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ǵΓୢᚒޑׯ๓
२ӃǴӧȨࡹݯҍޑញܫᆶߥៈȩᚒǴаߓਥࣁٯǴ1977 ԃԿ 1978 ԃǴϩձԖ 80 Տಔᙃᖂජޑࡹݯҍഌុᕇញǹ1980 ԃ߾Ԗ 60 ՏࡹݯҍᕇញǴځύхࡴᕴ Héctor Cámpora ᆶ La Opinión ൔޗ ϐᕴጓᒠ Jacobo TimermanǶځԛǴඵճࡹ۬ᗨฅӧ 1976 ԃǴӢಔᙃϦ Ѳ࣬ᜢѨᙫΓαၗૻޑᓸΚǴញܫऊ 300 ӜࡹݯҍǴځࡕԖ 17 Ӝ០
рნǶՠ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃձӧ 1983 ԃޑԃࡋൔύ܍ᇡǴεϩޑ ਔংǴಔᙃӧඵճޑΓቶၨࣁᄌǴԶैࡹ۬ၴϸΓޑᏵ
ុቚуǶ220
ಃΒǴӧȨඩߦैࡹ۬ှញѨᙫΓαѐӛȩϐय़ӛǴߓਥࡹ۬ම ഌុӧ 1977 ԃǵ1978 ԃϦѲسӈѨᙫޣޑӜൂǴ٠ӧ 1979 ԃႧѲ ཥݤǴϢၸѐϖԃޑѨᙫΓα࠹ԝΫǶฅԶǴैࡹ۬܌ϦѲޑӜൂ
ϝคݤှញεໆޑѨᙫΓαѐӛǶඵճࡹ۬߃ය߾ܔ๊ගٮѨᙫޣޑ࣬
ᜢၗૻǴՠҗ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃεໆᚼ៛ځΓߟ্٣ჴǴᆶᖄӝ୯ઝਜ ߏޑϟΕΠǴඵճࡹ۬ӧ 1978 ԃ܍ᒍΟঁДϣှញѨᙫޣޑѐӛǴՠ ၀ൔҭኦ़༞ೢǴ٠คჴሞਏҔǶ
ಃΟǴȨׯ๓ᅱᅢୢᚒᆶ෧Ͽ٬ҔሉӉȩӧ၀ᚒǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃ ϩձӧௗᕇٿ୯ᅱᅢᕉნЖ٫ᆶᓎᕷ٬ҔሉӉޑڙ্ޣຒࡕǴ२Ӄӧ 1977 ԃೖߓਥ La Plata ᅱᅢǴΑှჴሞݩǴ٠ӛߓਥࡹ۬ࡼ
ᓸǶᗨฅࡹ۬ӢԜញܫ൳Տ଼நރݩЖ٫ޑࡹݯҍǴฅԶᅱᅢޑᕉნϝ ᓀൾǴҭԖࡹݯҍӢܔ๊൩ᙴԶ഼ڮǶඵճБय़Ǵ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃҭࣁ ᅱᅢύޑࡹݯҍวଆፏӭᆙ࡚௱ජՉǴ٠ӧፏӭ୯ሞୱமፓඵճᅱ ᅢޑόΓၰჹࡑǴҭว߄࣬ᜢൔฅԶǴԜୢᚒᕇठׯ๓ǴςࢂҜᒍࠨ
220 Amnesty International Annual Report 1983 (London: Amnesty International Publications, 1983), 122.
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ࡹᙯ౽ࡕǶ
Βǵ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃܭߓਥᆶඵճΓቶϐᐱ܄
୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧߓਥᆶඵճޑΓቶǴᗨคݤঋ៝Ӛय़ӛޑΓ
ୢᚒǴՠόёցᇡǴځჹٿ୯Γߟ্ᗘԶό௭ޑᜢݙᆶঀǴΨࠠ
༟୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧٿ୯Γቶϐᐱ܄Ƕ
२ӃǴԖձܭځд୯ሞΓߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃޑᜫඳϐ
ࢂȨؼЈҍޑញܫȩǴӢԜǴӧੋΕߓਥᆶඵճޑΓୢᚒǴ୯ሞ
೨ಔᙃϐౣᗨᆶځдಔᙃԖ࣬߈ϐೀǴՠၸ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃԃࡋൔ
ޑᔠ᎙ǴёวǴ࣬౦ೀӧܭǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃޔௗᜢݙΓߟ্ޑঁਢǴ Զځԃࡋ܈࣬ᜢൔǴҭഋӈεໆঁਢၗૻǴԶ٬ځд୯ৎ܈Չࣁޣ
ૈᕇޕঁਢಒǴ٠௦ڗޑ௱ජՉǶ
ځԛǴځдӜޑ୯ሞΓߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴٯӵ 1863 ԃԋҥޑȨआ Μӷ୯ሞہȩ(International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC)Ǵᗨ ᏱԖК୯ሞ೨ಔᙃ׳ֹഢޑಔᙃೕኳᆶёၮҔၗྍǴฅԶǴआΜӷ୯ ሞہЬाޑΓࢲӭᆫขϺฅؠ্ᆶᏯݾፂँޑΓၰ௱ජǶ
2211978 ԃԋҥޑȨΓᢀჸಔᙃȩǴന߃аᅱ࿎ᖄ(Soviet Union)Չ Ƞᇲᅟٌ୷ڐۓȡ(Helsinki Accords)ࣁҞǴᗨฅӕаȨϦ໒ಚଋȩ (naming and shaming)ϐౣኳԄǴ၂კቹៜӚ୯ࡹ۬ޑΓࡹǶՠߓ ਥᆶඵճैࡹ۬ϐΓߟ্Ǵวғܭ 1970 ԃж߃යᆶύයǴЪ 1981 ԃҥޑϩЍᐒᄬȨऍࢪᢀჸȩǴࢂӢύऍࢪϣᏯୢᚒԋҥǴ222ҭᡉҢ ӧ 1970 ԃжǴΓᢀჸಔᙃჹߓਥᆶඵճޑΓߟ্ୢᚒੋىၨ
ϿǶӆޣǴ1942 ԃԋҥޑȨࡼȩǴҭࢂख़ा୯ሞΓߚࡹ۬ಔᙃϐ
221 “ICRC activities on behalf of people affected by war,”
<http://www.icrc.org/eng/what-we-do/index.jsp.> (accessed January 18, 2014).
222 “Our History,” < http://www.hrw.org/node/75134 .> (accessed January 18, 2014).
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Ǵՠ၀ಔᙃޑےԑࢂ୯ሞวᆶ௱ජᆶӄౚ೦ጁᚒǴ223ӢԜଞჹߓ ਥᆶඵճޑΓߟ্ୢᚒǴၨคޔௗϐբࣁᆶቹៜǶ
Զ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃၸрހ࣬ᜢΓൔᆶวଆձࢲǴҭ٬୯ሞ ޗૈ׳זೲޔௗޑΑှߓਥᆶඵճΓୢᚒޑᝄख़܄Ƕаᖄӝ୯ε
ϐ،ਢࣁٯǴ1974 ԃԿ 1989 ԃࣣԖᆶඵճΓߟ্࣬ᜢϐ،
ਢǹ1978 ԃᆶ 1988 ԃεҭϩձԖᆶமॐѨᙫ࣬ᜢϐ،ਢǶ224 Ѐ ځǴȨᖄӝ୯ඵճߞૼ୷ߎȩޑҥǴջࢂ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃঀၯᇥޑ่
݀ǶԶ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃᐱޑȨቪߞၮȩǴҭ٬ಔᙃૈШࣚӚӦޑ
ǴࣗԿࢂߚǴӢԶ٬୯ሞ೨ಔᙃԖၨӭޑΓΚၗྍૈჹٿ୯
ࡹ۬ࡼᓸǶ
ᆕ܌ॊǴёวǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧߓਥᆶඵճΓቶޑᐱ
܄ӧܭǴځےԑҞǵᜢݙޑΓᚒय़ӛǴаϷౣޑᏹբБԄǴ٬
ځૈӧߓਥᆶඵճैࡹ۬ޑΓቶԖၨుޑੋىǴΨၸុόᘐ ޑঀǴ่ӝϦΚޑϟΕǴ٬ٿ୯ޑΓߟ্ୢᚒόԿܭ߈ޑൾ ϯǶ
λ่
ҁ२ӃၸᔠຎऍࢪޑΓߟ্ୢᚒǴΑှ၀ୱޑΓइᒵόؼǴ ᆶځࡹݯᕉნόᛙۓԖ࣬εޑᜢᖄǶऍࢪैΓυࡹςࢂதᄊǴΨӢԜশΠ
ऍࢪӚ୯ࡹᡂᓎϝޑӢηǶᗨฅऍࢪԐςࡌҥаऍࢪ୯ৎࣁ୷ᘵޑୱ ΓߥៈᐒڋǴӚ୯Ψ࣬ᝩᛝ࣬ᜢΓϦऊǴՠӭ୯ৎϝฅԖόؼޑΓइ
223 “About Us,” <http://www.oxfam.org/en/about.> (accessed January 18, 2014).
224 ፎୖ᎙: ȸGeneral Assembly: Resolutions/ Regular
Sessions,ȹ<http://www.un.org/documents/resga.htm> (accessed January 18, 2014).
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ᒵǴёـ၀ΓߥៈᐒڋޑமڋΚၨ১Ǵϝሡၸᖄӝ୯܈ځд୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ ޑǴωૈပჴǶ
1970 ԃжǴߓਥᆶඵճวғै٣ࡹᡂǴٿ୯ӧै٣மΓޑݯΠǴΓ҇
ޑ୷ҁΓᝄख़গღǶ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӢԶᆙ࡚ࢴᇾፓიԿٿ୯ჴӦΑှ
ݩǴ٠рހسӈൔǴ׆ఈځд୯ৎᆶՉࣁޣૈӅӕჹٿ୯ैࡹ۬ࡼᓸǴඩߦ ځׯ๓ΓރݩǶӕਔǴࣁڙ্ޣϷځৎឦวଆᆙ࡚ՉǴ၂კ௱ජڙ্ޣǶ୯ ሞ೨ಔᙃޑᡍᡉҢǴٿ୯ैࡹ۬ଆ߃ჹܭಔᙃޑፎᜫкԸόᆪǴЪፓიӧ
Ӧޑ௦ೖΨԖፏӭज़ڋǶՠ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃрހ࣬ᜢൔǴ٠ஒځሀҬᖄӝ୯ Ϸऍࢪ୯ৎಔᙃǴӕਔวଆεໆ୯ሞ܄௱ජՉࡕǴٿ୯ӧ୯ሞᗈፕޑᓸΚΠǴ
ࣣр٤ᡣǶ
ᆕ܌ॊǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧߓਥᆶඵճޑΓቶǴዴჴԖۓޑቹៜ ΚǴՠϝԖځόىϐೀǶၸᔠຎ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃ၀ਔයޑԃࡋൔǴޣวǴ ٿ୯ࡹࣣ۬р٤ޑᡣǴፏӵញܫࡹݯҍǵᖐᒤϦǵϦѲѨᙫޣӜൂϷว ՉൔǵϢ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃΓຎჸᅱᅢݩǶฅԶǴޣҭวǴ୯ሞ೨ ಔᙃϝሡᆶம୯ৎǵ୯ሞಔᙃӝբǴБૈ٬ैࡹ۬Ԗ׳ᡉޑΓׯ๓բࣁǶ ඤقϐǴӧӭኧޑݩΠǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃޑቹៜΚڙځѬӢનޑऊڋǴࣁҁፕ ЎϐࣴزલαǶ
ฅԶǴҁകᆫข୯ሞ೨ಔᙃϐΓቶբࣁǴ٠ᘜ่Ǵ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃੋ
ΕߓਥᆶඵճΓߟ্ୢᚒϐᐱ܄ӧܭǴځےԑǵᜢݙޑᚒय़ӛǴаϷ
ౣޑᏹբǴ٬ځӧߦٿ୯ΓวǴԖၨޔௗޑቹៜǶ
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ಃ
ಃϖക ่ፕ
բࣁӄጇፕЎޑᕴ่ǴҁകЬाҞޑࣁӣᔈࣴزୢᚒǴ٠ᇥܴҁፕЎϐࣴز ज़ڋǴനࡕ၂ჹ҂ٰ࣬ᜢᚒࣴزрࡌǶӢԜǴಃஒ२Ӄᙁอᄔाಃ
ΒǵΟǵѤകϐϣǴ٠ឍॊҁፕЎޑࣴز่݀ǴՉϸࡘǹځԛǴᇥܴҁፕЎ ӧኗቪၸำύǴ܌ᎁၶϐᓍᆶज़ڋǹനࡕࡘ҂ٰёϐᚒᆶБӛǶ
ಃ ࣴز่݀
ҁፕЎ२ӃᙖҗΓཷۺޑǴᔠຎΓޑགྷӵՖᒿਔжޑ ᄽǴԋࣁදШሽॶǴԶࣁӚ୯܌ߥៈᆶᒥӺǶᗨฅΓཷۺӧ 1776 ԃ ᆶ 1789 ԃϩձࣁऍ୯ᆶݤ୯યΕ୯ϣљݤᡏسǴՠΓᢀۺදၹࣁӚ୯ௗ
ڙǴᔈࣁಃΒԛШࣚεᏯϐࡕǶεᏯޑූሉǴߦ٬Ӛ୯ԖठӅǴࡌҥ
൚୷ӧᖄӝ୯ࢎᄬޑ୯ሞΓᐒڋǶ၀ΓᐒڋҗΎঁ୯ሞΓϦऊࣁ୷ ᘵǴЪϩձԖᙍᐒᄬǴёᒏΓᢀۺҗགྷϯࣁڀᡏჴ፬ޑٚำǶ
୯ሞΓᐒڋύޑՉࣁޣӭǴନΑޑ୯ৎՉࣁޣǴӧӄౚϯਔж ΠǴፏӭߚ୯ৎՉࣁޣޑ܌תᄽޑفՅΨຫٰຫख़ाǴձࢂ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔ ᙃǴӧΓᢀۺޑቶᆶΓวޑߦǴ௦Չঀǵಚଋǵၗૻගٮǵ ၯᇥᆶݾڗ҇Ѝ৩Ǵ၂კቹៜঁձ୯ৎϣޑΓރݩǴ٠ᆶࡹ۬
໔୯ሞಔᙃӝբǴӕࡌҥ׳ֹ๓ޑ୯ሞΓᐒڋǶ
ӧӭ୯ሞΓߚࡹ۬ಔᙃύǴҁፕЎа୯ሞ೨ಔᙃࣁࣴزჹຝǴ аుΕΑှ၀ಔᙃޑΓቶౣǶၸᔠຎ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃޑྍଆᆶวǵ
ՅᆶࢎᄬǴёวǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃԾ 1961 ԃԋҥԿϞǴςڀԖֹ࣬
ޑಔᙃࢎᄬǴЪ൳ЯӧШࣚӚӦԖҥϩǴΨӢԜளа໒ၨεޑ୯ሞ
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܄ࢲǶԶӧᚒޑੋىǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃᜢЈޑᚒх֖ؼЈҍǵᜤ҇ᆶ
౽҇ǵޣǵٽูճǵচՐ҇ճǵζǵமॐѨᙫǵமॐܨᎂǵܥᆶ ሉӉǵݓးፂँǵቲନԝӉǶԶ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧॊᚒޑᡍಕ ᑈǴҭ٬ځวрቶΓޑ৩Ǵх֖ၗᇆᆶ٣ჴፓǵҥՉ
کৎᆛ๎ǵ࠹ǴаϷՉΓ௲ػǶ
ࣁΑှ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃޑჴሞբࣁǴҁፕЎԶᆫข୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧߓਥ
(1976-1983)ᆶඵճ(1973-1990)ޑΓቶǶߓਥᆶඵճӕࣁऍࢪ୯ ৎǴԶٿ୯ӧ҇ЬϯޑၸਔයǴࣁैࡹ۬ݯǴΨӢԜӧ၀ਔයԖόؼ ޑΓइᒵǶ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃԾԋҥаٰǴջߏයᢀჸ၀ޑΓ༈ǴӢԜ
ٿ୯ϩձрᝄख़ޑΓߟ্ୢᚒਔǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃջЬϟΕǶ
ӧ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧߓਥᆶඵճޑڀᡏբࣁǴҁፕЎ௦ҔಃΟക ᘜયϐౣ৩Ǻၗᇆᆶ٣ჴፓǵҥՉکৎᆛ๎ᆶ࠹Ǵ٠а ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃޑԃࡋൔࣁЎ୷ᘵǴϩձ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧٿ୯ޑբ ࣁǶ
ҁፕЎϐࣴزҞޑࣁΠӈΟᗺǺ
1. ࣴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃቶΓϐفՅǹ 2. ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃϐࢎᄬᆶΓቶౣǹ
3. ှ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧߓਥᆶඵճैࡹ۬ࡹਔයϐΓբࣁǶ
аΠࢤပஒ٩ׇӣ៝ҁፕЎϐࣴز่݀Ǻ
ǵ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃቶΓϐفՅ
୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃբࣁ୯ሞՉࣁޣǴቶ୯ሞΓᢀۺǴനεޑբҔ ӧܭǴӛᖄӝ୯Ϸځдୱ܄܈ߐ܄ࡹ۬໔ಔᙃගрΓ࣬ᜢޑࡌ
܈ගਢǵᅱ࿎ۓ୯ৎޑΓރݩǶନԜϐѦǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ќঁख़ा
ޑфૈࢂǴࣁࡹ۬໔୯ሞಔᙃǴٯӵᖄӝ୯ǵኻ࿉ᆶऍࢪ୯ৎಔᙃǴ
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ගٮ၁ᅰЪ҅ዴޑΓൔǴගϲॊࡹ۬໔୯ሞಔᙃޑਏૈǴ٠ૈջ ਔࣁۓΓၴϸਢҹр،Ǵ٠ຎݩޑϟΕǶᡏԶقǴ ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӧΓቶǴתᄽམᐏޣǵڐፓޣᆶᅱ࿎ޣޑفՅǶ
ฅԶǴޣวǴᗨฅ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃჹ୯ሞΓᐒڋ܈ঁձ୯ৎ ޑΓวԖፏӭଅǴՠ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ܌य़ᖏޑ߳ज़ӧܭǴѬલЮ ݤࡓޑமڋΚǶӢԜǴӧӭݩΠǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃϝሡᆶ୯ৎǵ
ࡹ۬໔୯ሞಔᙃǴаϷځдߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӝբǴБૈԖၨεޑԋਏǶ
Βǵ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃϐࢎᄬᆶΓቶౣ
ၸᔠຎ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃޑྍଆᆶวǵࢎᄬᆶቻǴޣᘜ่Ǵ୯ ሞ೨ಔᙃϐࢎᄬаम୯ᕴࣁύЈǴ٠Ԗ୯ሞՉہǵ୯ሞઝ ਜೀǵीᆶቩीہǴаϷځдݯہᆶҺ୍ߐǴᝢШࣚ
ӚӦϩޑၮբǴᆶΓࢲޑᝢฝǴёᒏࢎᄬֹ࣬ϐ୯ሞΓߚ
ࡹ۬ಔᙃǶӧቶౣǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃၸၗᇆᆶ٣ჴፓǵ
ҥՉکৎᆛ๎ᆶ࠹ǴεໆϦѲΓၴϸၗૻޑБԄǴȨಚଋȩၴ
ϸΓޑࡹ۬Ǵ٠ᑈཱུቶΓ௲ػǴᙖԜుહදШΓޑϣ఼Ƕ
Οǵ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃϐӧߓਥᆶඵճैࡹ۬ࡹਔයϐΓϐբࣁ
ӧࣴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӵՖӧߓਥᆶඵճቹៜֽޑΓ،
ǴޣᘜયǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃ܌௦Ҕޑ৩ёಒϩࣁǺȨჴӦፓȩǵȨঀ
ȩǵȨрހൔȩǵȨวଆࡹݯҍᇡᎦࢲᆶձࢲȩᆶȨวଌࡼᓸႝ
ൔȩǴ٠วǴ೭٤৩คፕࢂᔈҔӧٿ୯ैࡹ۬ࡹਔයǴ܈ӧैࡹ
۬ࡹکѳᙯ౽ࡕǴวචۓำࡋޑբҔǶ
ၸЎᔠ᎙Ǵёᘜ่Ǵ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧٿ୯܌టׯ๓ޑΓୢᚒ ϩձࣁǺȨࡹݯҍޑញܫᆶߥៈȩǵȨඩߦैࡹ۬ှញѨᙫΓαѐӛȩᆶ
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Ȩׯ๓ᅱᅢୢᚒ٠෧Ͽ٬ҔሉӉȩǶӧࡹݯҍޑញܫᆶߥៈǴ୯ሞ೨ ಔᙃวචޑቹៜΚၨࣁᡉǴٿ୯ैࡹ۬ӧόӕਔයញܫϩࡹݯҍޑ ჴٯᡉҢǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃޑዴׯ๓Γߟ্ୢᚒޑᝄख़܄ǶฅԶǴӧࡕ ٿঁᚒޑޔௗቹៜǴ߾ၨόᡉǶ
ᆕقϐǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧߓਥᆶඵճޑΓቶբࣁǴᗨคݤӧ ӚঁᚒวචӕޑቹៜΚǴՠၸ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃрހ࣬ᜢൔǵԿᖄ ӝ୯ᆶऍࢪ୯ৎಔᙃՉၯᇥǵ໒سӈᆙ࡚௱ජՉǴаϷวଆ࣬
ᜢΓࢲϐոΚǴߓਥᆶඵճٿ୯ϐΓߟ্٣ჴளаቶࣁѦࣚ܌
ޕǴԶ٬୯ሞ೨ಔᙃёᆶࡹ۬໔ಔᙃ܈ځд୯ሞΓߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӝ բǴӅӕठΚܭׯ๓ߓਥᆶඵճޑόؼΓइᒵǴҭ൚ۓ୯ሞ೨ಔ ᙃӧٿ୯Γቶޑᐱ܄Ƕ
୯ሞ೨ಔᙃុӧٿ୯ቶΓޑոΚǴуځд୯ৎǵ୯ሞಔ ᙃᆶ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃޑӅӕǴߦԋߓਥӧ 1984 ԃǴԋҥ࣬ፓ
ہǴ٠рހ࣬ፓൔǶځࡕǴߓਥΨഌុࡌᄬԑӧ൨Ϧ ѳ҅ကޑ୯ϣѦᐒڋǶٯӵǴಃঁΓݤᙴ᠘ۓი໗(human rights forensic anthropology team)ǵಃঁ࣬ፓቩղǴ٠ڐշۓကȨமॐ ѨᙫȩຒǴ٠ठΚܭวୱᆶ୯ሞೕጄаଶЗ၀ՉࣁǶ225
ӧඵճБय़Ǵ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧैࡹ۬ਔයޑᑈཱུբࣁǴҭ٬Ҝᒍࠨ
ࡹрଏᡣǶޔԿඵճैࡹ۬ΠѠࡕǴಔᙃϝុঀᏤඵճޑᙯ
ࠠ҅ကǶӧ୯ϣѦᓸΚΠǴ҇ᒧࡹ۬ഌុԋҥΟঁ࣬ፓہǴϩ ձаமॐѨᙫǵሉӉঐसᚒࣁЬືǴុፓᐕў࣬Ǵࣴჹܭ ڙ্ޣޑံᓭǵՐࡂᆶᙴᕍࢭຠ٣ەǶ
225 Kathryn Sikkink, “From Pariah State to Global Protagonist: Argentina and the Struggle for International Human Rights,” Latin American Politics and Society 50 (Spring 2008): 1.
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ಃΒ ҂ٰࣴزࡌ
൘ǵࣴزज़ڋ
२ӃǴҞ୯ϣࣴز୯ሞ೨ಔᙃϷߓਥᆶඵճϐΓ࣬ᜢϐύЎ
ਜǵයтᆶፕЎၨϿǴࣁҁፕЎࣴزज़ڋϐǶЀځԖ࣬ᜢਜᆶයтፕ ЎрހԃࡋၨԐǴԿϞۘ҂ԖၨཥޑࣴزբǴӢԶόճҁЎቪբǶ
ځԛǴҁፕЎϐԃжϪപࣁၨࣁΦᇻϐ 1976-1983 ԃǴаϷ 1973-1990 ԃޑߓਥᆶඵճޑΓߟ্ୢᚒǶฅԶǴڙज़ܭਔ໔ᆶޜ໔Ǵঁਢၗࢬ ܭઇ࿗Ǵ߾όճҁፕЎϐቪբǴ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃҭคֹޑࡌᔞॊਔයޑ࣬
ᜢၗǴࣁҁፕЎϐલᏬǶ
ມǵࣴزࡌ
၈ӵ Joseph Nye ܌قǺȨၗૻਔжߚதख़ाޑวࢂǺߚ୯ৎՉࣁޣӧ ୯ሞᆸѠתᄽޑفՅВख़ाǴدΓಔᙃຫٰຫૈᏱԖຬຫ୯ࣚޑቹៜ ΚǶȩ226ёـǴӕࣁߚ୯ৎՉࣁޣϐޑ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴӧӄౚϯਔжΠǴ ςԖၨӭޑୖᆶϷวᖂޜ໔Ǵҭᆶ୯ৎՉࣁޣӕठΚܭׯ๓ፏӭၠ୯
ᚒǶ
ၸҁፕЎࣴزǴёख़ཥᔠຎǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӧΓቶϐفՅǶӕ ਔǴҁፕЎаȨ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃȩࣁ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃж߄Ǵᆕፕ၀ಔᙃӧߓ ਥᆶඵճቶΓ܌௦ڗޑჴሞౣǴаϷځ߳ज़Ƕ
ฅԶǴҁፕЎޑԃжज़ӧ 1976-1983 ԃޑߓਥǴаϷ 1973-1990 ԃ
226ֆৎࡡǵБޱǴJoseph S. Nye, Jr.ǴȠࢋ܄Κȡ(Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics) (ᆵчǺᇻࢬрހ٣ިҽԖज़ϦљǴ2006 ԃ)Ǵ। 156Ƕ
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ޑඵճǴӢԜᆫขԜࢤය໔ϣǴٿ୯ޑΓߟ্ୢᚒǴᆶ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃޑ ڀᡏբࣁǶჴሞǴٿ୯ैࡹ۬ϩձࠥѠࡕǴैࡹ۬ޑ࣬ᜢΓγϩձଆນǴ ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃӧࣁڙ্ޣϷځৎឦ൨҅ကǴЪڥᢣٿ୯ཥࡹ۬ᝄቩैࡹ۬
࣬ᜢΓγǴҭԖ࣬εޑշΚǴځࡕុวǴ܈ёࣁ҂ٰޑࣴزБӛϐǶ ځԛǴନΑ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃठΚܭٿ୯ैࡹ۬ݯਔයޑΓቶѦǴќԖځ д୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴΨჹׯ๓ٿ୯Γߟ্ୢᚒԖ܌ଅǶӢԜǴుΕКၨ
όӕ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃޑΓቶౣǴҭёࣁ҂ٰϐࣴزЬᚒǶ
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ୖ
ୖԵЎ
ǵύЎϩ
()ਜ
ЦϾ౺ǶȠ୯ሞΓݤຎഁΠޑΓ௲ػȡǶч٧Ǻਔ٣рހޗǴ2008Ƕ
Ц݇ǵੇᔭǵדࢪЬጓǶȠӄౚݯύޑ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃȡǶч٧Ǻ ч٧εᏢрހޗǴ2004Ƕ
ЦਁଈǶȠߚࡹ۬ಔᙃཷፕȡǶᆵчǺႳपკਜрހިҽԖज़ϦљǴ2003Ƕ
ЦਁଈǶȠߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǺᚒᆶวȡǶᆵчǺႳपკਜрހިҽԖज़Ϧ љǴ2005Ƕ
ЦਁᏣǶȠፔݯѠǻᙯࠠύޑ୯ৎᐒᏔᆶΚ่ᄬȡǶᆵчǺѮࢬკ ਜрހޗǴ1996Ƕ
Ш݅ǶȠՋБΓᢀᆶΓѦҬȡǶч٧ǺཥШࣚрހޗǴ2003Ƕ
қਦఘǵ唦έ務ǵሳЬጓǶȠ୯ሞݤޑΓȡǶч٧Ǻч٧εᏢрހ ޗǴ1996Ƕ
Ѱ᐀༝ǶȠߓਥўȡǶੇǺܿБрހޗǴ2010Ƕ
Ԣ௴ԽǶȠ୯ሞಔᙃᆶӄౚݯཷፕȡǶᆵчǺϖࠄკਜрހިҽԖज़Ϧ љǴ2009Ƕ
ԙ᎔ǶȠΓᆶ୯ሞᜢ߯ȡǶч٧Ǻч٧εᏢрހޗǴ2000Ƕ
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ك໒ǶȠ୯ሞΓݤǺऍࢪୱޑፕᆶჴ፬ȡǶᔮࠄǺξܿΓ҇рހ ޗǴ2007Ƕ
ߋᝆǶȠவࡹݯѦҬቫय़࣮ࠄᒷرᡳՉЇวϐΓݾȡǶᆵчǺӑ څрހԖज़ϦљǴ2002Ƕ
ଯቺྍǴDavid Forsythe ǶȠΓᆶ୯ሞᜢ߯ȡ(Human Rights in International Relations)ǶᆵчǺѶඵЎϯ٣Ԗज़ϦљǴ2002Ƕ
ֆৎࡡǵБޱǴJoseph Nye ǶȠࢋ܄Κȡ(Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics)ǶᆵчǺᇻࢬрހ٣ިҽԖज़ϦљǴ 2006Ƕ
৪ዝǶȠж୯ሞࡹݯύޑߚࡹ۬ಔᙃȡǶч٧ǺжШࣚрހޗǴ2006Ƕ
ηඦǶȠߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶΓȡǶᆵύǺѸύрހޗǴ2006Ƕ
٥ύЬጓǶȠ୯ሞᜢ߯ᕴፕȡǶᆵчǺඦඵЎϯǴ2007Ƕ
த଼ǶȠΓޑགྷǵݾፕᆶჴȡǶᆵчǺࢶլрހޗǴ1997Ƕ
आғǵລծЬጓǶȠж୯ሞᜢ߯ύޑ“ಃΟޣ”ȡǶч٧Ǻਔ٣рހޗǴ 2003Ƕ
෯Ш᠗ǶȠऍࢪैΓࡹࣴزȡǶᆵчǺޕਜ܊рހޗǴ1996 ԃǶ
෯ቺےǵᄃᅽЬጓǶȠᏦݤှញϐፕᆶჴ୍ȡǶᆵчǺύѧࣴزଣݤ ࡓᏢࣴز܌ᝢഢೀǴ2007Ƕ
ླྀᲑࠀЬጓǶȠ୯ሞᡏسᙯࠠکӭᜐಔᙃวǺύ୯ޑᔈჹکנȡǶч ٧Ǻਔ٣рހޗǴ2007Ƕ
ླྀ൛ǵഋЎཧǴThomas Buergenthal, Dinah Shelton and David P.
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Stewart ǶȠ୯ሞΓཷᢀȡ(International Human Rights in a Nutshell)Ƕ ᆵчǺ୯ҥጓᓔᆶॡդЎϯ୯ሞрހԖज़ϦљǴ2007Ƕ
ቅृᐂǶȠ୯ሞࡹݯሦୱύޑߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǺᅿϕᜢ߯ޑϩȡǶϺࢭǺ ϺࢭΓ҇рހޗǴ2005Ƕ
(Β)යтፕЎ
ЦᑫύǶȨਜቪѠΓၮўǺදШΓޑҁβᐕำȩǶȠѠΓᏢ тȡǴಃ 1 ڔಃ 3 ය (2012 ԃ 12 Д)Ǵ। 207-217Ƕ
ӛᗱǶȨऍࢪวޑӒᐒᆶᙯᐒȩǶȠӄౚࡹݯຑፕȡǴಃΐය (2005 ԃ 1 Д)Ǵ। 123-142Ƕ
ϓᓪǶȨᙁፕΓᆶЬϐ໔ޑᜢ߯ȩǶȠፕຎഁȡǴಃ 2 ය (2011 ԃ)Ǵ। 57-59Ƕ
ߋᝆǶȨҜᒍࠨਔжඵճϐΓݾϷځวȩǶȠୢᚒᆶࣴزȡǴಃ
38 ڔಃ 4 ය (҇୯ 88 ԃ 4 Д)Ǵ। 31-53Ƕ
ڬד݇ǶȨவ୯ሞΓวᔠຎѠϐΓჴ፬Ǻ่ᄬ܄ޑȩǶȠཥ ШइඵፕᏝȡǴಃ 45 ය (2009 ԃ 3 Д)Ǵ। 23-29Ƕ
݅ቺܱǵЦख़ǶȨߚࡹ۬ಔᙃکϦ҇ޗޑࡌᄬᆶวǺ୯ሞᆶ୯ৎ ቫय़ޑှȩǶȠߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᏢтȡǴಃ 2 ය (2007 ԃ 3 Д)Ǵ। 1-24Ƕ
ࠬৎǵጰػۡǶȨ୯ሞᜢ߯ᆶߚࡹ۬ಔᙃࣴزȩǶȠ୯ሞᜢ߯ᏢൔȡǴಃ
24 ය (2007 ԃ 7 Д)Ǵ। 115-143Ƕ
ഋᡉݓǵೱ႙ǶȨவȬኻ࿉ᏦݤȭԿȬٚථҁచऊȭޑኻ࿉Γߥም ߃-аȬኻ࿉୷ҁճᏦകȭࣁख़ᗺȩǶȠѠ୯ሞࣴزۑтȡǴಃ
4 ڔಃ 1 ය (2008 ԃࡾۑဦ)Ǵ। 25-45Ƕ
ጰדǶȨচՐ҇ౢϐว-аऍࢪΓݤଣ Awas Tingni ਢࣁ߃ۈ
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ޑࡘԵȩǶȠѠ҇Ьۑтȡಃ 8 ڔಃ 4 ය (2011 ԃ 12 Д)Ǵ। 45-58Ƕ
ጰܿ݇ǶȨ҇Ьϯፕޑᙶమᆶख़ᄬǺаऍࢪࣁٯȩǶȠୢᚒᆶࣴزȡǴ
ಃ 36 ڔಃ 8 ය (҇୯ 86 ԃ 8 Д)Ǵ। 67-80Ƕ
ৱǶȨ୯ሞࡹݯޑᡂᎂᆶ୯ሞݤࡓೕጄޑ҂ٰȩǶȠ୯ሞᜢ߯ᏢൔȡǴ
ಃ 26 ය (2008 ԃ 7 Д)Ǵ। 49-98Ƕ
(Ο)ᆛၡ۔Бၗ
Ȩ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃѠϩȩǴ<http://www.amnesty.tw/>.
Ȩᖄӝ୯ȠΓ୯ሞЎ༼ጓȡȩǴ
<http://www.un.org/chinese/hr/issue/convention.htm>.
Ȩᖄӝ୯ᏦകȩǴ
<http://www.un.org/zh/documents/charter/preamble.shtml>.
Ȩᖄӝ୯Γ٣୍ଯભᒤ٣ೀȩǴ
<http://www.ohchr.org/ch/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx>.
Ȩᖄӝ୯Γ٣୍ȩǴ<http://www.un.org/chinese/hr/issue/un.htm>.
Ȩಃ 21 ۛܿڐଯঢ়ܭ 11 Д 18 ВฦȩǴიݤΓύᔮࣴزଣǴ Ѡܿࠄ٥୯ৎڐࣴزύЈǴ
<http://www.aseancenter.org.tw/ASEANnewsDetail.aspx?id_news=10 5>.
ȨΓი่ᖄ࿉ȩ
<http://www.humanrights.com/zh/voices-for-human-rights/human-righ ts-organizations/non-governmental.html>.
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()ਜ
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(Β)යтፕЎ
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(Ο)۔Бൔᆶрހࠔ
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(Ѥ)ᆛၡၗྍ
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‧
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ȠऍࢪΓϦऊᜢܭᔮǵޗکЎ ϯճሦୱޑߕуۓਜȡ
African Charter on Human and Peoples'
Rights ȠߚࢪΓᆶ҇ճᏦകȡ
Amnesty International, AI ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃ American Convention on Human Rights ȠऍࢪΓϦऊȡ American Declaration of the Rights and
Duties of Man ȠऍࢪΓکೢҺ࠹قȡ Americas Watch ऍࢪᢀჸಔᙃ
ASEAN Human Rights Declaration ȠܿڐΓ࠹قȡ ASEAN Institute for Peace and
Reconciliation ܿڐکѳϷکှᐒᄬ AESAN Regional Forum, ARF ܿڐୱፕᏝ
Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN
ܿࠄ٥୯ৎڐ
C
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the
European Union Ƞኻ࿉୷ҁճᏦകȡ Charter of the Organization of American
States Ƞऍࢪ୯ৎಔᙃᏦകȡ
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, ICERD
ȠନϪԄᅿݔຎ୯ሞϦऊȡ
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
ȠନჹζϪԄݔຎϦऊȡ
Convention on the Prohibition of the ȠЗ୯ሞӦႜϦऊȡ
‧
Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and their Destruction
Convention on the Rights of the Child ȠٽูճϦऊȡ D
Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen ݤ୯ȠΓ࠹قȡ
Dirty War ሮᠢᏯݾ
E
European Convention on Human Rights ȠኻࢪΓϦऊȡ European Court of Human Rights ኻࢪΓݤଣ European Court of Justice ኻࢪݤଣ Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of
Cambodia ࢍჵݤଣձݤ
H
Helsinki Accords Ƞᇲᅟٌ୷ڐۓȡ Human Rights Watch Γᢀჸಔᙃ I
International Action Network on Small Arms, IANSA
୯ሞλࠠݓᏔՉᆛ
International Commission of Jurists ୯ሞݤᏢৎہ
International Committee of the Red
Cross ୯ሞआΜӷ
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
Ƞߥៈ܌ԖΓόڙڙமॐѨᙫ୯ሞϦ ऊȡ
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
Ƞߥៈ܌Ԗ౽ழπΓϷځৎԋ
ճ୯ሞϦऊȡ
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ȠϦ҇ᆶࡹݯճ୯ሞϦऊȡ
‧
International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights ȠᔮޗЎϯճ୯ሞϦऊȡ International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia, ICTY
ࠄථϻୢᚒ୯ሞӉ٣ݤ
International Criminal Tribunal for
Rwanda, ICTR ᐽӼၲୢᚒ୯ሞӉ٣ݤ
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, IACHR
ऍࢪ୯ৎಔᙃޑऍࢪ໔Γ٣
Inter-American Court of Human Rights ऍࢪ໔୯ৎΓݤଣ Inter-Parliamentary Union ୯ሞ୯ᖄ࿉
L
League of Arab States ߓդ୯ৎᖄ࿉
N
National Human Rights Institutions,
NHRIs ୯ৎΓᐒᄬ
O
OAS Declaration of the Rights and
Duties of Men ȠऍࢪΓᜪճϷက୍࠹قȡ Office of the High Commissioner for
Human Rights ᖄӝ୯Γ٣୍ଯભᒤ٣ೀ
Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe, OSCE ኻࢪӼӄᆶӝբಔᙃ Organization of American States, OAS ऍࢪ୯ৎಔᙃ
P
Popular Unity Coalition of Socialists
and Communists Γ҇ᖄӝତጕࡹ۬
Principles relating to the status and functioning of national institutions for protection and promotion of human rights
ȠԖᜢ୯ϣΓᐒᄬޑӦՏکᙍૈޑ চ߾ȡ
‧
Special Tribunal for!Lebanon ᎿЃცୢᚒձݤ
Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
ᖄӝ୯ΓہǵߦᆶᆢៈΓ
λಔہ
T
The Permanent Arab Commission on Human Rights
ߓդΓہ
The Special Court for Sierra Leone,
SCSL ྰηξӅک୯ୢᚒձݤ
The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights ȠШࣚΓ࠹ق
U
UN High Commissioner for Refugees ᖄӝ୯ᜤ҇
UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Trans-national Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights
Ƞᖄӝ୯ҾΓೢҺೕጄȡ
UN Working Group on Enforces or
Involuntary Disappearances ᖄӝ୯மॐѨᙫፓλಔ Union of International Associations,
UIA ୯ሞޗიᖄӝ
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO
ᖄӝ୯௲ࣽЎಔᙃ
United Nations Human Rights Council ᖄӝ୯Γ٣
United Nations Trust Fund for Chile ᖄӝ୯ඵճߞૼ୷ߎ United States Declaration of
Independence ऍ୯Ƞᐱҥ࠹قȡ
ၗٰྍǺޣԾՉ
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‧
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117
ߕ
ߕҹΒ ύՋӜຒჹྣ߄
ՋЎ ύЎ
A
Abuelas de la Plaza de Mayo ϖДቶޑ҆
Agrupación de Familiares de
Dentenidos-Desaparecidos, AFDD Ѩᙫᆶܥڙ্ޣৎឦಔᙃ Amnistía Internacional: Sección
Argentina ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃߓਥϩ
Amnistía Internacional: Sección Chile ୯ሞ೨ಔᙃඵճϩ
Armas bajo control ݓᏔᆅ Asamblea Permanente por los Derechos
Humanos, APDH Γ҉Φε
C
Campaña Nacional contra la Tortura ӄ୯ϸሉӉၮ
Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales,
CELS ݤࡓᆶޗࣴزύЈ
Comando de Vengadores de Martires ଭဓྷൔൺᇾ໗ Comité de Defensa de los Derechos del
Pueblo, CODEPU ፁΓ҇ہ
D
Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia ୯ৎൔֽ
E
El Comando Cinjunto ᖄӝᇾ໗ El Servicio de Inteligencia de
Carabineros ჸൔൂՏ
El Servicio de Inteligencia Militar ै٣ൔൂՏ El Servicio de Inteligencia de la Fuerza
Aérea ޜैൔൂՏ
Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo,
ERP Γ҇ॠڮै
‧
Familiares de Desaparecidos y Detenidos por Razones Políticas
ӢࡹݯӢનѨᙫᆶܥڙ্ޣৎឦಔ ᙃ
Fundación de Ayuda Social de las
Iglesias Cristianas, FASIC ϺЬ௲ޗ௱շ୷ߎ
Fundación de Documentación y Archivo
de la Vicaría ϺЬ௲ᔞਢၗ୷ߎ
L
La Central Nacional de Informaciones ୯ৎፓύЈ La Dirección de Comunicaciones de
Carabineros ჸൔࡰචύЈ
La Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia ୯ৎൔֽ
M
Madres de la Plaza de Mayo ϖДቶޑ҆ᒃ Movimiento Peronista Montonero,
MPM نໜࢴޑѰᖀෞᔐ໗
N
Ni un arma para atrocidades ܔ๊ࣁኪΚიᡏගٮݓᏔ No más violencia contra las mujeres ࡎζኪΚ
P
Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile ඵճ୷࿎௲҇Ьល Poder Ejecutivo Nacional, PEN ୯ৎՉہ
S
Servicio de Inteligencia Naval ੇैൔൂՏ ځ
ځд
60 aniversario de la Declaración
Universal de Derechos Humanos ȠШࣚΓ࠹قȡ60 ڬԃइۺࢲ
ၗٰྍǺޣԾՉ