非破壞檢測與應用
Applications of
Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation
非破壞評估概論
• 量化非破壞評估年會 (Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation) 1974
• 老化中的公共工程
http://www.asce.org/reportcard/2005/index.cfm
• 公共工程非破壞研討會
• 非破壞評估的主要功能
強度測定 Strength determination, 材料特性評估Properties evaluation, 損害評量 Damage accessment
• 各種方法
• 整合型科技
非破壞檢測 ：各種應用
• 國防與航太：如太空梭、潛水艇、飛機之表面與重要 結構，華航
• 電廠：如渦輪機葉片，台電
• 石化廠：如輪油管線， 中油
• 生命科學：研究與醫療服務, 台大醫院
• 材料科學：如成份分析, 工研院材料與化工研究所
• 地震學與災害防治, 地震中心, 中研院地球科學研究所
老化中的工公共工程
老化管理 Aging management
(1)各種公共工程必須確保其結構完整（Structural
integrity），意指結構之功能、安全機制、到系統以及 各組成單元之維護管理。
(2)老化管理之定義：確認並評估公共工程的老化，包括 可用年限、功能評量及高危險區的認定等。
非破壞評估與老化管理
• 現況評量（Condition assessment）：由資料搜集與 儲存、模型之建立，從而作出預測以供決策參考。
ACI201, ACI207, ACI364
• 學界與業界之互動, 法令與工程規範之修訂 (朱與江,2001)
• 檢測程序的研發: 道路鋪面的劣化、地下維生系統、橋 樑內部結構等之評估，提高可用性、降低成本。
非破壞評估的主要功能
• 強度測定，包括金屬與複合材料Strength determination: metal & composites
• 材料特性評估，包括聲學、電學、光學Properties evaluation: acoustic, electrical, and optical
• 損害評量，包括脫層、裂縫、雜質、孔隙Damage accessment: delamination, crack, inclusion, void 發展中災害防治，包括基礎與結構物的現況評量
Hazard prevention: condition accessment of foundations and structures
•ACI228
•Practices for evaluation of concrete in existing massive structures for service conditions
•Serviceability of concrete in massive structures such as dams or other
hydraulic structures, bridge foundations and piers, building and reactor
foundations, and others.
•Guide for evaluation of concrete structure structures prior to rehabilitation
•To determine the feasibility of changing the use of a structure; the structural adequacy and integrity of a structure or element; the feasibility of modifying the existing structure to conform to current codes
•To evaluate the structural problems resulted from unusual loading or exposure conditions, inadequate design, or poor construction
practices.
•In-place methods to estimate concrete strength
•Statistical characteristics of tests
各種非破壞檢測方法
• 音洩法 Acoustic emission
• 渦電流 Eddy current
• 微波 Microwave
• 熱波 Thermal waves
• 超音波 Ultrasonics, acoustics, elastic waves
• 磁粒法 Magnetic flux leakage
• 液滲法 Penetrant techniques
• 放射線法 Radiographic techniques
• ACI228
Nondestructive test methods for evaluation of concrete in structures
Penetrability Radar
Infrared
thermography sonic-echo,
impul. resp., crosshole Stress
waves II
covermeter, half-cell,
polarization Magnetic &
electric pulse vel.,
UL-echo,
impact-echo, SASW
Stress waves I
Nuclear Visual
inspection
整合型科技
機率概念: tb 2-1 (p6, Bray and Stanley)
可檢測性設計Design for inspectability: fig 3-1 (p18, B & S)
(1) 故障率，可靠度與非破壞評估Failure rate, reliability , and NDE (2) 缺陷特徵與非破壞評估Flaw characteristics and NDE
(3)破壞力學與非破壞評估 Fracture mechanics and NDE
在製造程序與維護管理中應用非破壞評估的損益分析
Cost and benefit analysis for NDE in manufacturing and maintenance 低風險、高保障高投資於非破壞評估
Lower Risk, Higher Assurance , more Expensive NDE
Load environment
Nondestructive evaluation
Fracture properties of the components
Probability in Nondestructive Evaluation
1. What is the probability of existence of a defect?
2. Given the existence of a defect, what is the probability that its size is in a specified range?
3. Given the existence of a defect in a specified range, what is the probability of detection for a particular NDE system?
4. What is the probability of a defect of a certain size propagating to failure prior to the next inspection?
