指數及對數函數
Exercises(練習)
1. Express each of the following in the form x , where p is a rational number.
p把下列各題寫成 x 的形式,其中 p 是一個有理數。
p(a)
7x
4 (b)(
5)
31 x
(a)
7 4
7 1 7 4 4
) ( x x x
(b)
5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3
1 ) (
1 ) (
1
x x x x
2. Simplify
2 42 3
) 2 (
) 6 (
x
x and express your answer with positive indices.
化簡
2 42 3
) 2 (
) 6 (
x
x ,並以正指數表示答案。
2 8 6
8 6
4 2 4
2 3 2 4 2
2 3
4 9
4 9 16 36
) ( 2
) ( 6 ) 2 (
) 6 (
x x x x x x x
x
3. Find the values of 求下列各題的值。
(a)
416 , (b)
3 27 .
(a) ∵
16 2
16 2 2 2 2
4
∴ 4162
(b) ∵ (3)(3)(3)27 27 ) 3 ( 3
∴ 3273
4. Simplify
2
3 2
5
3
y x
y
x and express your answer with positive indices.
化簡
2
3 2
5
3
y x
y
x ,並以正指數表示答案。
2 3 5 ) 2 ( 3 2
3 2
5 3
] [
x y
y x
y x
10 16
16 10
2 8
5 )
(
x y
y x
y x
5. Find the values of 求下列各題的值。
(a)
31
) ( 125 ,
(b)
21
81
.
(a)
5 ] ) 5 [(
) 125
( 3
1 3 3
1
(b)
9 1 ) 9 (
] ) 9 [(
) 81 ( 81
1 2 1 1 2
2 1 1 2 1
6. Find the values of 求下列各題的值。
(a)
53
) 32 (
,
(b)
32
125 64
.
(a)
8 1 ) 2 (
1 ) 2 (
) 2 (
] ) 2 [(
) 32 (
3 3
5 5 3
5 3 5 5
3
(b)
16 25 25 16 5 4 5 4 125
64 125
64
1 2 1
1 3 2 3
1 3 2 3
2
7. Solve 5
x1 5
x 30 . 解 5
x1 5
x 30 。
2 1 1
1
5 5
25 5
30 ) 5 5( 6
30 ) 5 1 (1 5
30 ) 1 5 ( 5
30 5 ) 5 ( 5
30 5 5
x x x x x
x x
x x
∴ x2
8. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers with positive indices.
化簡下列各題,並以正指數表示答案。
(a)
x x x
2
4 3
(b)
21 2 1
4 3
3 2
) 9
(
x x x
(a)
2 1 2 4 1 3 2 4 3
) (
x x x x x x
2 2 1 4
3
x x
2
5 4
3
x x
4 7 4 7 4 10 3
2 5 4 3
1 x x x x
(b)
6 1
) 4 ( 1 4 3 3 2
4 1 1 4 3 3 2
4 1 2 1 1 2 4 3 3 2
4 1 2 1 1
4 3 3 2
) 2 ( 1 2 1 2 1
4 1 3
3 1 2 2 1 2 1
4 3 3 2
3 3
3 ] ) 3 [(
) 9 (
9 ) (
) ) (
9 (
x x
x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x x
9. Solve
35
8 16
x .
解
35
8 16
x 。
5 4
2 2
) 2 ( ) 2 (
8 16
5 4
3 5 3 4
3 5
x
x x x
∴ 4
5
x
10. Solve the following simultaneous equations:
解以下的聯立方程:
128 2
81 3
3 2
2 3
y x
y x
) 2 ...(
128 2
) 1 ...(
81 3
3 2
2 3
y x
y x
From (1),
4 2
3 3
3x y
∴ 3x2y4 From (2),
) 4 ...(
7 3 2
) 3 ...(
4 2 3
y x
y x
3 (3) + 2 (4),
2 26 13
14 12 ) 6 4 ( ) 6 9 (
x x y x y x
By substituting x = 2 into (3), we have
1 2 2
4 2 6
4 2 ) 2 ( 3
y y y y
∴ The solution is x = 2, y = 1.
11. Solve 2
2x1 3 ( 2
x) 1 0 . 解 2
2x1 3 ( 2
x) 1 0 。
0 1 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( 2
0 1 ) 2 ( 3 2
2 1 2
x x
x x
Let y2x, the equation becomes
0 ) 1 )(
1 2 (
0 1 3 2 2
y y
y y
2
1
y or y1
∴ 2
2x1 or 2x1
2 1
2x or 2x20
∴ x1 or x0
12. In each of the following, find the value of x correct to 3 significant figures.
求下列各題中 x 的值,準確至三位有效數字。
(a) 10
x 4 (b) 10
x 7
(a) ∵ 10x4
∴
602 . 0
4 log
x
(cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(b) ∵ 10x7
∴
845 . 0
7 log
x
(cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
13. Find the values of the following common logarithms without using a calculator.
試不使用計算機,求下列各常用對數的值。
(a) log 10 000 000 (b) log 0.000 1
(a) ∵ 10 000 000 = 107
∴ log 10 000 000 = 7
(b) ∵ 0.000 1 = 10–4
∴ log 0.000 1 = 4
14. Find the values of the following logarithms without using a calculator.
試不使用計算機,求下列各對數的值。
(a) log
232 (b) log
3243
(a) ∵ 2532
∴ log2325
(b) ∵ 35243
∴ log32435
15. Find the values of the following expressions without using a calculator.
試不使用計算機,求下列各對數的值。
(a) log
37 49 log
(b)
216 log
36 log
7 7
(a)
6 3 1 2
7 3log 1
7 log 2
7 log
7 log 7 log
49 log
3 1 2 3
(b)
3 4 2 3 2
6 2log 3
6 log 2
6 log
6 log
) 6 ( log
6 log 216 log
36 log
7 7 2 3 7
2 7
2 1 3 7
2 7 7
7
16. Find the values of the following expressions without using a calculator.
試不使用計算機,求下列各對數的值。
(a) log 25 log 40 (b) log
3189 log
37
(a)
3 10 log 3
10 log
1000 log
) 40 25 log(
40 log 25 log
3
(b)
3 3 log 3
3 log
27 log
7 log 189 7 log 189 log
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
17. Simplify
3 3
log log 6
log 5
x x
x
, where x > 0 and x 1.
化簡
33
log log 6
log 5
x x
x
,其中 x > 0 且 x 1。
17 15
log 3) 6 1 (
log 15
3log log 1 6
log 15
log log 6
log ) 5 3 ( log log 6
log 5
3 1 3
3
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
18. Solve 3
2x1 16 and give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.
解 3
2x1 16 ,並取答案準確至三位有效數字。
fig.) sig.
3 to (cor.
76 . 1
2 3 1 log
16 log
3 log
16 1 log 2
16 log 3 log ) 1 2 (
16 log 3
log
16 3
1 2
1 2
x x x
x x
19. Given that log 2 = a and log 3 = b, express the following in terms of a and b.
已知 log 2 = a 及 log 3 = b,試以 a 和 b 表示下列各數式。
(a) log 6 (b) log 1800
(a)
b a
3 log 2 log
) 3 2 log(
6 log
(b)
2 2
10 log 2 3 log 2 2 log
10 log 3 log 2 log
) 10 3 2 log(
1800 log
2 2
2 2
b a
20. Solve (log x )
2 log x 6 0 . 解 (log x )
2 log x 6 0 。
Let y = log x, then the equation (log x)2 – log x – 6 = 0 becomes:
0 ) 3 )(
2 (
0
2 6
y y
y y
y = –2 or y = 3 For y = –2,
100 1 2 log
x x
For y = 3, log x = 3 x = 1000
∴ or 1000
100
1 x
21. Solve 5
x1 3
x1and give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.
解 5
x1 3
x1,並取答案準確至三位有效數字。
fig.) sig.
3 to (cor.
30 . 5
3 log 5 log
5 log 3 log
5 log 3 log ) 3 log 5 (log
3 log 3 log 5 log 5 log
3 log ) 1 ( 5 log ) 1 (
3 log 5 log
3 5
1 1
1 1
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
22. Solve the following logarithmic equations.
解下列各對數方程。
(a) log( 3 x 2 ) 2
(b) log( x 6 ) log( x 8 ) log 2
(a) ∵ log(3x2)2
∴
34
102 3
100 2 3
x x x
(b)
10 16 2 6 8 2 6
2 8 log log 6
2 log ) 8 log(
) 6 log(
x x x x x x x x x
23. Given that the intensity level of the sound produced by a barking dog is 50 dB and that of a crying baby is 45 dB. How many times is the intensity of the sound produced by the barking dog to that of the crying baby? (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)
已知一隻狗的吠聲和一名嬰兒的哭聲的聲強級分別是 50 dB 和 45 dB。問狗的吠聲的聲強相當於嬰 兒的哭聲的多少倍?(答案須準確至三位有效數字。)
Let I1 and I2 be the sound intensities produced by the barking dog and the crying baby respectively.
By the definition of sound intensity level, we have
0
log 1
10
50 I
I
and
0
log 2
10
45 I
I
∴
fig.) sig.
3 to (cor.
16 . 3 10 2 log 1
log log
10 5
log 10 log
10 45 50
2 1
2 1
2 1
0 2 0
1
0 2 0
1
I I
I I
I I I
I
I I I
I
∴ The sound intensity produced by the barking dog is 3.16 times to that of the crying baby.
24. The strengths of earthquakes in City A and City B were measured 6 and 5.4 respectively on the Richter scale. How many times is the strength of the earthquake in City A to that in City B? (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)
已知發生於 A 城和 B 城的地震的強度分別為黎克特制 6 級和 5.4 級。問 A 城的地震的強度是 B 城的多少倍?(答案須準確至三位有效數字。)
Let E1 and E2 be the relative energies released by the earthquakes in City A and City B respectively.
By the definition of the Richter scale, we have 6 = log E1 and 5.4 = log E2 i.e. E1 = 106 and E2 = 105.4
∴
98 . 3 10
10 10
6 . 0
4 . 5
6
2 1
E E
(cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The strength of the earthquake in City A is 3.98 times that in City B.
25. The sound intensity inside a concert hall is 3 times as that outside the concert hall. If the sound intensity level outside the concert hall is 45 dB, find the sound intensity level inside the concert hall. (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)
已知演奏廳內的聲強是演奏廳外的 3 倍。若演奏廳外的聲強級是 45 dB,求演奏廳內的聲強級。(答 案須準確至三位有效數字。)
Let I be the sound intensity outside the concert hall, then the sound intensity inside the concert hall is 3I.
∵ The sound intensity level outside the concert hall is 45 dB.
∴
0
log 10
45 I
I
Let dB be the sound intensity level inside the concert hall.
∴
0
log 3
10 I
I
3 log 10 45
3 log log log 10 45
log 3 10
log 10 45
0 0
0 0
I I I
I I
I I
I
49.8 dB.
26. Solve
x x
x
3 1
2
8 64 1
4
.
解
x x
x
3 1
2
8 64 1
4
。
x x
x
3 1 2
8 64 1 4
x x
x 6 1 3 3
2
2) (2) (2 )
2
(
x x
x 6 6 9
4 2 2
2
6 9 6 10
2 2
2 2
9 6 10
9 6 6 4
x x x
x x
x x x
27. Simplify the following expression and express your answer with positive indices.
化簡下列各題,並以正指數表示答案。
3 7 3 3 1
3 2 1
8 27
9 1
a b b
a
3 7 3 3 1
3 2 1
8 27 9 1
a b b
a
=
3 7 1
3 3 1 3 1
3 1 2 3 1
3 1 3 1
2
1 1 27 8
9
a b b
a
=
3 7 2 1 3 1
2
1 3 2
9
a b b
a
= 2
1 1 3 7 3 1
6
3 a b
= 2
1
18a2b
= 2
2 1
18 a b
28. Solve 6 log ( 1 )
3log
22 1 .
1
2
x x
解 6 log ( 1 )
3log
22 1
1
2
x x 。
1 0 ) 1 (
0 1 2
4 1 2
4 ) 1 (
2 2 ) 1 (
2 1 ) 1 log (
1 2 log ) 1 ( log
1 2 log )
1 ( log
1 2 log ) 1 ( log 6
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 3 6 1 2
3 2 1 2
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
29. Simplify
2 log 3 log
27 log 8 2
log 3 3
2 2
2 2 2
.
化簡 log 3 log 2 27 log 8 2
log 3 3
2 2
2 2 2
。
9 2 log 3
2 log 3 ) 3 6 (
2 log 3
2 log 3 2 3 log 3 6
2 log 3
2 log 3 2 log 3 6
2 log 3
3 log 2 2 log 3 ) 2 3 ( 2 log 3 log
27 log 8 2 log 3 3
2 2 2
2 2
2
3 2 2
2
3 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
Pre-requisite Questions 預備測驗
1.
Find the value of5
3 5
4 5
5. 求5
3 5
4 5
5 的值。25 5 5 5 5 5
2 5 4 3 5 4 3
2. Find the value of k
9 k
9. 求 k
9 k
9的值。
1
0 9 9 9 9
k k k k
3. Find the value of ( 3
2)
3. 求 ( 3
2)
3的值。
729 3 3 ) 3 (
6 3 2 3 2
4. Find the value of 2
3 2
2.求 2
3 2
2的值。
32 2 2 2 2
5 2 3 2 3
5. Find the value of 4
6 4
3.求 4
6 4
3的值。
64 4 4 4 4
3 ) 3 ( 6 3 6
6. Find the value of
40
7 2 1
.
求
40
7 2
1
的值。
16 2
2 1
2 1 7 2
1
4 4
4 4
0
7. Find the value of
21 0
2 4 5
.
求
21 0
2 4 5
的值。
3 4 1 4 1 4
2 1
4 1 1 2
4 5
2 2
1 0
8. Find the value of
2 0 2
7 4 8 7 7
6
.
求
2 0 2
7 4 8 7 7
6
的值。
9 4 3 2 6 4
7 4 6 7
7 1 4 6 7
7 4 8 7 7 6
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 0 2
9. Find the value of ( 3
2 3
0)
1. 求 ( 3
2 3
0)
1的值。
) 3 (
) 1 3 ( ) 3 3 (
1 2
1 2 1 0 2
10. Find the value of
3
2
13
. 求
3
2
13
的值。
216 1 ) 6 (
2 3 2
3
3 3 3
1
11. Simplify and express a
7 a
2 a
5. 化簡 a
7 a
2 a
5。
10 5 2 7 5 2 7
a a a a a
12. Simplify and express ( 4 a
3)
2with positive indices.
化簡 ( 4 a
3)
2,並以正指數表示答案。
6 2 3 2 2 3
16 ) 4 ( ) 4 (
a a a
13. Simplify and express b
4 b
8with positive indices.
化簡 b
4 b
8,並以正指數表示答案。
12 8 4
) 8 ( 4 8 4
b b b b b
14. Simplify and express ( 3 m
2n )
0( 2 m
2n )
5with positive indices.
化簡 ( 3 m
2n )
0( 2 m
2n )
5,並以正指數表示答案。
10 5
5 5 2 5
5 2 5
2 0 2
32 2
) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( ) 3 (
m n
n m
n m n
m n m
15. Simplify and express 1
6
b with positive indices.
1
6
6 6 1 6
) 1 (
b b b
16. Simplify and express ( a
2b
1)
3with positive indices.
化簡 ( a
2b
1)
3,並以正指數表示答案。
6 3
3 6
) 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 2 3 1
2 )
(
a b
b a
b a b
a
17. Simplify and express
1 1
1
y x y
x with positive indices.
化簡
1 1
1
y x y
x ,並以正指數表示答案。
xy xy xy
y xy x y
x y
x
2
1 1 1
1
18. Simplify and express
4
3 2
0
t
s
r with positive indices.
化簡
4
3 2
0
t
s
r ,並以正指數表示答案。
12 8
) 4 ( 3 ) 4 ( 2
4 3 2
4
3 4 2
3 2 0
) (
1
t s
t s
t s
t s t
s r
Level 1
Questions 程度 1
題目
1. Simplify and express
2 24 3
) 9 (
) 3 (
a
a with positive indices.
化簡
2 24 3
) 9 (
) 3 (
a
a ,並以正指數表示答案。
8 4 12
4 12
2 2 2
4 3 4
2 2
4 3
81 81
) ( 9
) ( 3 ) 9 (
) 3 (
a a
a a a a a
a
2. Simplify and express
2
5 2
6 5 1
6
18
a
b
a with positive indices.
化簡
2
5 2
6 5 1
6
18
a
b
a ,並以正指數表示答案。
12 20
12 20
2 6 10
2 6 5 5 2
5 2
6 5 1
4 4
) 2 (
18 36 6
18
b a
b a
b a
b a a
b a
3. Simplify and express
1 4 46 1
) 4 (
) 2 (
b
b with positive indices.
化簡
1 4 46 1
) 4 (
) 2 (
b
b ,並以正指數表示答案。
4 4
) ( 256
) ( 64
) ( ) 4 (
) ( 2 )
4 (
) 2 (
10 ) 16 ( 6
16 6
4 4 4 1
6 1 6
4 4 1
6 1
b b
b b
b b b
b
4. Simplify and express
3
3 5
2 2
b a
b
a with positive indices.
化簡
3
3 5
2 2
b a
b
a ,並以正指數表示答案。
15 21
15 21
3 5 7
3 3 2 ) 5 ( 2 3
3 5
2 2
) (
] [
b a
b a
b a
b b a
a b a
5. Find the value of
5243 1
.
求
5243 1
的值。
3 1
3 1 243
1 5 5
5
6. Find the value of
664 . 求
664 的值。
2 2 64 6 6
6
7. Find the value of
31
729
.
求
31
729
的值。
9 1 ) 9 (
] ) 9 [(
) 729 ( 729
1 3 1 1 3
3 1 1 3
1
8. Find the value of
41
256 .
求
41
256 的值。
4 ) 4 (
256 4
1 4 4 1
9. Express
5x
2in the form x
p, where p is a rational number.
把
5x
2寫成 x
p的形式,其中 p 是一個有理數。
5 2
5 1 5 2 2
) ( x x x
10. Express ( x
3)
6in the form x
p, where p is a rational number.
把 ( x
3)
6寫成 x
p的形式,其中 p 是一個有理數。
2 3 6 1 6
3 ) ( )
( x
x x
11. Express
4
81
69 x
x in the form x
p, where p is a rational number.
把
4 6
81 9
x
x 寫成 x
p的形式,其中 p 是一個有理數。
2 1 2 1 3
2 3
4 1 4 6
4 6 1
3 3 3 9
) ( ) 81 (
9 81
9
x x x x
x x x
x
12. Express )
3( 2
x in the form x
p, where p is a rational number.
把
3) (
2
x 寫成 x
p的形式,其中 p 是一個有理數。
2 3 2 3 2 3 1 3
2 2
) (
2 ) (
2
x x x x
13. Find the value of
32
)
( 216 without using a calculator.
試不使用計算機,求
32
)
( 216 的值。
36 ) 6 (
] ) 6 [(
) 216 (
2 3 2 3 3
2
14. Find the value of
34
125 64
without using a calculator.
試不使用計算機,求
34
125 64
的值。
625 256 5 4 5 4 125
64
4 3 4 3 3
4
15. Find the value of
43
16 625
without using a calculator.
試不使用計算機,求
43
16 625
的值。
8 125
2 5 2 5 16
625
3 4 3 4 4
3
16. Simplify and express
3 2
4 3
a
a with positive indices.
化簡
3 2
4 3
a
a ,並以正指數表示答案。
12 1 12
8 9
3 2 4 3 3 2 4 3
3 1 2
4 1 3
3 2
4 3
) (
) (
a a a a a a a a a
17. Find the value of
23
49 36
without using a calculator.
試不使用計算機,求
23
49 36
的值。
216 243 6 7 6 7 36 49 49
36
3 2 3 2
2 3 2
3
18. Simplify and express
6 45 2 1 3 2 4
3
) ( )
8
( a
b
a b
with positive indices.
化簡
6 45 2 1 3 2 4
3
) ( )
8
( a
b
a b
,並以正指數表示答案。
4 ) 2 (
) ( ) 8
( ) ( ) 8 (
3 2 0
3 2 3
3 10 3 8 2 2
3 10 3 2
8 3 2 2 6 4
5 2 1 3 2 4 3
b a
b a
b a b a b
a b
a