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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 指數及對數函數

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指數及對數函數

Exercises(練習)

1. Express each of the following in the form x , where p is a rational number.

p

把下列各題寫成 x 的形式,其中 p 是一個有理數。

p

(a)

7

x

4 (b)

(

5

)

3

1 x

(a)

7 4

7 1 7 4 4

) ( x x x

(b)

5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3

1 ) (

1 ) (

1

x x x x

2. Simplify

2 4

2 3

) 2 (

) 6 (

x

x and express your answer with positive indices.

化簡

2 4

2 3

) 2 (

) 6 (

x

x ,並以正指數表示答案。

2 8 6

8 6

4 2 4

2 3 2 4 2

2 3

4 9

4 9 16 36

) ( 2

) ( 6 ) 2 (

) 6 (

x x x x x x x

x

(2)

3. Find the values of 求下列各題的值。

(a)

4

16 , (b)

3

 27 .

(a)

16 2

16 2 2 2 2

4

4162

(b) ∵ (3)(3)(3)27 27 ) 3 ( 3

3273

4. Simplify

2

3 2

5

3

 

 

y x

y

x and express your answer with positive indices.

化簡

2

3 2

5

3

 

 

y x

y

x ,並以正指數表示答案。

2 3 5 ) 2 ( 3 2

3 2

5 3

] [

  



x y

y x

y x

10 16

16 10

2 8

5 )

(

x y

y x

y x

5. Find the values of 求下列各題的值。

(a)

3

1

) ( 125 ,

(b)

2

1

81

.

(a)

5 ] ) 5 [(

) 125

( 3

1 3 3

1

(3)

(b)

9 1 ) 9 (

] ) 9 [(

) 81 ( 81

1 2 1 1 2

2 1 1 2 1

6. Find the values of 求下列各題的值。

(a)

5

3

) 32 ( 

,

(b)

3

2

125 64

 

 

 .

(a)

8 1 ) 2 (

1 ) 2 (

) 2 (

] ) 2 [(

) 32 (

3 3

5 5 3

5 3 5 5

3

 

 

(b)

16 25 25 16 5 4 5 4 125

64 125

64

1 2 1

1 3 2 3

1 3 2 3

2



 







 

 

 













 

 

 







 

 



 

(4)

7. Solve 5

x1

 5

x

 30 . 解 5

x1

 5

x

 30 。

2 1 1

1

5 5

25 5

30 ) 5 5( 6

30 ) 5 1 (1 5

30 ) 1 5 ( 5

30 5 ) 5 ( 5

30 5 5

x x x x x

x x

x x

x2

8. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers with positive indices.

化簡下列各題,並以正指數表示答案。

(a)

x x x

2

4 3

(b)

2

1 2 1

4 3

3 2

) 9

(

x x x

(a)

2 1 2 4 1 3 2 4 3

) (

x x x x x x

 

2 2 1 4

3

x x

2

5 4

3

x x

4 7 4 7 4 10 3

2 5 4 3

1 x x x x





 

(5)

(b)

6 1

) 4 ( 1 4 3 3 2

4 1 1 4 3 3 2

4 1 2 1 1 2 4 3 3 2

4 1 2 1 1

4 3 3 2

) 2 ( 1 2 1 2 1

4 1 3

3 1 2 2 1 2 1

4 3 3 2

3 3

3 ] ) 3 [(

) 9 (

9 ) (

) ) (

9 (

x x

x x x

x x

x

x x

x

x x

x x x x

9. Solve

3

5

8 16

x

 .

3

5

8 16

x

 。

5 4

2 2

) 2 ( ) 2 (

8 16

5 4

3 5 3 4

3 5

x

x x x

∴ 4

5

x

10. Solve the following simultaneous equations:

解以下的聯立方程:

 

128 2

81 3

3 2

2 3

y x

y x





) 2 ...(

128 2

) 1 ...(

81 3

3 2

2 3

y x

y x

From (1),

4 2

3 3

3x y

∴ 3x2y4 From (2),

(6)



) 4 ...(

7 3 2

) 3 ...(

4 2 3

y x

y x

3  (3) + 2  (4),

2 26 13

14 12 ) 6 4 ( ) 6 9 (

x x y x y x

By substituting x = 2 into (3), we have

1 2 2

4 2 6

4 2 ) 2 ( 3

y y y y

The solution is x = 2, y = 1.

11. Solve 2

2x1

 3 ( 2

x

)  1  0 . 解 2

2x1

 3 ( 2

x

)  1  0 。

0 1 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( 2

0 1 ) 2 ( 3 2

2 1 2

x x

x x

Let y2x, the equation becomes

0 ) 1 )(

1 2 (

0 1 3 2 2

y y

y y

2

1

y or y1

∴ 2

2x1 or 2x1

2 1

2x or 2x20

x1 or x0

12. In each of the following, find the value of x correct to 3 significant figures.

求下列各題中 x 的值,準確至三位有效數字。

(a) 10

x

 4 (b) 10

x

 7

(a) ∵ 10x4

602 . 0

4 log

x

(cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

(b) ∵ 10x7

845 . 0

7 log

x

(cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

(7)

13. Find the values of the following common logarithms without using a calculator.

試不使用計算機,求下列各常用對數的值。

(a) log 10 000 000 (b) log 0.000 1

(a) ∵ 10 000 000 = 107

log 10 000 000 = 7

(b) ∵ 0.000 1 = 10–4

∴ log 0.000 1 = 4

14. Find the values of the following logarithms without using a calculator.

試不使用計算機,求下列各對數的值。

(a) log

2

32 (b) log

3

243

(a) ∵ 2532

∴ log2325

(b) ∵ 35243

∴ log32435

15. Find the values of the following expressions without using a calculator.

試不使用計算機,求下列各對數的值。

(a) log

3

7 49 log

(b)

216 log

36 log

7 7

(a)

6 3 1 2

7 3log 1

7 log 2

7 log

7 log 7 log

49 log

3 1 2 3

(8)

(b)

3 4 2 3 2

6 2log 3

6 log 2

6 log

6 log

) 6 ( log

6 log 216 log

36 log

7 7 2 3 7

2 7

2 1 3 7

2 7 7

7

16. Find the values of the following expressions without using a calculator.

試不使用計算機,求下列各對數的值。

(a) log 25  log 40 (b) log

3

189  log

3

7

(a)

3 10 log 3

10 log

1000 log

) 40 25 log(

40 log 25 log

3

(b)

3 3 log 3

3 log

27 log

7 log 189 7 log 189 log

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

17. Simplify

3 3

log log 6

log 5

x x

x

, where x > 0 and x  1.

化簡

3

3

log log 6

log 5

x x

x

,其中 x > 0 且 x  1。

17 15

log 3) 6 1 (

log 15

3log log 1 6

log 15

log log 6

log ) 5 3 ( log log 6

log 5

3 1 3

3

 

x x

x x

x x x

x x

x x

(9)

18. Solve 3

2x1

 16 and give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

解 3

2x1

 16 ,並取答案準確至三位有效數字。

fig.) sig.

3 to (cor.

76 . 1

2 3 1 log

16 log

3 log

16 1 log 2

16 log 3 log ) 1 2 (

16 log 3

log

16 3

1 2

1 2

x x x

x x

19. Given that log 2 = a and log 3 = b, express the following in terms of a and b.

已知 log 2 = a 及 log 3 = b,試以 a 和 b 表示下列各數式。

(a) log 6 (b) log 1800

(a)

b a

3 log 2 log

) 3 2 log(

6 log

(b)

2 2

10 log 2 3 log 2 2 log

10 log 3 log 2 log

) 10 3 2 log(

1800 log

2 2

2 2

b a

20. Solve (log x )

2

 log x  6  0 . 解 (log x )

2

 log x  6  0 。

Let y = log x, then the equation (log x)2 – log x – 6 = 0 becomes:

0 ) 3 )(

2 (

0

2 6

y y

y y

y = –2 or y = 3 For y = –2,

100 1 2 log

x x

For y = 3, log x = 3 x = 1000

∴ or 1000

100

 1 x

(10)

21. Solve 5

x1

 3

x1

and give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

解 5

x1

 3

x1

,並取答案準確至三位有效數字。

fig.) sig.

3 to (cor.

30 . 5

3 log 5 log

5 log 3 log

5 log 3 log ) 3 log 5 (log

3 log 3 log 5 log 5 log

3 log ) 1 ( 5 log ) 1 (

3 log 5 log

3 5

1 1

1 1

 

x x

x x

x x

x x

x x

22. Solve the following logarithmic equations.

解下列各對數方程。

(a) log( 3 x  2 )  2

(b) log( x  6 )  log( x  8 )  log 2

(a) ∵ log(3x2)2

34

102 3

100 2 3

x x x

(b)

10 16 2 6 8 2 6

2 8 log log 6

2 log ) 8 log(

) 6 log(

 



 

x x x x x x x x x

23. Given that the intensity level of the sound produced by a barking dog is 50 dB and that of a crying baby is 45 dB. How many times is the intensity of the sound produced by the barking dog to that of the crying baby? (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)

已知一隻狗的吠聲和一名嬰兒的哭聲的聲強級分別是 50 dB 和 45 dB。問狗的吠聲的聲強相當於嬰 兒的哭聲的多少倍?(答案須準確至三位有效數字。)

Let I1 and I2 be the sound intensities produced by the barking dog and the crying baby respectively.

By the definition of sound intensity level, we have





 

0

log 1

10

50 I

I

and 



 

0

log 2

10

45 I

I

(11)

fig.) sig.

3 to (cor.

16 . 3 10 2 log 1

log log

10 5

log 10 log

10 45 50

2 1

2 1

2 1

0 2 0

1

0 2 0

1





 









 





 





 





 

I I

I I

I I I

I

I I I

I

∴ The sound intensity produced by the barking dog is 3.16 times to that of the crying baby.

24. The strengths of earthquakes in City A and City B were measured 6 and 5.4 respectively on the Richter scale. How many times is the strength of the earthquake in City A to that in City B? (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)

已知發生於 A 城和 B 城的地震的強度分別為黎克特制 6 級和 5.4 級。問 A 城的地震的強度是 B 城的多少倍?(答案須準確至三位有效數字。)

Let E1 and E2 be the relative energies released by the earthquakes in City A and City B respectively.

By the definition of the Richter scale, we have 6 = log E1 and 5.4 = log E2 i.e. E1 = 106 and E2 = 105.4

98 . 3 10

10 10

6 . 0

4 . 5

6

2 1

EE

(cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

∴ The strength of the earthquake in City A is 3.98 times that in City B.

25. The sound intensity inside a concert hall is 3 times as that outside the concert hall. If the sound intensity level outside the concert hall is 45 dB, find the sound intensity level inside the concert hall. (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)

已知演奏廳內的聲強是演奏廳外的 3 倍。若演奏廳外的聲強級是 45 dB,求演奏廳內的聲強級。(答 案須準確至三位有效數字。)

Let I be the sound intensity outside the concert hall, then the sound intensity inside the concert hall is 3I.

∵ The sound intensity level outside the concert hall is 45 dB.

∴ 



 

0

log 10

45 I

I

Let  dB be the sound intensity level inside the concert hall.

∴ 



 

0

log 3

10 I

I

3 log 10 45

3 log log log 10 45

log 3 10

log 10 45

0 0

0 0









 





 





 





 

I I I

I I

I I

I

(12)

49.8 dB.

26. Solve

x x

x

3 1

2

8 64 1

4

 

 

 .

x x

x

3 1

2

8 64 1

4

 

 

 。

x x

x

3 1 2

8 64 1 4

 



x x

x 6 1 3 3

2

2) (2) (2 )

2

( 

x x

x 6 6 9

4 2 2

2 

6 9 6 10

2 2

2 2

9 6 10

9 6 6 4

x x x

x x

x x x

27. Simplify the following expression and express your answer with positive indices.

化簡下列各題,並以正指數表示答案。

3 7 3 3 1

3 2 1

8 27

9 1

a b b

a   

 

 

 

 

3 7 3 3 1

3 2 1

8 27 9 1

a b b

a 







 

=

3 7 1

3 3 1 3 1

3 1 2 3 1

3 1 3 1

2

1 1 27 8

9





 

a b b

a

=

3 7 2 1 3 1

2

1 3 2

9

a b b

a

= 2

1 1 3 7 3 1

6

3 a b

= 2

1

18a2b

= 2

2 1

18 a b

(13)

28. Solve 6 log ( 1 )

3

log

2

2 1 .

1

2

x   x

解 6 log ( 1 )

3

log

2

2 1

1

2

x   x  。

1 0 ) 1 (

0 1 2

4 1 2

4 ) 1 (

2 2 ) 1 (

2 1 ) 1 log (

1 2 log ) 1 ( log

1 2 log )

1 ( log

1 2 log ) 1 ( log 6

2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2

2 3 6 1 2

3 2 1 2

 

 

x x

x x

x x x

x x

x x

x x

x x

x x

x x

29. Simplify

2 log 3 log

27 log 8 2

log 3 3

2 2

2 2 2

 

 

.

化簡 log 3 log 2 27 log 8 2

log 3 3

2 2

2 2 2

 

 

9 2 log 3

2 log 3 ) 3 6 (

2 log 3

2 log 3 2 3 log 3 6

2 log 3

2 log 3 2 log 3 6

2 log 3

3 log 2 2 log 3 ) 2 3 ( 2 log 3 log

27 log 8 2 log 3 3

2 2 2

2 2

2

3 2 2

2

3 2 2

2 2

2 2 2



 

 



 

 

 

 

 

(14)

Pre-requisite Questions 預備測驗

1.

Find the value of

5

3

 5

4

 5

5. 求

5

3

 5

4

 5

5 的值。

25 5 5 5 5 5

2 5 4 3 5 4 3

2. Find the value of k

9

k

9

. 求 k

9

k

9

的值。

1

0 9 9 9 9

k k k k

3. Find the value of ( 3

2

)

3

. 求 ( 3

2

)

3

的值。

729 3 3 ) 3 (

6 3 2 3 2

4. Find the value of 2

3

 2

2.

求 2

3

 2

2

的值。

32 2 2 2 2

5 2 3 2 3

5. Find the value of 4

6

 4

3.

求 4

6

 4

3

的值。

64 4 4 4 4

3 ) 3 ( 6 3 6

6. Find the value of

4

0

7 2 1  

 

  .

4

0

7 2

1

 

 

  的值。

(15)

16 2

2 1

2 1 7 2

1

4 4

4 4

0

 





 

7. Find the value of

2

1 0

2 4 5

.

2

1 0

2 4 5

的值。

3 4 1 4 1 4

2 1

4 1 1 2

4 5

2 2

1 0

 

8. Find the value of

2 0 2

7 4 8 7 7

6 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.

2 0 2

7 4 8 7 7

6 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

的值。

9 4 3 2 6 4

7 4 6 7

7 1 4 6 7

7 4 8 7 7 6

2 2

2 2

2 2

2 2

2 0 2



 





 

















 



 

 





 





 





 

9. Find the value of ( 3

2

 3

0

)

1

. 求 ( 3

2

 3

0

)

1

的值。

) 3 (

) 1 3 ( ) 3 3 (

1 2

1 2 1 0 2

(16)

10. Find the value of

3

2

1

3

 

  . 求

3

2

1

3

 

  的值。

 

216 1 ) 6 (

2 3 2

3

3 3 3

1



 

 

11. Simplify and express a

7

a

2

a

5

. 化簡 a

7

a

2

a

5

10 5 2 7 5 2 7

a a a a a

12. Simplify and express (  4 a

3

)

2

with positive indices.

化簡 (  4 a

3

)

2

,並以正指數表示答案。

6 2 3 2 2 3

16 ) 4 ( ) 4 (

a a a

13. Simplify and express b

4

b

8

with positive indices.

化簡 b

4

b

8

,並以正指數表示答案。

12 8 4

) 8 ( 4 8 4

b b b b b

14. Simplify and express ( 3 m

2

n )

0

( 2 m

2

n )

5

with positive indices.

化簡 ( 3 m

2

n )

0

( 2 m

2

n )

5

,並以正指數表示答案。

10 5

5 5 2 5

5 2 5

2 0 2

32 2

) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( ) 3 (

m n

n m

n m n

m n m

15. Simplify and express 1

6

 

 

b with positive indices.

1 

6

(17)

6 6 1 6

) 1 (

b b b

 





16. Simplify and express ( a

2

b

1

)

3

with positive indices.

化簡 ( a

2

b

1

)

3

,並以正指數表示答案。

6 3

3 6

) 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 2 3 1

2 )

(

a b

b a

b a b

a

17. Simplify and express

1 1

1



 

  y x y

x with positive indices.

化簡

1 1

1

 

 

  y x y

x ,並以正指數表示答案。

xy xy xy

y xy x y

x y

x

2

1 1 1

1

 

 

 

18. Simplify and express

4

3 2

0

 

 

t

s

r with positive indices.

化簡

4

3 2

0

 

 

t

s

r ,並以正指數表示答案。

12 8

) 4 ( 3 ) 4 ( 2

4 3 2

4

3 4 2

3 2 0

) (

1

t s

t s

t s

t s t

s r



 

  



 

(18)

Level 1

Questions 程度 1

題目

1. Simplify and express

2 2

4 3

) 9 (

) 3 (

a

a with positive indices.

化簡

2 2

4 3

) 9 (

) 3 (

a

a ,並以正指數表示答案。

8 4 12

4 12

2 2 2

4 3 4

2 2

4 3

81 81

) ( 9

) ( 3 ) 9 (

) 3 (

a a

a a a a a

a

2. Simplify and express

2

5 2

6 5 1

6

18

 

 

a

b

a with positive indices.

化簡

2

5 2

6 5 1

6

18

 

 

a

b

a ,並以正指數表示答案。

12 20

12 20

2 6 10

2 6 5 5 2

5 2

6 5 1

4 4

) 2 (

18 36 6

18

b a

b a

b a

b a a

b a



 

  

 

 

3. Simplify and express

1 4 4

6 1

) 4 (

) 2 (

b

b with positive indices.

化簡

1 4 4

6 1

) 4 (

) 2 (

b

b ,並以正指數表示答案。

4 4

) ( 256

) ( 64

) ( ) 4 (

) ( 2 )

4 (

) 2 (

10 ) 16 ( 6

16 6

4 4 4 1

6 1 6

4 4 1

6 1

b b

b b

b b b

b

(19)

4. Simplify and express

3

3 5

2 2

 

 

b a

b

a with positive indices.

化簡

3

3 5

2 2

 

 

b a

b

a ,並以正指數表示答案。

15 21

15 21

3 5 7

3 3 2 ) 5 ( 2 3

3 5

2 2

) (

] [

b a

b a

b a

b b a

a b a

 

 

5. Find the value of

5

243 1 

 

  .

5

243 1 

 

  的值。

3 1

3 1 243

1 5 5

5



 



 







6. Find the value of

6

64 . 求

6

64 的值。

2 2 64 6 6

6

7. Find the value of

3

1

729

.

3

1

729

的值。

9 1 ) 9 (

] ) 9 [(

) 729 ( 729

1 3 1 1 3

3 1 1 3

1

(20)

8. Find the value of

4

1

256 .

4

1

256 的值。

4 ) 4 (

256 4

1 4 4 1

9. Express

5

x

2

in the form x

p

, where p is a rational number.

5

x

2

寫成 x

p

的形式,其中 p 是一個有理數。

5 2

5 1 5 2 2

) ( x x x

10. Express ( x

3

)

6

in the form x

p

, where p is a rational number.

( x

3

)

6

寫成 x

p

的形式,其中 p 是一個有理數。

2 3 6 1 6

3 ) ( )

( x

x x

11. Express

4

81

6

9 x

x in the form x

p

, where p is a rational number.

4 6

81 9

x

x 寫成 x

p

的形式,其中 p 是一個有理數。

2 1 2 1 3

2 3

4 1 4 6

4 6 1

3 3 3 9

) ( ) 81 (

9 81

9

x x x x

x x x

x

12. Express )

3

( 2

x in the form x

p

, where p is a rational number.

3

) (

2

x 寫成 x

p

的形式,其中 p 是一個有理數。

(21)

2 3 2 3 2 3 1 3

2 2

) (

2 ) (

2

x x x x

13. Find the value of

3

2

)

( 216 without using a calculator.

試不使用計算機,求

3

2

)

( 216 的值。

36 ) 6 (

] ) 6 [(

) 216 (

2 3 2 3 3

2

14. Find the value of

3

4

125 64 

 

  without using a calculator.

試不使用計算機,求

3

4

125 64 

 

  的值。

625 256 5 4 5 4 125

64

4 3 4 3 3

4



 

 







 

 

 





 

15. Find the value of

4

3

16 625 

 

 without using a calculator.

試不使用計算機,求

4

3

16 625 

 

 的值。

8 125

2 5 2 5 16

625

3 4 3 4 4

3



 









 



 





(22)

16. Simplify and express

3 2

4 3

a

a with positive indices.

化簡

3 2

4 3

a

a ,並以正指數表示答案。

12 1 12

8 9

3 2 4 3 3 2 4 3

3 1 2

4 1 3

3 2

4 3

) (

) (

a a a a a a a a a

17. Find the value of

2

3

49 36

 

 

 without using a calculator.

試不使用計算機,求

2

3

49 36

 

 

 的值。

216 243 6 7 6 7 36 49 49

36

3 2 3 2

2 3 2

3



 





 



 



 





18. Simplify and express

6 4

5 2 1 3 2 4

3

) ( )

8

( a

b

a b

with positive indices.

化簡

6 4

5 2 1 3 2 4

3

) ( )

8

( a

b

a b

,並以正指數表示答案。

4 ) 2 (

) ( ) 8

( ) ( ) 8 (

3 2 0

3 2 3

3 10 3 8 2 2

3 10 3 2

8 3 2 2 6 4

5 2 1 3 2 4 3

b a

b a

b a b a b

a b

a

 

 

 

參考文獻

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