֹᐛᆵአፋ፟ט̙̏ٽயϠड़ϡĂЯѩயϠܡ඗۞

ଐԛĂܡ඗த۞ֶ̂̈Ԕࠎ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔአፋ<׽ؠё

ֶ౺ዶᐛᆵአፋ<જၗёֶᐹАԔአፋ<જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛ ᆵአፋĂ׎̚જၗёአፋ͞ёд 4000 ࡋॡĂՏ 100 ࡋ۞ܡ

600 500 400 300 200 100 0

(×100s)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VRB-high

VBR-low

>2%

147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 16 જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵܡ඗த>2%አፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR

۞ᐛᆵአፋѨᇴ

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

(%)

(×100s)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VRB-high

VBR-low 147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 17 ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔฉഇّአፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR ۞ܡ඗த

඗த෹࿅ 20%ĂЯѩ˵ౄј˞ ABR ۞ܡ඗Ą

ώሀᑢܡ඗த̂ٺ 2%አፋր௚ᐛᆵ۞አፋѨᇴĂᔵ

൒ր௚дܡ඗த̂ٺ 2%ॡ̖ซҖአፋᐛᆵĂҭ̪ߏӈॡ

۞дႾଠր௚߹ณĂֹ଀ٙአፋ۞Ѩᇴᄃӈॡّአፋ۞Ѩ ᇴम̙кĄ҃གྷͧ၆൴னĂ׎၁ܡ඗த̂ٺ 2%አፋր௚

ᐛᆵ۞አፋѨᇴĂ̂ٺӈॡّአፋ۞ѨᇴĂкᇴ൴Ϡдშ

ྮ߹ณ۞ыपॡมĂ҃дᗓपॡม۞አፋதݒ̈ٺӈॡّ

አፋĂ౵मېڶтဦ 15ă౵ָېڶтဦ 16 ٙϯĄ 3. ฉഇّአፋ

дώฉഇّአፋሀᑢ༊̚Ăనؠአፋฉഇࠎ 10 ࡋĄ

઄న CBR ̈́ VBR ѣᐛᆵยཉॡĂ૟ยཉ۞ᐛᆵֶѨአፋ ග ABRĂCBR ٕ VBR ֭ෛᐛᆵߏӎ֖ૉՙؠአፋᐛᆵᄃ ӎĄдͽᐹАԔฉഇّአፋ۞͞ё̚ĂТᇹͽ ABR-Low ࠎᐹАᛖٸᐛᆵ۞ඈ৺Ăтڍ ABR-Low ۞౺ዶᐛᆵ̙֖Ă ГШ ABR-High አፋ౺ዶᐛᆵගྵᐹА۞ඈ৺ᙷҾֹϡĄ Яࠎͽֹϡ۰۞ז྿ࠎૄᖂ۞ฉഇّአፋᐛᆵĂ࿃ᐛ ᆵ̙֖ॡ۞አፋᐛᆵѨᇴĂᅈྵӈॡֶّ̈́ܡ඗தአፋ۞

Ѩᇴ͌˞ޝкĂЯѩܡ඗தಶͧӈॡአፋֶ̈́ܡ඗தአፋ

੼ޝкĂࠤҌ̙ͧүᐛᆵአፋॡՀᒷĂ౵मېڶтဦ 17ă

౵ָېڶтဦ 18 ٙϯĄCBR ۞ܡ඗தᔵ൒̙ͧүᐛᆵአ ፋॡҲĂҭߏ VBR ۞ܡ඗தݒ̙ͧүᐛᆵአፋॡ੼ޝкĄ Яࠎ׽ؠёฉഇّአፋᐛᆵՏѨٙአፋ۞಼ޘĂͧજၗё ฉഇّአፋᐛᆵ۞಼ޘ̈ޝкĂЯѩ௡඗தྵ੼ޝкĂЯ ࠎ఺ॡ࣏ߏͧኡҫϡྤ໚ͧྵкăϡ۞ྵ˳ĄϤٺ CBR ᄃ VBR ̂ณ۞ܡ඗Ăֹ࢝ ABR ۞ܡ඗Ăֹ ABR ۞็Ꮾ

ೀܕઃᕚĂᓁវ۞ր௚௡඗த౵मېڶтဦ 19ă౵ָېڶ

(10)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

(%)

(×100s)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VRB-high

VBR-low 147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 18 જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵฉഇّአፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR ۞ܡ඗

த

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

(%)

(×100s)

ဦ 19 ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔฉഇّአፋ-ր௚۞ܡ඗த

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

(%)

(×100s)

ဦ 20 જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵฉഇّአፋ-ր௚۞ܡ඗த

200 150 100 50 0

(×100s)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VRB-high

VBR-low 147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 21 ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔฉഇّአፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR ۞ᐛᆵአ ፋѨᇴ

тဦ 20 ٙϯĄ˘ਠО෪ᄮࠎአፋᐛᆵ۞಼ޘດ̂Ă၆ڇચ ݡኳ۞೩̿෸̂Ăдฉഇّአፋ۞ॡ፟ߏዋϡ۞Ąજၗё

ֶ౺ዶᐛᆵአፋ۞͞ё̚ĂՏѨٙአፋפϡ۞ᐛᆵ౵̂Ă ҫϡ۞ྤ໚౵̂ĂЯѩܡ඗த౵̈Ą

೩̿შྮፋវड़ਕ࠹၆૟ౄј܅෱۞ᆧΐĂдฉഇّ

አፋ۞ॡ፟̚Ă఺˟۰ΞͽᄲԱ̙זπᏊᕇ۞ĂЯࠎր௚

አፋ۞Ѩᇴߏ̝͌˫͌Ă౵मېڶтဦ 21ă౵ָېڶтဦ

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

(×100s)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VRB-high

VBR-low 147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 22 જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵฉഇّአፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR ۞ᐛᆵ አፋѨᇴ

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

(Mb)

(×100s)

CBR-high CBR-low VRB-high VBR-low ARB-high ABR-low 147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 23 ׽ؠᐛᆵ-ฉഇّአፋᐛᆵአፋ

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(%)

CBR-high

CBR-low

VRB-high

VBR-low

(×100s)

147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 24 ׽ؠᐛᆵ-ฉഇّአፋ-CBR ᄃ VBR ۞ܡ඗த

22 ٙϯĂݒ˵Я൴Ϡ಼̂۞ܡ඗த҃ኪ˯შྮ۞็Ꮾݡ ኳĄજၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵአፋ۞͞ё̚Ăᔵ൒አፋѨᇴΪѣ

׽ؠё፟ט۞ˬ̶̝˘Ăҭܡ඗தݒତܕ׽ؠё፟ט۞ˬ

̶̝˘҃̏Ą

Яࠎͽֹϡ۰۞ז྿தࠎૄᖂ۞ฉഇّአፋᐛᆵΞ ያّ͉ҲĂЯѩт૟̝Լࠎͽॡมࠎૄᖂ۞ฉഇّአፋᐛ ᆵĂ੃ᐂ̈́ጯ௫ӈॡّአፋ۞ᐛᆵ̶ҶĂтဦ 23 ٙϯĄ׽

ؠॡม׽ؠ۞አፋᐛᆵ፟טĂ૟Ξᒔ଀ྵͽֹϡ۰۞ז྿

ࠎૄᖂָڇચݡኳĂࢫҲͽֹϡ۰۞ז྿தࠎૄᖂ۞ܡ඗

தĂΞϤဦ 24 ᄃဦ 17ăဦ 22 ͧྵ଀ۢĄҭߏͽॡมࠎૄ

ᖂ۞ฉഇّአፋᐛᆵ፟ט̪൒̙ߏԆ࡚۞Ăᒔ଀ྵָ۞ฉ ഇّአፋĂݒ˵ឰ ABR ۞็ᏮݡኳצᇆᜩĂΞϤဦ 25 ր

௚ܡ඗த଀ۢĄ 4. Ч჌፟טड़ਕͧྵ

1 Ҍ 3 ٙ೩̝Ч჌፟ט۞࣎ҾͧྵĂд̙҂ᇋր௚۞

׎΁ᇆᜩЯ৵̝˭ĂЧአፋ፟טд࣎Ҿॡม̰ٙӔன۞ड़ ਕт݈ࢬౢ༼ٙϯĄ

(11)

ܑ̣ Ч፟ט۞ဦϯᄲځ Per-PP ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔ

ܡ඗த>2%አፋ Dy-PP જၗёֶᐹАԔ ܡ඗த>2%አፋ Per-PR ׽ؠёֶᐹАԔ

ӈॡአፋ Dy-PR જၗёֶᐹАԔ ӈॡአፋ Per-RB ׽ؠёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵ

ܡ඗த>2%አፋ Dy-RB જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵ ܡ඗த>2%አፋ Per-RR ׽ؠёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵ

ӈॡአፋ Dy-RR જၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵ ӈॡአፋ

25 20 15 10 5 0

(%)

(×100s)

CBR-high CBR-low VRB-high VBR-low ARB-high ABR-low 147101316192225293134374043464952555861

ဦ 25 ׽ؠᐛᆵ-ฉഇّአፋ-ր௚۞ܡ඗த

0.5000 0.4500 0.4000 0.3500 0.3000 0.2500 0.2000 0.1500 0.1000 0.0500

0.0000₁ ₂₇₂₉₃₁₃₃₃₅₃₇₃₉₄₁ ₅₁₅₃₅₅₅₇₅₉₆₁ (×100)

Dy-PP Dy-PR Dy-RB Dy-RR Per-PB Per-PR Per-RB Per-RR 25

23 21 19 17 15

13 43454749

11 9 7 5 3

ဦ 26 ր௚አፋ፟த

д҂ᇋᐛᆵአፋѨᇴ၆ր௚۞ᇆᜩॡĂր௚۞አፋ፟

த(Pt)тဦ 26 ٙϯĄ አፋ፟த(

ז྿Ѩᇴ

=አፋѨᇴ

Pt )

ͽՏ 100 ࡋ۞Ⴞଠෛ඄̰Ăࢍზր௚۞አፋ፟தĄЧ

፟ט̚׽ؠёֶᐹАԔӈॡአፋĂЯՏѨٙአፋ۞ᐛᆵณ

ྵ̈ĂЯѩአፋ፟த౵੼Ąજၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵЯՏѨٙአ ፋ۞ᐛᆵณ౵̂ĂЯѩአፋ፟த౵ҲĄЧ፟ט۞ဦϯᄲځ тܑ̣ٙϯĄፋវ࠻Ч፟ט۞ܡ඗፟தͧྵтဦ 27 ٙϯĂ Ъ׀ࢍზ CBR ᄃ VBR ಏҜॡม(Տ 100 ࡋ)۞ֹϡ۰ܡ඗

࣎ᇴੵͽಏҜॡม(Տ 100 ࡋ)۞ֹϡ۰ז྿࣎ᇴĂ଀זಏ Ҝॡม(Տ 100 ࡋ)ᓁវܡ඗፟தĄтဦΞۢĂፋវ۞ܡ඗

தͽ׽ؠё౺ዶᐛᆵܡ඗த>2%አፋ፟ט౵੼Ăજၗёֶ

ᐹАԔӈॡአፋፋវ۞ܡ඗த౵ҲĄд҂ᇋր௚አፋѨᇴ ၆ր௚ٙౄј۞ᗝγ࢑ፉᄃֹϡ۰Яր௚ྤ໚̙֖ॡٙய Ϡ۞ܡ඗ॡĂ఺˟۰۞૖ᅅ૖ࢦᙯܼĂΞͽϡ˘࣎܅෱ב ᇴ(cost function)ֽܑϯĈ

W P W

Pt t b b

f = × + ×

WtĈtuning probability weight

0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02

0₁ ₂₇₂₉₃₁₃₃₃₅₃₇₃₉₄₁ ₅₁₅₃₅₅₅₇₅₉₆₁ (×100)

23 21 19 17 15

13 43454749

11 9 7 5 3

ဦ 27 ր௚۞ܡ඗፟த

1.0000 0.9000 0.8000 0.7000 0.6000 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000 0.2000 0.1000 0.0000

Cost

1 2729313335373941 51 5355575961

(×100)

23 21 19 17 15

13 43454749

11 9 7 5 3

ဦ 28! ܅෱ᝋࢦ Wt =1ăWb =1 ॡ۞ր௚܅෱

1.0000 0.9000 0.8000 0.7000 0.6000 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000 0.2000 0.1000 0.0000

Cost

1 2729313335373941 51 5355575961

(×100)

23 21 19 17 15

13 43454749

11 9 7 5 3

ဦ 29! ܅෱ᝋࢦ Wt =1ăWb =2 ॡ۞ր௚܅෱

WbĈblocking probability weight PbĈblocking probability

੫၆አፋѨᇴٕܡ඗፟த၆ր௚ֹٕϡ۰ٙౄј۞

ᇆᜩĂؠཌྷ̙Тᝋࢦ(weight)ણᇴ(Wẗ́ Wb)Ă૟ᇴፂ̶ࠎ

˭Еˬ჌ଐڶ੅ኢĄ

(˘) ̙҂ᇋአፋѨᇴٕܡ඗፟தٙౄј۞ᇆᜩĂ̙҂ᇋᝋ ࢦЯ৵۞܅෱тဦ 28 ٙϯĂ૟ᝋࢦણᇴనࠎ Wt=1ă Wb=1Ą౵̂܅෱ߏ׽ؠёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵӈॡአፋ፟טĂ

҃౵̈܅෱̪ࠎજၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵӈॡአፋ፟טĄ (˟) ҂ᇋܡ඗፟தЯ৵੼ٺր௚አፋѨᇴٙౄј۞ᇆᜩĂ

༊ྵࢦෛܡ඗፟தٙౄј۞ᇆᜩॡĂ૟ᝋࢦણᇴనࠎ Wt=1ăWb=2Ăඕڍтဦ 29 ٙϯĄЯࠎ׽ؠёֶ౺ዶ ᐛᆵӈॡአፋ፟טдፋវ۞ܡ඗፟தߏྵ੼۞ĂЯѩ

܅෱˵ߏ౵੼۞Ă҃౵̈܅෱Тᇹࠎજၗёֶ౺ዶᐛ ᆵӈॡአፋ፟טĄ

(ˬ) ҂ᇋր௚አፋѨᇴ੼ٺܡ඗፟தЯ৵ٙౄј۞ᇆᜩĂ

༊ྵࢦෛր௚၆አፋѨᇴٙౄј۞ᗝγ࢑ፉॡĂ૟ᝋ ࢦણᇴనࠎ Wt = 2ăWb = 1Ăඕڍтဦ 30 ٙϯĄͽ׽

ؠёֶᐹАԔܡ඗த>2%አፋ፟ט۞܅෱౵੼Ă౵̈

܅෱Тᇹࠎજၗёֶ౺ዶᐛᆵӈॡአፋ፟טĄ