國際特赦組織在阿根廷與智利之人權推廣作為 - 政大學術集成

全文

(1)國立政治大學國際事務學院外交研究所碩士學位論文 Department of Diplomacy College of International Affairs National Chengchi University Master Thesis. 指導教授：姜家雄博士 Advisor: Chia-Hsiung Chiang, Ph. D.. 國際特赦組織在阿根廷與智利之人權推廣作為 Amnesty International and the Promotion of Human Rights in Argentina and Chile. 研究生：楊馥瑜撰 Author: Fu-Yu Yang 中華民國一百○三年一月 January, 2014.

(2) 謝. 辭. 「欲往從所未經之地，豈能無師？」本論文的完成，首先要感謝我的指導教授姜家雄老師。從論文題目的選定、架構的呈現，乃至內文的安排，都要謝謝姜老師豐富的學養與耐心，陪伴我一步步的完成論文，亦每每在我遭遇論文撰寫困難時，提供我許多寶貴的建議與指導，使我的論文撰寫過程更加順利。此外，更要謝謝老師，給予我參加紐約模擬聯合國會議的機會，此行不僅開拓了我的視野，更為我的研究所生涯留下難忘的一章。. 政治大加我的論文口試。兩位老師細心的指導，與專業學識上的指正與建議，無不使我立. 其次，感謝我的兩位口試委員：蔡育岱老師與盧業中老師，百忙之中撥冗參. ‧ 國. 學. 的論文更臻完美。另外，也要感謝湘瀅助教，在口試安排上的許多幫忙與提醒，方使口試能圓滿落幕。. ‧. 謝謝一路相隨的家人與朋友們，無時不刻的包容與支持。尤其是父母、熊大. y. Nat. io. sit. 哥與熊大嫂無條件的體諒、同窗好伙伴劭昀、奕如、源晧、聖惠、奕圜、文瑾等. n. al. er. 的陪伴與加油-特別是有始有終，一起攜手口試的奕如，天使般的溫暖與鼓勵，. Ch. i n U. v. 都是我論文撰寫過程中的強心劑，伴我度過埋首書堆的每一天。. engchi. 回首研究所的三年多，無論是在學習上與生活上，很幸運都有著師長、家人與朋友常伴左右。指南山下，許多歡笑與美麗，點滴在心，歷歷在目；而論文從最初的構思至完成，亦是因為有師長、家人與朋友，共同的呵護與灌溉，才使深埋的種子，發芽、茁壯，乃至開花結果。. 最後，萬般感謝，已無以言表。僅將此論文，獻給在我的研究所生涯中，留下足跡的每一位。. I.

(3) 摘. 要. 資訊科技的革新，使跨國互動頻繁，國際議題趨向多元化，致使國際非政府組織在國際場域中所扮演的角色日益重要。尤其，在人權議題，國際非政府組織多半本著全球良知行事，對於促進人權價值的普世化有諸多貢獻。為深入研析國際非政府組織與人權推廣之密切連結，本論文以 1961 年成立的「國際特赦組織」為研究對象，希望藉由檢視該組織在 1970 年代涉入阿根廷與智利人權侵害問題之作為，歸結國際非政府組織之於全球人權推廣之重要性。. 政治大. 阿根廷與智利同屬南錐國家，兩國在 1970 年代同為軍政府統治，其執政者. 立. 為整肅異己與樹立權威，皆執行諸多違反人權的政策，嚴重侵害國民的基本權. ‧ 國. 學. 利。而長期關注世界各國人權發展的國際特赦組織，在該時期致力於改善阿根廷與智利的人權問題，不僅可被視為國際非政府組織推廣人權之顯例，亦凸顯國際. ‧. 特赦組織之獨特性。. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 關鍵詞：國際非政府組織、人權、國際特赦組織、阿根廷、智利. II.

(4) Abstract. The age of globalization has led to an increase in the power of non-state actors in the international arena. In particular, in dealing with the human rights issue, international non-governmental organizations, representing the “conscience of the world,” have a huge contribution in promoting human rights. To explore the linkage between international non-governmental organizations and its promotion of human rights, the study focuses on the action of “Amnesty International” in Argentina and Chile in the 1970s, while both of its citizens suffered. 政治大. from the oppressive rules of military governments, and were deprived of basic human. 立. rights. The purpose of the article is to analyze the role of international. ‧ 國. 學. non-governmental organizations in the promotion of human rights, the organizational structure and characteristic of Amnesty International, as well as the strategy of. ‧. Amnesty International in improving human rights conditions in Argentina and Chile. io. sit. y. Nat. in the 1970s.. n. al. er. The study shows that the promotion of human rights of Amnesty International in. Ch. i n U. v. Argentina and Chile not only can be seen as an example, but also, shows the uniqueness of Amnesty International.. engchi. Keywords: International Non-governmental Organizations, Human Rights, Amnesty International, Argentina, Chile. III.

(5) 目錄第一章緒論 ............................................................................................ 1 第一節. 研究背景、動機與目的................................................................................ 1. 第二節. 文獻回顧........................................................................................................ 6. 第三節. 研究方法與範圍.......................................................................................... 14. 第四節. 章節安排...................................................................................................... 18. 第二章國際非政府組織與人權推廣 .................................................. 20 第一節. 人權的理想與實踐...................................................................................... 20. 第二節. 國際人權機制中的行為者.......................................................................... 30. 學. ‧ 國. 第三節. 政治大國際非政府組織的人權推廣策略.............................................................. 36 立. 第三章國際特赦組織與人權推廣 ...................................................... 45 國際特赦組織的源起與發展...................................................................... 45. 第二節. 國際特赦組織的特色與架構...................................................................... 51. 第三節. 國際特赦組織的人權推廣策略.................................................................. 56. ‧. 第一節. io. sit. y. Nat. er. 第四章國際特赦組織與拉丁美洲人權推廣 ...................................... 64. al. n. v i n Ch 拉丁美洲人權概觀...................................................................................... 64 engchi U. 第一節第二節第三節. 阿根廷與智利的人權侵害問題.................................................................. 69 國際特赦組織在阿根廷與智利的具體作為.............................................. 76. 第五章結論 ..........................................................................................95 第一節. 研究結果...................................................................................................... 95. 第二節. 未來研究建議.............................................................................................. 98. 附件一. 中英名詞對照表........................................................................................ 100. 附件二. 中西名詞對照表........................................................................................ 104. 參考文獻.................................................................................................106 IV.

(6) 圖目次圖 1-1. 研究架構圖 ................................................................................................... 19. 圖 3-1. 國際特赦組織參與人權議題的擴展 ........................................................... 49. 圖 3-2. 國際特赦組織獲得諮詢地位及獲獎時間 ................................................... 50. 圖 3-3. 國際特赦組織全球治理架構圖 ................................................................... 53. 圖 4-1. 國際特赦組織欲改善之人權問題暨策略圖 ............................................... 89. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. V. i n U. v.

(7) 表目次國際特赦組織在阿根廷與智利之具體作為表 .......................................... 88. 立. 政治大. 學 ‧. ‧ 國 io. sit. y. Nat. n. al. er. 表 4-1. Ch. engchi. VI. i n U. v.

(8) ಃ΋ക. ᆣፕ. ಃ΋࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ङඳǵ୏ᐒᆶҞ‫ޑ‬ ൘ǵࣴ‫ز‬ङඳ ӧӄౚϯਔжǴၠ୯ϕ୏ᓎᕷǴ୯ሞ᝼ᚒᖿӛӭϡϯǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ ӧ୯ሞ൑ୱύ‫ת܌‬ᄽϐ‫ف‬ՅВ੻ख़ाǴࣗԿό٥‫ܭ‬໺಍୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬Ƕၗૻࣽ. 政治大 ่ᄬǴ٬ߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޑޣ‬ख़ा‫܄‬ගϲǶ Ѐ‫ࢂځ‬ӧၸѐ൳ΜԃǴคፕࢂӧς 立. ‫ޑמ‬ॠཥǴѺઇҗЬ៾୯ৎЬᏤ‫ޑ‬Ջҵճ٥ᡏ‫(س‬Westphalian System)ϐቫԛ 1. ໒ว୯ৎǴ‫ࢂ܈‬ว৖ύ୯ৎǴࣗԿӧܿኻϷ߻᝵ᖄǴࣣԖኧᏵᡉҢߚࡹ۬ಔ. ‧ 國. 學. ᙃӧ΢ॊ୔ୱ‫זޑ‬ೲԋߏǶ2ӧ೚ӭӄౚ‫܄‬᝼ᚒǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ‫فޑ‬Յᜢ. ‧. ᗖǴѬᆶࡹ۬ϕ୏ஏϪǵቹៜࡹ۬‫ࡹࡼޑ‬ՉࣁǶ31945 ԃᖄӝ୯ԋҥǴ፟ϒ. y. Nat. ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ‫׳‬ӭ୯ሞୖᆶ‫ޜ‬໔ǴѬॺ໒‫ۈ‬຾Չ୯ሞ่࿉Ǵ‫܈‬ԾՉ่ԋ୯. er. io. sit. ሞፕᏝǴ4ᜢ‫ݙ‬ӚᅿΓᜪว৖᝼ᚒǴ‫ٯ‬ӵΓ៾ᆶᕉნߥៈୢᚒǶ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ ಔᙃ࿶җࣚ‫ۓ‬Ҟ኱ǵග‫ٮ‬ၗૻǵ஑཰ᒌ၌฻ᆅၰǴቹៜࡹ۬Ϸ୯ሞಔᙃࡼࡹ. al. n. v i n ѦǴΨ೸ၸԾԖ‫ޑ‬୯ሞᆛ๎ǴӧШࣚӚ୯৖໒ჴ፦ࢲ୏ǵፓࢗᆶࣴ‫ز‬Ƕ Ch engchi U. 5. ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӭъҁ๱Ȩӄౚ‫ޕؼ‬ȩ(conscience of the world)Չ٣Ǵ ຬຫ୯ࣚज़‫ڋ‬Ǵж߄ቶεဂ౲‫ޑ‬ճ੻ǶѬॺаӚᅿ฼ౣ‫ޔ‬ௗӛࡹ۬‫܈‬Ҿ཰ࡼ ᓸǴा‫؃‬дॺ‫ׯ‬ᡂ،฼Ǵ຾Զബ೷рཥೕጄǶ6Ѐ‫ځ‬ǴΓ៾ᢀ‫ۺ‬җ౛གྷǴϯ ࣁჴ፬‫ޑ‬ၸำǴନΑ୯ৎǵᖄӝ୯ᆶ‫ځ‬д୔ୱ‫܄‬୯ሞಔᙃୖᆶ‫ځ‬ύѦǴ୯ሞ 1. Jessica T. Mathews, “Power Shift,” Foreign Affairs 76, no. 1 (January/ February 1997): 50-52. ፎୖ᎙: Lester M. Salamon, ȸThe Rise of the Nonprofit Sector,ȹ Foreign Affairs 73 (July/ August 1994): 109-122. 3 ஭ηඦǴȠߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶΓ៾ ࡷᏯᆶӣᔈȡ(ᆵύǺѸύр‫ޗހ‬Ǵ2006 ԃ)Ǵ। 7Ƕ 4 Ԣ௴ԽǴȠ୯ሞಔᙃᆶӄౚ‫ݯ‬౛ཷፕȡ(ᆵчǺϖࠄკਜр‫ިހ‬ҽԖज़ϦљǴ2009 ԃ)Ǵ। 17Ƕ 5 ߻ඟਜǴ। 17Ƕ 6 ֆৎࡡǵБ઒‫ޱ‬᝿Ǵ Ƞࢋ‫៾܄‬Κȡ(Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics) (ᆵчǺᇻࢬр‫ހ‬٣཰ިҽԖज़ϦљǴ2006 ԃ)Ǵ। 151-152Ƕ 1 2.

(9) ߚࡹ۬ಔᙃҭࢂჿࡕ‫ޑ‬மε௢ΚǶ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃճҔԾ‫ૻي‬৲ௗԏᆶ໺ኞ ϐᓬ༈Ǵу΢ၠ୯Κໆ‫ޑ‬ՍೱǴ۳۳ૈၨ୯ৎ‫׳‬ჴ፦‫ޑ‬௢ቶΓ៾Ƕ Γ៾᝼ᚒό໻ӧӚ୯୯ϣࡹ‫ݯ‬ǴΨࢂ୯ሞᜢ߯ύ࣬྽ख़ा‫ޑ‬᝼ᚒǶΓ៾ ‫ޑ‬౛གྷวྍǴऩԾ਱മ‫ذ‬ථ(Hugo Grotius)ǵᓅѲථ(Thomas Hobbes)‫ࢶک‬լ (John Locke)ஒΓ៾ຎࣁণᏢཷ‫ۺ‬ଆᆉǴςԖΟԭӭԃ‫ޑ‬ᐕўǹԶऩவऍ୯ Ƞᐱҥ࠹‫ق‬ȡ(Declaration of Independence)‫ݤک‬୯ȠΓ៾࠹‫ق‬ȡ(Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen)‫ࡌ܌‬ҥ‫ݯࡹޑ‬ᆜሦԿϞ௢ᆉǴΨςᐕ࿶‫ٿ‬ԭӭ ԃǶ7ԶΓ៾ᢀ‫ۺ‬ᙯᡂࣁදШሽॶ‫ޑ‬ٚำ࿞Ǵࣁ 1948 ԃ 12 Д 10 ВǴᖄӝ୯. 政治大 Rights)ǶӧԜϐࡕǴ1966 立 ԃȠϦ҇ᆶࡹ‫៾ݯ‬ճ୯ሞϦऊȡ( International ε཮೯ၸ٠ႧթȠШࣚΓ៾࠹‫ق‬ȡ(The Universal Declaration of Human. ‧ 國. 學. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights)ϷȠ࿶ᔮ‫཮ޗ‬Ўϯ៾ճ୯ሞϦऊȡ ( International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)‫ޑ‬ᛝ࿿Ǵҭᡉ. ‧. Ң྽Ϟ୯ሞ‫཮ޗ‬ჹΓ៾ߥៈ‫ޑ‬ख़ຎǶ. y. Nat. sit. ԶΓ៾ཷ‫ޑۺ‬දШϯǴԖᒘ୯ৎᆶߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޑޣ‬Ӆӕ௢୏ᆶပჴǶඤ. n. al. er. io. ‫ق‬ϐǴ୯ৎᆶࡹ۬໔୯ሞಔᙃǵ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴаϷঁΓ฻ߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬Ǵ. i n U. v. ࣣჹ྽Ϟ୯ሞΓ៾ࡌ‫ࡌޑڋ‬ҥԖፏӭଅ᝘Ƕ੝ձࢂ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ‫ת܌‬ᄽ‫ޑ‬. Ch. engchi. ᅱ࿎‫ޣ‬ᆶ௢୏‫فޑޣ‬ՅǴ‫׳‬Ԗշ‫ֹܭ‬๓୯ሞΓ៾ࡌ‫ޑڋ‬Ӛঁय़ӛǶ‫ځ‬ύǴၨ ๱Ӝ‫ࣁޣ‬୯ሞआΜӷ཮(International Committee of the Red Cross)ǵΓ៾ᢀჸ ಔᙃ(Human Rights Watch)ᆶ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ(Amnesty International, AI)฻ǴѬ ॺаߦ຾ᆶ‫ׯ‬๓ШࣚΓ៾ࣁ‫ے‬ԑǴᅱ࿎ό‫ؼ‬Γ៾इᒵϐ୔ୱᆶ୯ৎǶЀ‫ځ‬Ǵ ԋҥ‫ ܭ‬1961 ԃ‫ޑ‬୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃǴа࠹ඦȠШࣚΓ៾࠹‫ق‬ȡϷ‫ځ‬д୯ሞΓ៾ Ϧऊύ‫܌‬ၩ‫ޑ‬Γ៾ࣁ኱‫ޑ‬ǶӢ‫ځ‬ଅ᝘‫ڑ‬ຫǴ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ‫ ܭ‬1977 ԃᕇႧᒍ ‫ن‬ᅟ‫ک‬ѳዛǴ٠ӧᖄӝ୯‫ڗ‬ள੝ਸᒌ၌ӦՏǴ၀ಔᙃёࢴ঩ୖуᖄӝ୯཮ ᝼ǵගрࡌ‫ق‬ǴᡉҢ୯ሞ‫཮ޗ‬፟ϒ၀ಔᙃ‫ޑ‬੝ਸӦՏǶ 7. த଼Ǵ ȠΓ៾‫ޑ‬౛གྷǵ‫ݾ‬ፕᆶ౜ჴȡ(ᆵчǺࢶլр‫ޗހ‬Ǵ1997 ԃ)Ǵ। 1Ƕ 2.

(10) ມǵࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒ և΢ॊࣴ‫ز‬ङඳǴёว౜Ǵ୯ৎᆶߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬Ǵӧ௢ՉΓ៾ᢀ‫ޑۺ‬ද ШϯǴаϷ୯ሞΓ៾ࡌ‫ࡌޑڋ‬ᄬ΢ǴࣣԖፏӭଅ᝘Ƕ୯ሞΓ៾ࡌ‫ڋ‬ӧᖄӝ୯ ‫ޑ‬ЬᏤᆶ௢୏ΠǴςԖᖄӝ୯ε཮ಃΟ‫ہ‬঩཮(‫཮ޗ‬ǵΓၰЬက‫ک‬Ўϯ) (The third committee of General. Assembly of the United Nations. (Social,. Humanitarian and Cultural Committee)) ǵᖄӝ୯Γ៾౛٣཮(United Nations Human Rights Council)ǵаᖄӝ୯Ꮶക(Charter of the United Nations)‫ک‬చऊ ࣁ୷ᘵ‫ޑ‬Γ៾ᐒᄬᆶ୯ሞ‫ݤ‬ଣ(International Court of Justice, ICJ)‫ݤک‬৥8฻Γ. 政治大. ៾ᐒᄬǴ٠࿶җΓ៾т‫ނ‬ᆶ࣬ᜢΓ៾ൔ֋‫ޑ‬วՉǴ೴‫ࡌ؁‬ᄬᘉ৖Γ៾ࡌ‫ڋ‬Ƕ. 立. ฅԶǴᕵ٬Γ៾ςࣁШࣚ΢ε೽ϩ୯ৎ‫ࣁں‬දШሽॶǴΓ៾ว৖ϝฅම. ‧ 國. 學. ࢂ೚ӭ୯ৎ‫ޑ‬ᐕў໾ภǶ౜ϞϝԖ΋٤୯ৎǴค‫ݤ‬࿶җ‫ځ‬Ծ‫܈۬ࡹي‬୯ሞೕ. ‧. ጄǴ٬Γ҇ᕇள୷ҁ‫ޑ‬Γ៾ߥምǶਥᏵ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ಍ीǴӧࡹ‫୏ݯ‬ᕏǵ࿶. y. Nat. ᔮ࣬ჹၨࣁόᛙ‫܎ޑۓ‬΍ऍࢪǴࢂҞ߻Шࣚ΢ॐ্Γ៾ਢҹനӭ‫୔ޑ‬ୱǶ9ӣ. er. io. sit. ៝܎΍ऍࢪ‫҇ޑ‬Ьϯ຾ำǴёว౜Ǵ၀୔ୱε೽ϩ‫ޑ‬୯ৎǴႫ‫ैڙ‬Γ஑ࡹΠ ‫ޑ‬Γ៾ॐ্ǶЪ܎΍ऍࢪ‫ݯࡹޑ‬੝Յϐ΋ࢂǴࡹ៾‫׳‬ॏ‫ז‬ೲǴᡉҢ၀୔ୱࡹ. al. n. v i n ‫ݯ‬ᕉნཱུόᛙ‫ۓ‬ǴँᡉပჴΓ៾ሽॶϐ֚ᜤࡋǶᗨฅ܎΍ऍࢪҭӸӧྍԾऍ Ch engchi U. ࢪ୯ৎಔᙃ(Organization of American States, OAS)‫୔ޑ‬ୱΓ៾ߥៈᐒ‫ڋ‬Ǵ10ջ ߡӵԜǴϝԖ೚ӭ܎΍ऍࢪ୯ৎǴதᎁд୯‫ߚ܈‬୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬௓ນ‫ځ‬ჹΓ៾‫ޑ‬ ߟ্Ǵ຾Զ٬฽‫ޣ‬టుΕΑှǴӧ୯ৎค‫ݤ‬ቬՉΓ៾ߥៈ‫ޑ‬ᙍೢǴ‫۬ࡹ܈‬ҁ ‫ي‬ջࢂΓ៾‫ޑ‬ၴϸ‫ޣ‬ਔǴჹߦ຾Γ៾ว৖‫ڀ‬ቹៜΚ‫ޑ‬୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴӵՖ ߦ٬၀୯‫ׯ‬๓ό‫ޑؼ‬Γ៾૶ᒵǶ Զӧ౲ӭ܎΍ऍࢪ୯ৎύǴΞаߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճ‫ٿ‬୯‫ޑ‬Γ៾ߟ্ୢᚒǴന 8. Ҟ߻ᖄӝ୯‫܌‬ԋҥϐᖏਔ‫ݤ‬৥хࡴǺ߻ࠄථ܎ϻୢᚒ୯ሞӉ٣‫ݤ‬৥ǵᐽӼၲୢᚒ୯ሞӉ٣‫ݤ‬ ৥ǵྰηξӅ‫ک‬୯ୢᚒ੝ձ‫ݤ‬৥ǵࢍ঵ჵ‫ݤ‬ଣ੝ձ‫ݤ‬৥ᆶᎿЃცୢᚒ੝ձ‫ݤ‬৥Ƕ 9 Ȩ਍ፁΓ៾਍ፁ‫ޣ‬ȩ Ǵɦhttp://www.amnesty.tw/?p=52ɧ (accessed November 22, 2012)Ƕ 10 ‫ك‬౰໒ǴȠ୯ሞΓ៾‫ݤ‬Ǻऍࢪ୔ୱ‫ޑ‬౛ፕᆶჴ፬ȡ(ᔮࠄǺξܿΓ҇р‫ޗހ‬Ǵ2007 ԃ)Ǵ। 11Ƕ 3.

(11) Ї฽‫ݙޣ‬ཀǶߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճࣣමࣁै٣ᐱຊࡹ៾಍‫ݯ‬ӭԃǴҭ෠ၸ΋ࢤ୏ᕏ ‫҇ޑ‬Ьว৖຾ำǶ੝ձࢂ 1976 ԃ‫ ډ‬1983 ԃ໔Ǵߓਥ‫׊‬നࡕ‫ैޑ‬٣ᐱຊࡹ៾ ಍‫ݯ‬යǴӅीຬၸΟ࿤ΓѨᙫǴ΋ࡋЇว୯ϣѦᗈፕᏳҵǶඵճ߾ӧ 1973 ԃԿ 1990 ԃӧҜᒍࠨஒै(Agusto Pinochet Urgante)‫ޑ‬ЬࡹΠǴߏයаූሉ Ћࢤ᏾๘౦ρǴ٠ࡼՉ୯ৎ৮‫ࡹ܀‬฼Ǵ୺ՉፏӭၴϸΓ៾‫ࡹޑ‬฼Ƕ ӧ‫ٿ‬୯ैࡹ۬ଯᓸ಍‫ݯ‬ΠǴନΑߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճნϣςԖ೚ӭΓ៾იᡏ຾ Չ‫ݾל‬Ǵፏӭ୯ሞಔᙃаϷ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴΨӅӕуΕះೢᐱຊࡹ៾٠ᖂ ජ‫ޣ্ڙ‬ϐՉӈǶ‫ځ‬ύǴख़ा‫ޑ‬୯ሞΓ៾ߚࡹ۬ಔᙃϐ΋ɡȨ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃȩ. 政治大 ΋‫س‬ӈ‫ޑ‬ፓࢗൔ֋ǵ‫ޣ্ڙ‬᛾ຒǴаϷѨᙫ‫ޣ‬ӜൂǴҾკᚼ៛ैࡹ۬ൾՉǶ 立 ߾ӧԜ໘ࢤ‫ת‬ᄽ࣬྽ख़ा‫ྎޑ‬೯ᐏኺǴѬӧߓਥ‫ک׊‬ඵճै٣ࡹᡂࡕǴϦթ. ӕਔǴՍೱ‫ٿ‬୯୯ϣΓ៾იᡏǴᆶ‫ځ‬д࣬ᜢ୯ৎϷߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬Ǵಔԋၠ. ‧ 國. 學. 11. ୯Γ៾ঀ᝼ᆛ๎Ǵᖄӝቹៜߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճ྽ֽ‫ׯ‬๓ό‫ؼ‬Γ៾इᒵǶ. ‧. җ΢ॊે๎ёளǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӧΓ៾௢ቶ຾ำǴԖፏӭଅ᝘Ƕӧ౲. y. Nat. sit. ӭΓ៾୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃύǴ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ‫ܭ‬Γ៾௢ቶϐոΚǴϷ‫ߏځ‬යჹӚ. n. al. er. io. ୯Γ៾ว৖‫ޑ‬ଓᙫᆶᜢ‫ݙ‬Ǵ੝ձࢂ၀ಔᙃ‫ߓܭ‬ਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճᐱຊࡹ៾ਔයϐΓ. i n U. v. ៾ၴϸǴԖ࣬྽ଯำࡋϐੋΕǴ٬୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ‫ߓܭ‬ਥ‫ک׊‬ඵճϐΓ៾բࣁ. Ch. engchi. ёᒏཱུ‫ڀ‬ж߄‫܄‬ǴՠύЎЎ᝘ჹ‫ܭ‬၀᝼ᚒϐࣴ‫ز‬๱ᏀࣗϿǴᄬԋ฽‫ޣ‬టుΕ ࣴ‫ز‬၀ਢ‫ٯ‬ϐ୏ᐒϐ΋Ƕ ೸ၸᒧ‫ۓ‬୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃᆶߓਥ‫׊‬ϷඵճǴࣁ௖‫ز‬୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶΓ៾ ௢ቶϐਢ‫ٯ‬Ǵ฽‫ޣ‬ஒёᆫข੝‫ۓ‬Ҟ኱Ǵ௖૸୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶΓ៾௢ቶϐᖄ ่ǴΑှ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃӵՖቹៜ΋୯ϐΓ៾ࡹ฼ᆶว৖ǶฅԶǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ ಔᙃӧΓ៾௢ቶ຾ำύǴΨय़ᖏፏӭᜤᚒᆶࡷᏯǴߦԋ฽‫ޣ‬టᙖҗ୯ሞ੝೨ ಔᙃੋΕߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճϐΓ៾ߟ্ୢᚒࣁ‫ٯ‬Ǵࣴ‫ٿ݋‬୯ैࡹ۬಍‫ݯ‬ය໔ϐΓ. 11. ȨAI ‫ޑ‬ᄽ຾ᆶว৖ȩ Ǵɦhttp://www.aitaiwan.org.tw/index.php?page_id=43ɧ (accessed November 22, 2012)Ƕ 4.

(12) ៾ཷ‫ݩ‬ǴΑှ‫ٿ‬୯Γ៾ୢᚒϐ౦ӕǴԶ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃӵՖаѦٰ‫ޣ‬ϐ‫ف‬ՅǴ ቹៜߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճ྽ֽ‫ޑ‬،฼Ƕ. 㡌ǵࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ ᆕ΢ॊࣴ‫ز‬ङඳᆶ୏ᐒǴҁፕЎϐࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ёᘜ่ΠӈΟᗺǺ ΋ǵࣴ‫݋‬୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ௢ቶΓ៾ϐ‫ف‬Յ २ӃǴ฽‫ޣ‬టឍॊ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӧ୯ሞᜢ߯ύख़ा‫ޑ܄‬ගϲǴΑ. 政治大 ‫ޑ‬฼ౣᆶπ‫ڀ‬ǴаϷᆶ໺಍Ь៾୯ৎӧфૈ΢‫ޑ‬ϕံ‫܄‬Ƕ੝ձࢂӧ௢ቶ 立. ှ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶ୯ৎ‫ځ܈‬Ѭߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬ϕ୏ᆶӝբኳԄǵ‫ځ‬ᔈҔ. ‧ 國. 學. ςԋࣁȨΓᜪӼӄȩύख़ा΋ᕉ‫ޑ‬Γ៾᝼ᚒǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃբࣁ୯ሞ ൑ୱύΓ៾௢ቶ‫ޑ‬ख़ाՉࣁ‫ޣ‬ϐ΋Ǵ‫תځ‬ᄽ‫فޑ‬ՅࣁՖǴԶ୯ሞ‫཮ޗ‬Ξ. er. io. sit. Nat. Βǵ௖૸୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃϐࢎᄬᆶΓ៾௢ቶ฼ౣ. y. ‧. ፟ϒ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃϐ‫ۓ‬ՏࣁՖǶ. ࣁుΕࣴ‫ز‬୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ௢ቶΓ៾ϐ‫ف‬ՅǴҁፕЎаȨ୯ሞ੝೨. al. n. v i n ಔᙃȩࣁࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝǴᆫข୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ‫ޑ‬ጔଆᆶว৖ǵ੝ՅᆶࢎᄬǴ٠ Ch engchi U. ᘜય୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ‫ޑ‬Γ៾௢ቶ฼ౣǴ૸ፕ၀ಔᙃӧදШΓ៾௢ቶύख़ा ‫܄‬ᆶᐱ੝‫܄‬Ƕ Οǵှ‫݋‬୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃӧߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճैࡹ۬஑ࡹਔයϐΓ៾բࣁ ೸ၸ΢΋ࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ‫ޑ‬Ў᝘ᔠ᎙ǴаϷჹ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃΓ៾௢ቶ฼ౣ ϐ ᘜ ય Ǵ ҁ ፕ Ў ϐ ന ಖ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ୢ ᚒ ࣁ Ǵ а ߓ ਥ ‫( ׊‬1976-1983) ᆶ ඵ ճ (1973-1990)ࣁࣴ‫ز‬୯ৎঁਢǴᕉຎ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃੋΕ‫ٿ‬୯Γ៾௢ቶϐ‫ڀ‬ ᡏբࣁǶ฽‫ޣ‬ஒ၂კᇆ໣ߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճैࡹ۬ᐱຊ಍‫ݯ‬ਔයǴ୯ሞ੝೨ ಔᙃϐ࣬ᜢൔ֋ᆶཥᆪǴख़ཥᔠຎ၀ಔᙃ‫ޑ‬Ьा฼ౣǴ‫ځ‬ύ‫ޑ‬ᓬ༈ǵલ 5.

(13) ഐᆶԋфᜢᗖǴΞ၀ಔᙃӵՖ่ӝ‫ځ‬д୯ৎᆶߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬ǴᖂජΓ៾ ‫ޣ্ڙ‬Ǵа೬ჴΚ(soft power)ቹៜ‫ٿ‬୯ैࡹ۬‫ޑ‬Γ៾ࡹ฼Ƕ. ಃΒ࿯. Ў᝘ӣ៝. ӄౚϯਔжΠǴନ໺಍‫ޑ‬Ь៾୯ৎǴ೚ӭ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃΨԋࣁ୯ሞᜢ߯Ь ाୖᆶБǴѬॺӧ೚ӭ୯ሞ‫܄‬᝼ᚒǴፏӵΓ៾ᆶᕉნߥៈ௢ቶǴ‫ת‬ᄽྎ೯ǵ‫ڐ‬ፓ ᆶᅱ࿎‫ف‬ՅǶԖ᠘୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӧ୯ሞ൑ୱύǴВ੻ගϲϐख़ा‫܄‬ǴᏢࣚଞჹ ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃୖᆶ୯ሞ٣୍ϐፕॊࣴ‫ز‬ሥᙦǴςԖόϿ஑ਜ๱բǶҁፕЎஒЎ. 政治大. ᝘ӣ៝ჄϩΠӈ‫ٿ‬य़ӛǴջȨ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶΓ៾௢ቶȩᆶȨ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ. 立. ӧߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճ‫ޑ‬Γ៾௢ቶȩǴᕉ៝Ꮲࣚӧ၀ሦୱϐࣴ‫ز‬ԋ݀Ǵᘜયख़ाᏢ‫ޣ‬ᢀ. ‧ 國. 學. ᗺǴаঈඓඝ྽߻ϐࣴ‫ݩཷز‬ᆶ୏ӛǴ‫׎‬༟ҁፕЎࣴ‫ز‬ขᗺᆶે๎Ƕ. Nat. y. ‧. ൘ǵ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶΓ៾௢ቶ. er. io. sit. ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃբࣁ౜Ϟ୯ሞ‫཮ޗ‬ख़ाՉࣁ‫ޣ‬ϐ΋Ǵ‫ځ‬ӧ୯ሞ൑ୱ‫ࢲޑ‬ ୏ᆶբࣁǴҭԋࣁᏢࣚࣴ‫ز‬ขᗺǶӢԜǴӧȨ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶΓ៾௢ቶȩ. al. n. v i n ‫ޑ‬Ў᝘ᔠ᎙ǴஒჄϩ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӧΓ៾᝼ᚒ‫ف‬Յ‫ޑ‬மϯǵ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔ Ch engchi U. ᙃ௢ቶΓ៾ϐ฼ౣኳԄǴᆶ‫ڀ‬ᡏ୯ৎঁਢǴϩձᔠຎ྽߻Ꮲࣚӧ΢ॊΟঁय़ ӛϐࣴ‫ز‬ԋ݀Ƕ ΋ǵ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӧΓ៾᝼ᚒ‫ف‬Յ‫ޑ‬மϯ բࣁ୯ሞᡏ‫س‬ཥஙଆ‫ޑ‬Չࣁ‫ޣ‬Ǵ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ‫ޑ‬фૈᆶ‫ف‬Յς೴ ᅌуமǴ‫ځ‬ᆶЬ៾୯ৎӧ೚ӭ୯ሞ᝼ᚒǴЀȨΓ៾٣୍ȩՏ໘‫ޑ‬ᝡӝǴ ЇวᏢࣚ૸ፕǴȨЬ៾୯ৎࢂցӢԜ഼Ѩ‫ځ‬ӧ೚ӭख़ाѦҬ،฼΢ϐ๊ ჹЬᏤ៾ȩΨࣁ‫៏ݾ‬ขᗺǶ. 6.

(14) David P. Forsythe ගϷǴЬ៾୯ৎӧ໺಍Ջҵճ٥ᡏ‫ࣁس‬୯ሞᜢ߯ ‫ޑ‬ЬाՉࣁ‫ޣ‬Ǵՠᐕ࿶‫ٿ‬ԛШࣚεᏯᆶհᏯ‫ࢱޑ‬ᘶǴፏӭߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬ ໩༈ஙଆǴ੝ձӧΓ៾௢ቶǴЬ៾୯ৎዴჴςᆶख़ा୯ሞΓ៾ߚࡹ۬ಔ ᙃȨӅ٦ȩ(share)،฼៾Ƕ12 ᡉҢӧΓ៾‫ߦޑ‬຾ᆶ௢ቶǴЬ៾୯ৎςߚ ୤΋ख़ा‫ޑ‬Չࣁ‫ޣ‬Ƕ13 Matthew J. Morgan ΨӕཀǴᗨฅЬ៾୯ৎӧၸ ѐ൳ঁШइǴՏۚ୯ሞᜢ߯ЬᏤӦՏǴՠӧ੝‫ۓ‬௃༈Ǵ୯ৎςค‫ݤ‬ዴߥ ୷ҁΓ៾ਔǴ୯ሞࡹ۬‫۬ࡹߚ܈‬ಔᙃ‫ޑ‬ϟΕǵ୯ሞϦऊ‫ޑ‬ऊ‫״‬ᆶ‫ځ‬д୯ ৎ‫ޑ‬ΓၰυႣǴёૈߦ٬Ь៾୯ৎִ‫ڐ‬ᆶᡣ‫؁‬Ƕ14. 政治大 ࢂ୯ሞ‫཮ޗ‬ჹΓ៾ሽॶ‫ޑ‬ख़ຎς೴ᅌӝ౛ϯѦΚϟΕ΋୯Γ៾٣୍Ƕ 立. Stephen D. Krasner ߾ᇡࣁࡷᏯ୯ৎЬ៾ࣁ୯ሞ٣୍ύϐதᄊǴЀ‫ځ‬ 15. ‧ 國. 學. George J. Andreopoulos, Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat ᆶ Peter Juviler ᢀჸǴᆶ ӄౚϯ࣬ᜢϐว৖ǵ୯ৎϣ೽ፂँϐᘉණǵ୯ሞߎᑼᐒ‫៾ڋ‬Κ‫ޑ‬மϯϷ. ‧. Γ៾ೕጄ‫ޑ‬ుϯᆶቶϯǴᡉҢЬ៾୯ৎӧ୯ሞᜢ߯ύϐЬᏤ‫ف‬ՅԖԄ༾. sit. y. Nat. ϐᖿ༈Ƕ16 ջߡЬ៾୯ৎӧ୯ሞ٣୍ύϝԖᜢᗖբҔǴࣽ‫מ‬ᆶЎϯ‫ޑ‬. al. er. io. ౽ᙯ(shift)Ǵ٬ሦβᜐࣚᆶ୯ৎࣚጕ‫ޑ‬ख़ा‫܄‬फ़եǴЬ៾୯ৎ೯தςค. v. n. ‫ݤ‬ᐱ๓‫يځ‬Ƕ17 ՠ Kabasakal Arat ᇡࣁǴᗨฅ୯ሞΓ៾Ϧऊ‫܍‬ᇡߚ୯ৎ. Ch. engchi. i n U. Չࣁ‫ޣ‬ϐೢҺᆶ‫ف‬ՅǴϝӸӧ໻‫܍‬ᇡ୯ৎࣁጌऊБ‫ޑ‬ೕऊǴЪӢ୯ৎЬ ៾‫ޑ‬ज़‫ڋ‬Ǵ೭٤ᐒ‫ڋ‬೯தલЮம‫ڋ‬ΚǶArat ߄ҢǴऩ୯ሞ‫ૈ཮ޗ‬፟ϒߚ ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬΋ঁ፾྽ୖᆶӦՏǴ߾ёуமᆶᎡ‫ڰ‬Γ៾ࡌ‫ڋ‬ϐԖਏ‫܄‬Ƕ18. 12. David P. Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations (New York: Cambrige University Press, 2000), 23 13 Daniel A. Bell and Jean-Marc Coicaud, Ethics in Action: The Ethical Challenges of International Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations (New York: Cambrige Unversity Press, 2007), 79. 14 Matthew J. Morgan, “The Devolution of Political Being: From State Sovereignty to Individual Rights,” The Review of International Affairs 3 (Autumn 2003): 29–40. 15 Stephen D. Krasner, “Sovereignty,” in Richard W. Manbach and Edward Rhodes eds., Global Politics in a Changing World (Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002), 13–20. 16 George J. Andreopoulos, Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat and Peter Juviler, Non-State Actors in the Human Rights Universe (Bloomfield: Kumarian Press, 2006), xvi. 17 Matthew J. Morgan, “The Devolution of Political Being: From State Sovereignty to Individual Rights,” The Review of International Affairs 3 (Autumn 2003): 30. 18 George J. Andreopoulos, Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat and Peter Juviler, Non-State Actors in the Human 7.

(15) Βǵ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ௢ቶΓ៾ϐ฼ౣኳԄ ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶ௢ቶΓ៾ϐ฼ౣࣴ‫ز‬ύǴന‫ڀ‬ж߄‫܄‬Ꮲ‫ࣁޣ‬ Margaret E. Keck ᆶ Kathryn SikkinkǶдॺᇡࣁǴߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬۶Ԝ໔Ǵ аϷᆶ୯ৎǵ‫ځ‬д୯ሞಔᙃ‫۬ࡹߚ܈‬ಔᙃϕ୏Ǵ‫׎‬ԋ΋ೱ่୯ϣѦΚໆ ϐၠ୯ঀ᝼ᆛ๎ (transnational advocacy networks, TAN) ǶȨᆛ๎ ȩ (network)ࢂԾᜫǵϕճǵᐉӛ‫ޑ‬Ҭ۳‫ک‬ҬࢬኳԄࣁ੝ᗺ‫ޑ‬ಔᙃ‫׎‬ԄǹԶ Ȩঀ᝼ȩ(advocacy)ࢂࡰୖᆶ‫ޣ‬ຬຫΓॺჹճ੻‫ޑ‬໺಍౛ှǴࣁගঀࢌ ᅿ٣཰ǵၰቺᢀ‫کۺ‬ೕጄԶߦ຾ࡹ‫ݯ‬ᡂॠ‫୏ࢲޑ‬ǶԶȨΓ៾ᆛ๎ȩ(human. 政治大. rights networks)໣่୯ৎᆶߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬ᆶঁΓ‫ঀޑ‬᝼่ᄬǴჹҞ኱୯. 立. ຾ՉࡼᓸǴҞ኱୯ёૈӢ୯ሞះೢǵόӀற૶ᒵ‫ޑ‬೏‫ܖ‬៛ᆶம୯ࡼу‫ڋ‬. ‧ 國. 學. ຊࡹ฼฻Ѧӧᕉნ‫ׯ‬ᡂϐቹៜǴനಖόளό‫ׯ‬๓‫ځ‬Γ៾इᒵǶࢂа Keck ᆶ Sikkink ᘜ่ǴҞ኱୯‫ૄޑ‬১‫܄‬Ǵջ‫ࡹځ‬฼ᆶբࣁܰ‫ڙ‬Ѧӧᕉნ‫ׯ‬ᡂ. ‧. ቹៜϐ੝፦ǴࣁΓ៾ၠ୯ঀ᝼ࢲ୏ளаԋфϐᜢᗖӢનǶ19. y. Nat. er. io. sit. Forsythe ΨࡰрǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ೸ၸΓ៾౛‫ঀۺ‬᝼Ǵ၂კаȨࢋ ‫܄‬Κໆȩ௢ቶΓ៾ሽॶǶѬॺ೯தᏱԖᛙ‫ۓ‬ႣᆉٰྍǵѦࣚᖄᛠᆅၰǵ. al. n. v i n ஑ৎიᆶӜᖂǴቶ‫ݱ‬ᆶྗዴ‫ޑ‬ᇆ໣ၗ਑Ǵ٠ᆶ‫ځ‬дߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᖄӝǴࡌ Ch engchi U. ҥȨ‫ޕ‬᛽‫ޗ‬ဂȩ(epistemic community)20Ǵวթൔ֋ǴаЇଆӄౚ൞ᡏ‫ک‬ ख़ा୯ৎᜢ‫ݙ‬ǴᙖԜၲԋΓ៾ນ‫؃‬ᆶቹៜ΋୯Γ៾ࡹ฼‫ޑ‬Ҟ኱Ƕ 21 Volker Heins ߾ᇡࣁǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃૈԋфቹៜΓ៾ࡹ฼ǴԖᒘ‫ঁٿ‬ ฼ౣǺၗૻ‫( ୏ࢬޑ‬mobilizing information) ᆶറ‫ڗ‬Ϧ౲ӕ௃ (enlisting public passions)Ƕ೚ӭ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃа᛾ᏵࣁᏤӛ(evidence-driven)Ǵ Rights Universe (Bloomfield: Kumarian Press, 2006). 19 Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activist Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (New York: Cornell University Press, 1998). 20 Ȩ‫ޕ‬᛽‫ޗ‬ဂȩ(epistemic community)ǴࡰҗࣽᏢৎ‫ࡘ܈‬གྷৎ(thinkers)ಔԋ‫ޑ‬ᆛ๎Ǵдॺፓࢗᆶ ϩ‫݋‬Ȩ੿࣬ȩ(truth)Ǵᘜ่ࣽᏢ᛾ᏵǴаԜࣁᝢዸჹ୯ৎ‫ߚ܈‬୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬຾ՉၯᇥǶ 21 David P. Forsythe, “Non-governmental Organizations and Human Rights,” in Human Rights in International Relations (New York: Cambrige University Press, 2000), 163-178. 8.

(16) ᙖԜගϲε౲ჹ٣ჴ‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬Ǵ٠ග‫ٮ‬୯ሞಔᙃǴӵᖄӝ୯،฼‫ޑ‬ၗૻ୷ ᘵǶӧറ‫ڗ‬Ϧ౲ӕ௃‫ޑ‬฼ౣࡼՉǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃၮҔ൞ᡏၗૻ‫ޑ‬໺ ኞǴၲ‫֎ډ‬Їε౲ǴЇวϦ౲ᜢϪϐਏǶ22 Οǵ‫ڀ‬ᡏ୯ৎঁਢ Ԗᜢ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ௢ቶΓ៾‫ঁزࣴޑ‬ਢύǴ‫ځ‬Ў᝘όയ‫ݍ‬ᖐǴ૟ ൩‫ځ‬ᅡᅡε‫ޣ‬ǴӈᖐӵΠǺ Jonathan Power ௖૸୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃቹៜҐӦଭ܎ǵᙓᅟґӭǵѭу. 政治大 ᡉ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃჹ‫ܭ‬୯ৎΓ៾ࡹ฼‫ޑۓڋ‬ቹៜԿుЪ႐ǹ 立. ܎ҐǵՋቺǵύ୯ǵЃՋǵ‫ۘڶ‬ѭ٥ᆶ᝵ᖄΓ៾ࡹ฼ϐᐕำᆶ฼ౣǴँ 23. Margaret E.. ‧ 國. 學. Keck ᆶ Kathryn Sikkink а ܎ ΍ ऍ ࢪ Γ ៾ ঀ ᝼ ᆛ ๎ (human rights advocacy networks in Latin America)ࣁ୷ᘵǴ௖‫ز‬୯ሞᆶ୯ϣߚࡹ۬ಔ. ‧. ᙃǵࡹ۬໔ಔᙃ฻Չࣁ‫ޣ‬Ǵӧߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶᏀՋঢϐӝբǴᡉҢ୯ሞᆶ୯ϣ. sit. y. Nat. ߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǵࡹ۬໔ಔᙃǴӅӕ‫ޑ‬ӝբǴࢂӄౚϯਔж‫ޑ‬Ӆӕᖿ༈ǹ24. al. er. io. Mayra Gómez КၨђЃǵᙓᅟґӭᆶѭу܎ҐΓ៾ว৖ϐ౦ӕǴ٠ឍॊ. v. n. Γ៾௢ቶՉࣁ‫ޑޣ‬ӭኬ‫܄‬ǹ25 Jon Bennett аΓၰ௱ජߓ൤ԠǵՊ઩К. Ch. engchi. i n U. ٥ǵವΟКլǵޭ٥ǵᎿЃცǵᙓᅟґӭǵҐӦଭ܎ᆶࢍ঵ჵǴ೸ຎߚ ࡹ۬ಔᙃϐ‫ف‬ՅᆶфૈǴ‫׳‬ᄆᡉΓၰ௱ජύǴߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ‫ת܌‬ᄽ‫ޑ‬ख़ा ‫ف‬Յό‫ق‬ёേǹ26 Rosemary Foot ፕॊߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǵ੝‫۬ࡹۓ‬ᆶᖄӝ୯ Γ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬ჹύ୯Γ៾ࡹ฼‫ۓڋ‬ϐቹៜǴӕཀߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ௢ቶΓ៾‫ת‬ᄽᜢ ᗖ‫ف‬ՅǴᇥܴߚࡹ۬ಔᙃჹ‫ܭ‬Ӛ୯Γ៾ࡹ฼‫ۓڋޑ‬Ǵ‫ڀ‬Ԗᜢᗖ‫ޑ܄‬ቹៜ 22. Volker Heins, Nongovernmental Organization in International Society: Struggle over Recognition (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 142-146. 23 Jonathan Power, Amnesty International: The Human Rights Story (St. Louis: Mc-Graw Hill, 1981). 24 Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activist Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998). 25 Mayra Gómez, Human Right in Cuba, El Salvador and Nicaragua: A Sociological Perspective on Human Rights Abuse (New York: Routledge, 2003). 26 Jon Bennett, Meeting Needs: NGO Coordination in Practice (London: Earthscan Publications, 1995). 9.

(17) ΚǶ27 ᆕ΢ॊ୯ৎࣴ‫ز‬Ў᝘Ǵ‫׳‬ᇥܴǴȨ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃȩࢂӚӦ୔Γ៾ ௢ቶख़ा‫ޑ‬ჿࡕ௢ЋǶԶፏӭᏢ‫ޣ‬а܎΍ऍࢪ୯ৎǴբࣁࣴ‫ঁز‬ਢΨᡉ ҢǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃߦ຾܎΍ऍࢪΓ៾ว৖‫ޑ‬ख़ा‫܄‬ǶӢԜЇวҁፕЎ аߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճࣁࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝǴ٠೸җ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃӧ‫ٿ‬୯ϐΓ៾௢ቶ‫ޑ‬ ࣴ‫ز‬ᑫ፪Ƕ. ມǵ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӧߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճϐΓ៾௢ቶ. 政治大. ߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճբࣁΓ៾ၴϸ୯Ǵ٬‫ځ‬୯ϣΓ҇ନԾಔიᡏᆶࡹ۬‫ל‬ᑽ. 立. ѦǴҭ໪һᒘѦ೽Κໆ‫ޑ‬ජշǴϟΕࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ၴϸΓ៾‫ޑ‬،฼ǶӢԜǴΠӈࢤ. ‧ 國. 學. ပஒϩձа୯ৎࣁϩഁǴᔠຎᏢࣚჹ΢ॊय़ӛ‫ޑ‬௖૸Ƕ. ‧. ΋ǵߓਥ‫׊‬. y. Nat. sit. २ӃǴ ߓਥ‫ ׊‬ნϣ Γ ៾იᡏ ჹΓ៾ ว৖ Ԗ ుᇻቹ ៜ Ǵ Ꮲ ‫ޣ‬ӵ. n. al. er. io. Michelle D. Bonnerǵᆶ Claudio A. FuentesǴ೿ஒȨϖДቶ൑‫҆ޑ‬ᒃȩ(the. i n U. v. Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo)ᆶȨϖДቶ൑‫ޑ‬઒҆ȩ(the Grandmothers of. Ch. engchi. the Plaza de Mayo)ຎࣁߓਥ‫׊‬ნϣख़ाΓ៾ಔᙃǶ28 ‫ځ‬ύǴBonner ੝а ၀‫ঁٿ‬ಔᙃȨ໺಍ζ‫܄‬ȩϐ‫׎‬ຝ(traditional gender roles) 29Ǵ௖‫ز‬ζ‫܄‬а ‫্ڙ‬ৎឦϐ‫ي‬ϩǴ‫ל‬᝼ैࡹ۬ࡹ฼Ǵࣁ஁ζࡹ‫ୖݯ‬ᆶ‫ޑ‬٫‫ٯ‬Ƕ೭‫ঁٿ‬ಔ ᙃΨᆶ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃӝբǴ่ӝ୯ϣѦΚໆǴठΚ‫ܭ‬ቹៜߓਥ‫׊‬྽ֽΓ ៾ࡹ฼Ƕ. 27. Rosemary Foot, Rights beyond Borders: The Global Community and the Struggle over Human Rights in China (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). 28 Claudio A. Fuentes, Contesting the Iron Fist: Advocacy Networks and Police Violence in Democratic Argentina and Chile (New York: Routledge, 2005), 108. 29 Michelle D. Bonner, Sustaining Human Rights: Women and Argentine Human Rights Organizations (University Park: Penn State University Press, 2007), 3. 10.

(18) ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ௢ቶߓਥ‫׊‬Γ៾‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢࣴ‫ز‬ύǴAlison Brysk ޭ‫ۓ‬ ߓਥ‫׊‬ნϣΓ៾ಔᙃӧཱུ៾಍‫ݯ‬Πߦ຾Γ៾ϐଅ᝘Ǵฅ Brysk ߄ҢǴ୯ ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴӵ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃᆶऍࢪᢀჸಔᙃ(Americas Watch)ϐբ ࣁǶ೭٤୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ่ӝߓਥ‫׊‬ნϣѦΓ៾იᡏǴᆶம៾୯ৎǴࡌ ᄬߓਥ‫׊‬Γ៾ᆛ๎Ǵӛߓਥ‫׊‬྽ֽࡼᓸǴॐ٬‫ځ‬ӣᔈዂమΓ៾ό‫ؼ‬इ ᒵǶ30 Margaret E. Keck ᆶ Kathryn Sikkink ჹߓਥ‫׊‬Γ៾ঀ᝼ᆛ๎‫زࣴޑ‬ ύǴගϷ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃϐଅ᝘Ǵ၀ಔᙃар‫࣬ހ‬ᜢт‫ނ‬ᆶ൞ᡏ࠹໺ࣁπ. 政治大 ϐΓ៾ಔᙃ‫ޑ‬ӝբǴம୯༈ΚǴ੝ձࢂऍ୯аජշࡹ฼ӛߓਥ‫ࡼ׊‬ᓸǴ 立 ‫ڀ‬ǴϦѲ٣ჴǴቹៜߓਥ‫۬ࡹ׊‬،฼Ƕՠբ‫ޣ‬Ψ‫܍‬ᇡǴନߓਥ‫׊‬ნϣѦ. ‧ 國. 學. Ψࢂॐ٬ߓਥ‫׊‬ᡣ‫ޑ؁‬ᜢᗖǶ31 ‫ځ‬ԛǴEllen L. Lutz ᆶ Kathryn Sikkink ‫زࣴޑ‬ᡉҢǴ1976 ԃ 3 Дߓਥ‫ै׊‬٣ࡹᡂࡕǴ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃᆶߓਥ‫׊‬. ‧. ࡹ‫ࢬݯ‬ΫΓγ२ࡋᚼ៛ߓਥ‫׊‬ϣ೽௃༈ǴԋфЇଆ୯ሞ‫ݙ‬ཀǶ32 ӕਔǴ. sit. y. Nat. Iain Guest Ψගр୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ‫ޑ‬฼ౣࣁਜߞᆶൔર஑тǴ‫؂‬྽ߓਥ‫׊‬. al. er. io. ϩ཮ௗᕇॐ্ঁਢǴ၀ಔᙃҥջวଆȨቪߞȩ๏ߓਥ‫࣬׊‬ᜢ೽཮ߏ‫۔‬ϐ. n. ࢲ୏Ǵ٠ӧ୯ሞཥᆪว߄з‫ځ‬ᜤ൐ϐ‫ق‬ፕǶ33. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. ΢ॊࣴ‫ز‬ᡉҢǴ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ࿶தᙖҗ൞ᡏ໺ኞǴၲԋࡼᓸ‫ޑ‬Ҟ ‫ޑ‬ǶClaudio A. Fuentes ᇡࣁǴߦ٬Γ៾ঀ᝼იᡏӧߓਥ‫׊‬ጲࠁว৖ϐ‫ٿ‬ εाનࣁǴε୯៾Κѳᑽᆶߓਥ‫׊‬ύҥ൞ᡏǴӵൔર Página 12ǵClarín ᆶ੝‫ۓ‬ႝຎѠ૶‫ޣ‬Ǵ೿ම஑ᚒൔᏤैࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ኪΚᆶᆭϯǶЀӧैࡹ៾಍ ‫ࡕݯ‬Ǵߓਥ‫׊‬ϐε౲໺൞ςว৖р΋ᐱҥፓࢗ‫ޑ‬൞ᡏЎϯ(a culture of. 30. Alison Brysk, The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina: Protest, Change, and Democratization (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1994), 170. 31 Margaret E. Keck & Kathryn Sikkink, Activist Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 103. 32 Ellen L. Lutz and Kathryn Sikkink, “International Human Rights Law and Practice in Latin America,” International Organization 54 (Summer 2000): 638. 33 Iain Guest, Behind the Disappearances (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990). 11.

(19) investigate independent journalism)Ǵߦ٬Γ៾‫ׯ‬ॠளа‫׳‬຾΋‫ޑ؁‬௢ ቶǶ34 ߓਥ‫׊‬Γ៾ঁਢࣴ‫ز‬ύǴၨᓎᕷ೏ЇҔ‫ ࣁޣ‬Jacobo Timerman35 ‫ޑ‬ Γ៾ਢ‫ٯ‬ǶPaul H. Lewis ඔॊ Timerman ೏ਂጔҗᆶऍ୯ь੝྽ֽаಖ З࿶ජǴ߄ၲჹߓਥ‫ޑ۬ࡹै׊‬όᅈǶ36 Raanan Rein ᆶ Efraim Davidi ගϷ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ‫ޑ‬ϟΕᆶ‫ځ‬д୯ৎჹߓਥ‫ޑ׊‬ᖂජះೢǶ37 Keck ᆶ Sikkink ΨЇҔ Timerman ϐਢ‫ٯ‬ǴᇥܴΓ៾ಔᙃǵऍ୯૶‫ޣ‬ᆶ U.S. Jewish Community ϐԋ঩Ǵ೸ၸၗૻ໺ኞᆶӝբǴԋфቹៜऍ୯ჹߓਥ‫ޑ׊‬Ѧ Ҭࡹ฼Ƕ38. 立. Βǵඵճ. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學. Thomas Risse ᆶ Kathryn Sikkink ஒඵճӈࣁ‫ڙ‬୯ሞΓ៾ೕጄቹៜ. ‧. ‫ޑ‬ԋфਢ‫ٯ‬Ƕ୯ሞΓ៾ೕጄ‫׎ޑ‬ԋԖᒘঀ᝼ᆛ๎(advocacy networks)‫ޑ‬. sit. y. Nat. ၮբǶҗ୯ৎᆶߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬ಔԋ‫ঀޑ‬᝼ᆛ๎Ǵஒߟ্Γ៾‫ޑ‬୯ৎӈΕ. al. er. io. ୯ሞ᝼ำǴ΋Бߡჹ྽٣୯ࡼᓸǴ΋Бय़ගᒬ‫ځ‬д୯ৎߞӺᆢៈΓ៾‫ޑ‬. v. n. ‫܍‬ᒍǹ‫ځ‬ԛǴঀ᝼ᆛ๎Ѝ࡭྽٣୯ϣ‫཮ޗޑ‬ၮ୏ǵϸࡹ۬Ң࠶ǴаϷ࣬. Ch. engchi. i n U. ᜢߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴӝ౛ϯ‫ځ‬Չ୏(legitimate)ǹჹ྽٣୯ӕਔ຾Չၠ୯‫ޑ܄‬ ࡼᓸǶ39. 34. Claudio A. Fuentes, “Argentina:Strong Advocacy Groups, Fluctuating Influence,” in Contesting the Iron Fist: Advocacy Networks and Police Violence in Democratic Argentina and Chile (New York: Routledge, 2005), 111. 35 Jacobo Timerman(1923-1999)Ǵࣁߓਥ‫ޣ૶׊‬ǵբৎᆶр‫ހ‬୘ǶමҺߓਥ‫׊‬ख़ाൔર La Opinión ᕴጓᒠǴ1977 ԃ 4 Д 15 ВǴӢӭԛ‫ץ‬ຑൔᏤߓਥ‫۬ࡹै׊‬ၴϸΓ៾ԶΕᅢǶ1981 ԃр‫ ހ‬Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number ΋ਜǴ೏ຎࣁ‫ځ‬ӧᅢύ‫ޑ‬ӣᏫᒵǶ 36 Paul H. Lewis, Guerrillas and Generals: The “Dirty War” in Argentina (Westport: Praeger, 2002), 174-177. 37 Raanan Rein and Efraim Davidi, “Exile of the World: Israeli Perceptions of Jacobo Timerman,” Jewish Social Studies 16 (Spring/Summer 2010): 9. 38 Margaret E. Keck & Kathryn Sikkink, Activist Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 106. 39 Thomas Risse and Kathryn Sikkink, “The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction,” in Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink eds., The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (Melbourne: Cambridge 12.

(20) Hugo Fruhling ϩ‫݋‬Ծ 1973 ԃඵճวғࡹᡂаٰǴඵճ୯ϣΓ៾ი ᡏ-җϺЬ௲཮Ѝ࡭‫ৣࡓޑ‬იǴᆢៈΓ៾‫ޑ‬฼ౣǴаϷ೭٤฼ౣӵՖᔈ Ҕӧόӕ‫ޑ‬Γ៾ߟ্໘ࢤǶFruhling ٠ᘜ่Ǵඵճ୯ϣΓ៾იᡏᕇள‫ޑ‬ ྽ӦၗૻǴ೯தѸ໪೸ၸ୯ሞಔᙃ࠹໺ǴЇଆ‫ځ‬д୯ৎᆶߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬ ‫ݙޑ‬ཀǴ຾Զᆶඵճ୯ϣߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӝբǴ΋ӕჹैࡹ۬ࡼᓸǴωࢂၨ Ԗਏ‫ޑ‬฼ౣǶ40 Victoria Baxter аϦ҇‫ࡋفޑ཮ޗ‬Ǵϩ‫۬ࡹߚ݋‬ಔᙃӵ Ֆߦ຾ඵճ‫ޑ‬Γ៾ว৖Ϸ՜஭҅ကǶ41 Frances Webber а୯ሞ‫ݤ‬ᢀᗺᔠຎඵճैࡹ۬‫ޑ‬Γ៾ߟ্ՉࣁǴ๱. 政治大 ৎӵՖ‫ز‬ೢैࡹ۬‫ޑ‬Γ៾ߟ্࿾ՉǴаϷ‫ځ‬ύ‫ޑ‬ፂँᆶҟ࣯Ƕ 立. ख़ϩ‫ک៾ࡹ۬ࡹै݋‬ѳᙯ౽ࡕǴඵճ୯ϣǵ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴᆶ‫ځ‬д୯ 42. ‧ 國. 學. ᏾ᡏԶ‫ق‬ǴDavid Forsythe ‫زࣴޑ‬ᡉҢǴӧ܎΍ऍࢪ‫҇ޑ‬Ьϯ຾ำ ύǴ೚ӭ୯ৎϐै٣ᆶᐱຊࡹ۬ჺ‫ـ‬όᗲǴ‫ځ‬୯ϣϐљ‫ݤ‬ᡏ‫س‬ҭ࣬ჹ১. ‧. ༈ǴࣗԿࢂ೥Ԧᆭ௳ǹΨӢԜǴऍࢪ୯ሞΓ៾ᡏ‫܌س‬๱ख़‫܈‬ೀ౛‫ޑ‬Ǵ۳. sit. y. Nat. ۳ࢂᆶሉӉ(torture)ǵѨᙫ(disappearances)ǵᆶೀ،(executions)ԖᜢϐΓ. al. er. io. ៾ߟ্ǶӕਔǴҭӢࣁ೽ϩऍࢪ୯ৎ٠ߚ҇ЬԾҗϐ୯ৎǴӢԜǴӧࡹ. v. n. ‫ݯ‬ϐυႣΠǴߏයаٰऍࢪ୯ৎϐΓ៾ᡏ‫س‬٠҂੿҅ပჴ‫ځ‬Γ៾ሽॶǴ. Ch. engchi. i n U. Զ٬ள‫ځ‬Γ៾ߥም໻໻ԋࣁჹࡹ‫ݯ‬ԾҗЬက‫ޑ‬΋ᅿ࠹໺αဦԶςǶ43. ᆕ΢Ў᝘ᔠ᎙ǴፏӭЎ᝘ࣣගϷ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴӧ௢ቶߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճ ‫ٿ‬୯‫ޑ‬Γ៾ว৖຾ำύ‫فޑ‬ՅǶߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճैࡹ۬ᝄख़‫ޑ‬Γ៾ၴϸǴᆶ‫ځ‬. University Press, 1999). 40 Hugo Fruhling, “Stages of Repression and Legal Strategy for the Defense of Human Rights in Chile:1973-1980,” Human Rights Quarterly 5 (November 1983): 533. 41 Victoria Baxter, “Civil Society Promotion of Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Chile: Villa Grimaldi,” Peace & Change 30 (January 2005): 120-136. 42 Frances Webber, “The Pinochet Case: The Struggle for the Realization of Human Rights,” Journal of Law and Society 26 (December 1999): 523-537. 43 David Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000). 13.

(21) ࡕ‫ޑ‬ᡣ‫؁‬Ǵ੻уँᡉ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃϐᜢᗖ‫ف‬ՅǶՠ೸ၸЎ᝘᏾౛Ǵ฽‫ޣ‬ว ౜Ǵ೚ӭ๱բᗨ೿ගϷ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ‫ׯ‬๓ߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճैࡹ۬Γ៾ࡹ฼ϐ բࣁǴՠᆫข੝‫ۓ‬୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴӵȨ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃȩӵՖϟΕ٠ᖂජΓ ៾‫ޣ্ڙ‬ϐ஑ਜ‫܈‬යтፕЎၨϿǶࡺҁፕЎ၂კ่ӝᏢࣚӧϩ‫݋‬୯ሞ੝೨ಔ ᙃӧߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճϐբࣁ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢࣴ‫ز‬ԋ݀Ǵံ‫ى‬၀୔༧ϐࣴ‫ز‬ό‫ى‬ᆶલᏬǴ ٠჋၂ᘜય၀ಔᙃӧ‫ٿ‬୯‫ޑ‬Γ៾௢ቶ฼ౣǴుΕࣴ‫݋‬୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ௢ቶΓ៾ ϐբࣁǶ. ಃΟ࿯ 立. 政治大 ࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ݤ‬ᆶࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎ. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. ൘ǵࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ݤ‬. sit. y. Nat. ҁፕЎᔈҔϐࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ݤ‬ёϩॊӵΠǺ. er. io. ΋ǵЎ᝘ϩ‫ݤ݋‬. al. n. v i n Ў᝘ϩ‫ࢂݤ݋‬൨‫؃‬ᐕўၗ਑ǵᔠຎᐕўइᒵ٠࠼ᢀӦϩ‫݋‬ǵຑ᠘೭ Ch engchi U. ٤ၗ਑‫زࣴޑ‬Б‫ݤ‬Ƕ྽฽‫ޣ‬ჹᐕўၗ਑຾Չᇆ໣ǵᔠᡍᆶϩ‫ࡕ݋‬Ǵߡё аவΑှǵख़ࡌၸѐ‫܌‬ᕇठ‫่ޑ‬ፕύǴှញ‫཮ޗ‬౜ຝ‫ޑ‬౜‫ݩ‬ǴࣗԿႣෳ ஒٰϐว৖Ƕ44 ೸ၸЎ᝘ϩ‫ݤ݋‬Ǵ฽‫ޣ‬၂კЇҔᐕўၗ਑Ǵаख़౜ჴ. ‫ݩ‬Ƕࡺߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃϐ‫۔‬Бᆛઠᆶ࣬ᜢ୯ሞཥᆪࣁᔈҔϐӈǶ ӕਔୖԵ୯ϣѦ࣬ᜢ஑ਜǵࣴ‫ز‬යтᆶፕЎǴа‫س‬಍‫܄‬ឍॊैࡹ۬୺ࡹ ਔයǴߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճ‫ޑ‬Γ៾ว৖ે๎Ǵ٠ుΕ௖૸୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃϐբࣁ ᆶቹៜǶ. 44. ယԿ၈ǴȠ‫ࣽ཮ޗ‬Ꮲཷፕȡ(ᆵчǺඦඵЎϯǴ2002 ԃ)Ǵ। 102Ƕ 14.

(22) Βǵᐕўϩ‫ݤ݋‬ ҺՖ่ᄬ‫܈‬٣ҹǴ೿ࢂόӕਔ‫ޜ‬Π‫ޑ‬όӕӢન่ӝࡕ೷ԋ‫่݀ޑ‬Ǵ ҭࢂӚᅿᜢ߯࣬ϕ‫ש‬ፂǵჹҥǵѳᑽϐࡕ‫ޑ‬ౢ‫ނ‬ǹ‫܌‬а୯ৎ‫܄ޑ‬፦ࢂᒿ ๱ᐕўచҹ‫ࡹ܈‬࿶‫ޑ཮ޗ‬όӕԶᙯᡂǴനಖև౜рȨӧ΋ࡽ‫ۓ‬௃ნΠ‫܌‬ Ԗ༈Κѳᑽ‫ޑ‬ύϟ่݀ȩ Ƕ45 Ԗ٤ࡹ۬྽Π‫ޑ‬฼ౣᒧ᏷཮‫ڙ‬ၸѐᒪ੮Π ٰ‫่ޑ‬ᄬǵ‫׎‬Ԅ‫܌‬ቹៜǶӢԜӧ຾ՉЎ᝘ϩ‫ޑ݋‬ӕਔǴ฽‫ޣ‬ஒᔈҔᐕў ่ᄬϩ‫ݤ݋‬ǴΑှߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճ‫ޑ‬ᐕўॉၞᆶ‫่཮ޗ‬ᄬӵՖቹៜ‫ځ‬Γ៾ ࡹ฼Ǵаֹ᏾և౜ैࡹ۬୺ࡹਔයǴඵճᆶߓਥ‫ޑ׊‬Γ៾ߟ্ୢᚒǶ. 立. Οǵঁਢࣴ‫ݤز‬. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學. ҁፕЎటаߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճࣁ୯ৎਢ‫ٯ‬Ǵ௖૸୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ௢ቶΓ៾ ϐբࣁǶࡺ฽‫ޣ‬ᔈҔঁਢࣴ‫ݤز‬Ǵ჋၂࿶җ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃϐ‫۔‬БЎዺǵ. ‧. т‫ނ‬ǵൔ֋ᆶຑፕ฻Ǵᇆ໣୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃӧ‫ٿ‬୯‫ޑ‬ჴሞբࣁǴᙖԜᘜય. y. Nat. n. er. io. al. ມǵࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎ. sit. ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ௢ቶΓ៾‫ޑ‬฼ౣᆶπ‫ڀ‬Ƕ. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. ҁፕЎϐࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎჄϩΠӈ‫ٿ‬೽ϩǺ ΋ǵࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝ Ԗ᠘Ȩ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶΓ៾௢ቶȩጄᛑቶεǴҁፕЎஒЇҔ੝‫ۓ‬ ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶ୯ৎࣁࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝǶ. 45. ЦਁᏣጓǴȠፔ಍‫ݯ‬Ѡ᡼ǻᙯࠠύ‫ޑ‬୯ৎᐒᏔᆶ៾Κ่ᄬȡ(ᆵчǺѮࢬკਜިҽԖज़ϦљǴ1996 ԃ)Ǵ। 7-51Ƕ 15.

(23) २ӃǴӧ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ‫ޑ‬᏷ᒧǴ Ȩ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃȩ‫ ܭ‬1961 ԃԋҥǴ ว৖ԿϞςԖၨֹ᏾ϐಔᙃ‫ࢎࡋڋ‬ᄬǶ၀ಔᙃჹፏӭΓ៾᝼ᚒԖଯࡋୖ ᆶǴᖄӝ୯‫׳‬፟ϒ‫ځ‬ᒌ၌ӦՏǴ‫ࡕځ‬ಔᙃࣗԿᕇளᒍ‫ن‬ᅟ‫ک‬ѳዛ‫ޑ‬ਸ ᄪǴӢԜǴ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃ൐ᆀΓ៾௢ቶύǴख़ा୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃϐ΋Ǵ ҭ࣬྽‫ڀ‬Ԗࣴ‫ز‬ሽॶǶ ‫ځ‬ԛǴӧ୯ৎᒧ᏷Бय़Ǵߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճैࡹ۬ਔය‫ޑ‬Γ៾ၴϸǴத ࣁᏢ‫ޣ‬ЇҔǴЪ೚ӭЎ᝘Ψޭ‫ۓ‬୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃӧ‫ٿ‬୯‫ୖޑ‬ᆶϷଅ᝘Ƕฅ ԶǴ฽‫ޣ‬ว౜ǴుΕࣴ‫݋‬୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃӵՖӧ‫ٿ‬୯߈ՉΓ៾௢ቶǴаϷ. 政治大 ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃӧߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճ‫ڀޑ‬ᡏբࣁࣁ‫ٯ‬Ǵ௖૸୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃӧ‫ٿ‬ 立. ಔᙃӵՖቹៜैࡹ۬Γ៾،฼ϐ஑ਜ‫܈‬஑ЎၨࣁલЮǶӢԜǴҁЎஒа. ‧ 國. 學. ୯௢ቶΓ៾‫ޑ‬฼ౣǶ. ‧. ΒǵԃжϪപ. sit. y. Nat. ᗨฅӧߓਥ‫׊‬Γ៾ว৖ᆶ҇ЬϯϐᐕำύǴ൳Я೿ӸӧΓ៾ၴϸϐ. al. er. io. इᒵǴՠന‫ڙ‬୯ሞᜢ‫ݙ‬ਔයǴࣁ 1976 ԃԿ 1983 ԃ໔Ǵ᚟ቺ܎ᕴ಍(Jorge. v. n. Rafaél Videla)ሦᏤ‫۬ࡹैޑ‬಍‫ݯ‬Ƕ1983 ԃ 10 ДǴ᚟ቺ܎ࡹ៾Ӣߓਥ‫׊‬. Ch. engchi. i n U. ϣ೽࿶ᔮൾϯǴᆶ‫ݾ‬ღᅽլើဂ৞΋‫ޑא‬Ѩ௳ѦҬǴόளό࠹ѲᖐՉᒧ ᖐǶᒧᖐ่݀ Raúl Alfonsín യрǴ٠‫܍‬ᒍ‫ׯ‬ॠΓ៾ࡹ฼Ƕ46 ඵճ߾ࢂӧ 1973 ԃԿ 1990 ԃࣁैࡹ۬಍‫ݯ‬ǴҜᒍࠨஒै߾ࢂ၀ਔ ය‫ޣࡹ୺ޑ‬Ǵ٠ӧ‫ځ‬ҺϣǴ୺Չ೚ӭᝄख़‫ޑ‬Γ៾ၴϸ‫ࡹޑ‬฼Ƕ‫ޔ‬Կ 1989 ԃǴӧ୯ሞᗈፕ‫ޑ‬ᓸΚΠǴैࡹ۬‫܍‬ᒍᖐᒤᕴ಍ᒧᖐǴಖ‫ܭ‬ၲԋࡹល፺ ඹǴ่‫ߏ״‬ၲ 17 ԃ‫ޑ‬மΓ಍‫ݯ‬ਔයǶ ࡺҁፕЎϐࣴ‫ز‬ਔ໔ЁࡋǴஒᆫขߓਥ‫׊‬-᚟ቺ܎ࡹ៾(1976-1983). 46. Ѱ᐀༝᝿ǴȠߓਥ‫׊‬ўȡ(΢ੇǺܿБр‫ހ‬ύЈǴ2010 ԃ)Ǵ। 234-249Ƕ 16.

(24) ᆶඵճ-Ҝᒍࠨࡹ៾(1973-1990)ਔයǴ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃමϟΕϐ࣬ᜢΓ៾ ᝼ᚒǴԶ΢ॊ‫ٿ‬ਔයаѦϐΓ៾ߟ্ୢᚒǴаϷ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃࡕុϐբ ࣁǴ฽‫ޣ‬ኩόӈΕ૸ፕǶ. ୖǵࣴ‫ز‬ज़‫ڋ‬. ΋ǵ࣬ᜢЎ᝘ϐલЮ Ҟ߻୯ϣࣴ‫ز‬୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃϷߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճϐΓ៾࣬ᜢϐύ. 政治大 ฽‫ޣ‬ஒаमЎᆶՋ੤УЎЎ᝘ࣁЬǴ٠ЇҔ‫۔‬БᆛၡၗྍǶࡺЎ᝘ 立. Ў஑ਜǵයтᆶፕЎၨϿǴࣁҁፕЎࣴ‫ز‬ज़‫ڋ‬ϐ΋Ƕӧ҂ٰࣴ‫ز‬Ǵ. ᇆ໣఼ᇂमЎᆶՋ੤УЎ஑ਜǵයтǵԾ໺ǵཥᆪൔᏤǵ୯ሞ੝೨. ‧ 國. 學. ಔᙃԃࡋΓ៾ൔ֋ǵ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃѠ᡼ᆶߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճϩ཮ᆛઠǵ. ‧. ߓਥ‫׊‬ѦҬ೽(Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto, República. sit. y. Nat. Argentina)Ǵᆶඵճϐ‫۔‬Бᆛઠ฻ಃ΋ЋᆶಃΒЋၗ਑Ƕ. er. io. Βǵਢ‫ٯ‬ᇆ໣ϐ֚ᜤ. al. n. v i n ҁፕЎϐԃжϪപࣁၨΦᇻϐ 1976-1983 ԃǴаϷ 1973-1990 Ch engchi U. ԃϐߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճ‫ޑ‬Γ៾ߟ্ୢᚒǶฅԶǴ‫ڙ‬ज़‫ܭ‬ਔ໔ᆶ‫ޜ‬໔Ǵঁ ਢၗ਑ёૈࢬ‫ܭ‬ઇ࿗Ǵ߾όճҁፕЎϐቪբǶฅ฽‫ޣ‬ஒ჋၂аႝη. ແҹБԄǴࢳ၌୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճϩ೽Ǵ٠ᆶεᏢਔයߓ ਥ‫׊‬ᝤ௲௤य़ፋǴаයᕇள࣬ᜢ‫ڐ‬շǴᔆံԜ೽ϩϐલᏬǶ. 17.

(25) ಃѤ࿯. ക࿯Ӽ௨. ҁፕЎӅϩࣁϖകǴаΠϩॊӚക࿯Ӽ௨Ǻ ಃ΋കǺᆣፕǶ఼ᇂҁፕЎϐࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒᆶҞ‫ޑ‬ǵЎ᝘ӣ៝ǵࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ݤ‬ᆶጄൎ ೛‫ۓ‬ǴᆶҁፕЎϐക࿯ࢎᄬǶ ಃΒകǺ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶΓ៾௢ቶǶҁകаֻᢀ‫ࡋف‬௖૸୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ ᆶΓ៾௢ቶǶ२Ӄӣ៝୯ሞΓ៾‫ޑ‬౛གྷᆶჴ፬Ǵ٠௖૸ᖄӝ୯ᆶ୔ୱ୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ. 政治大 ‫ޣ‬ӧ୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬ύǴ‫ת܌‬ᄽ‫فޑ‬ՅǶനࡕᗺӜ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӧΓ៾᝼ᚒ΢ϐ 立. ‫ࡌޑڋ‬ҥǶ‫ځ‬ԛǴᕉຎ୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬ύ‫ޑ‬Չࣁ‫ޣ‬Ǵឍॊ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬ᆶߚ୯ৎՉࣁ. ‧ 國. 學. բࣁϷ‫ځ‬Γ៾௢ቶ฼ౣǶ. ‧. ಃΟകǺ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃᆶΓ៾௢ቶǶҁക२Ӄև౜୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃϐྍଆᆶว ৖Ǵ຾Զှ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃϐ੝ՅᆶࢎᄬǴхࡴಔᙃ‫ޑ‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ᆶ‫ے‬ԑǵ੝ՅǵࢎᄬǴ. y. Nat. n. al. er. io. ࿯ϐϩ‫݋‬Ƕ. sit. Ϸಔᙃ࿶຤ٰྍǶനࡕᘜય୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃΓ៾௢ቶ฼ౣᆶ‫ڀ‬ᡏբࣁǴаճࡕុക. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. ಃѤകǺ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃᆶ܎΍ऍࢪΓ៾௢ቶǶ୔ୱ‫ޑ‬ᕴᡏว৖Ǵᆶ၀୔ୱϣ ୯ৎ೽ϩࡹ฼‫࣬ۓڋ‬ᜢǶߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճՏ‫܎ܭ‬΍ऍࢪǴӕࣁࠄᒷ୯ৎǶࡺ฽‫ޣ‬२ Ӄֻᢀ௖‫܎ز‬ऍӦ୔ϐΓ៾ߟ্ୢᚒǵ၀୔ୱΓ៾ߥៈᐒ‫ࡌޑڋ‬ҥϷ‫߳ځ‬ज़Ƕ‫ځ‬ ԛǴज़ᕭጄൎ௖૸ߓਥ‫(׊‬1976-1983)ᆶඵճैࡹ۬(1973-1990)ਔයǴ‫୺܌‬Չ‫ޑ‬Γ ៾ߟ্ࡹ฼ǶനࡕǴࣴ‫݋‬୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃӧ‫ٿ‬୯‫ڀޑ‬ᡏբࣁǶ ಃϖകǺ ่ፕǶբࣁӄጇፕЎ‫ޑ‬ᕴ่Ǵҁക२Ӄஒӣᔈᆣፕϐࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒǴ ٠և౜ҁፕЎϐࣴ‫่݀ز‬Ƕ‫ځ‬ԛഋॊҁፕЎ‫زࣴޑ‬ज़‫ڋ‬Ǵനࡕᆕፕ࣬ᜢ᝼ᚒϐ҂ ٰࣴ‫ࡌز‬᝼Ƕ. 18.

(26) ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃӧߓਥ‫׊‬ᆶඵճϐΓ៾௢ቶբࣁ! ! ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃ ᆶΓ៾௢ቶ!. ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃᆶ Γ៾௢ቶ!. ୯ሞ੝೨ಔᙃᆶ܎΍ऍ ࢪΓ៾௢ቶ!. z. z. z. z. z. z. z. z. z. Γ ៾ ‫ޑ‬ ౛ གྷ ᆶ ჴ ፬. ୯ ሞ Γ ៾ ᐒ ‫ڋ‬ ύ ‫ޑ‬ Չ ࣁ ‫ޣ‬. ୯ ሞ ߚ ࡹ ۬ ಔ ᙃ ‫ޑ‬ Γ ៾ ௢ ቶ ฼ ౣ. ୯ ሞ ੝ ೨ ಔ ᙃ ‫ޑ‬ ྍ ଆ ᆶ ว ৖. ୯ ሞ ੝ ೨ ಔ ᙃ ‫ޑ‬ ੝ Յ ᆶ ࢎ ᄬ. ୯ ሞ ੝ ೨ ಔ ᙃ ‫ޑ‬ Γ ៾ ௢ ቶ ฼ ౣ. ܎ ΍ ऍ ࢪ Γ ៾ ཷ ᢀ. ߓ ਥ ‫׊‬ ᆶ ඵ ճ ‫ޑ‬ Γ ៾ ߟ ্ ୢ ᚒ. ୯ ሞ ੝ ೨ ಔ ᙃ ӧ ߓ ਥ ‫׊‬ ᆶ ඵ ճ ‫ޑ‬ ‫ڀ‬ ᡏ բ. 學 ‧. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. e nࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬკ gchi. კ 1-1. i n U. ၗ਑ٰྍǺ฽‫ޣ‬ԾՉ᏾౛ᛤᇙ. 19. v.

(27) ಃΒക. ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶΓ៾௢ቶ. Γ៾ཷ‫ޑۺ‬๴޵ǴёӣྉΜϖǵΜϤШइኻࢪЎ᛬ൺᑫǴϷΜΎǵΜΖШइ ‫ډڙ‬ѳ฻Ծҗ‫҇ک‬Ьࡘགྷ‫௴ޑ‬ᆾၮ୏ǶΓ៾ᢀ‫ۺ‬ว৖ԿϞǴςவന߃‫ޑ‬౛གྷ‫܈‬౛ ፕǴϯࣁ୯ሞΓ៾ࡌ‫ޑڋ‬ჴ፬ǶҁകЬԑӧ‫ܭ‬Ǵ೸ၸΓ៾ᢀ‫ޑۺ‬ว৖Ǵᔠຎ୯ৎ ᆶߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬ǴӧΓ៾௢ቶᆶ୯ሞΓ៾ࡌ‫ࡌޑڋ‬ҥ΢Ǵ‫ת܌‬ᄽ‫فޑ‬ՅǶ‫ځ‬ԛǴ ௖૸୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӧΓ៾௢ቶϐၮҔ฼ౣǴаँᡉ୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃӧΓ៾௢ቶ ύ‫ޑ‬ख़ा‫܄‬ᆶቹៜΚǶ. 立. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學. ಃ΋࿯ Γ៾‫ޑ‬౛གྷᆶჴ፬. ‧. ӧ୯ሞᜢ߯ύǴΓ៾ࢂ௵གԶΞཱུ൤‫ݾ‬᝼‫ޑ‬᝼ᚒǴᏃᆅҞ߻୯ሞ‫཮ޗ‬ε೽ϩ. y. Nat. ‫ޑ‬୯ৎ೿‫܍‬ᇡΓ៾‫ޑ‬ख़ा‫܄‬ǴՠӢӚ୯ᐕўǵЎϯᆶЎܴङඳ‫ޑ‬όӕǴ‫ޑ࡭܌ځ‬. er. io. sit. Γ៾ࡘགྷ‫ک‬ᢀ‫ۺ‬Ԗਔ٠ό΋ठǶ47ΞΓ៾᝼ᚒੋϷ΋୯ࡹ۬ჹࡑ‫ځ‬Ϧ҇‫ޑ‬БԄǴ ӢԜ໺಍΢೏ຎࣁ΋୯ϣࡹǴၨϿӧѦҬ൑ӝ೏ගр૸ፕǶՠԾಃΒԛШࣚεᏯ. al. n. v i n ࡕǴӚ୯೴ᅌᡏᇡࡌҥӄౚ‫܄‬Γ៾ߥៈᐒ‫ޑڋ‬ख़ा‫܄‬ǴӢԜаᖄӝ୯ࢎᄬࣁ୷ᘵ Ch engchi U ‫ޑ‬୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬ᔈၮԶғǶҁ࿯ԑӧ‫ݽ‬਩Γ៾‫ޑ‬ཀ఼ᆶឍॊΓ៾ᢀ‫ۺ‬ϐ౛གྷǴӵ Ֆϯࣁ୯ሞϷ୔ୱΓ៾ᐒ‫ޑڋ‬ჴ፬Ƕ. ൘ǵΓ៾‫ޑ‬౛གྷᆶཀ఼ Γ ៾ ϐ ཷ ‫ ۺ‬җ ٰ ς Φ Ǵ ୷ ҁ ᢀ ‫ ܭ ྍ ۺ‬Ծ ฅ ‫ ݤ‬Ǵ җ ᓅ Ѳ ථ (Thomas Hobbes)ǵࢶլ(John Locke)ᆶᐽఖ(Jean-Jacques Rousseau)฻ࡘགྷৎගрǴம. 47. Ц݇ǵ஭ੇᔭǵ஭‫ࢪד‬ЬጓǴ Ƞӄౚ‫ݯ‬౛ύ‫ޑ‬୯ሞߚࡹ۬ಔᙃȡ(ч٧Ǻч٧εᏢр‫ޗހ‬Ǵ 2004 ԃ)Ǵ। 358Ƕ 20.

(28) ፓԾҗ៾ǵғ‫៾ڮ‬ǵ଄ౢ៾ǴࢂΓᆶғॿٰ‫៾ޑ‬ճǴΨࢂӃ‫ܭ‬୯ৎԶӸӧ‫ޑ‬ ȨԾฅ៾ȩǶȨΓ៾ȩᗦ֖ȨΓȩϷȨΓ‫܄‬ȩ(humanity, human nature)‫៾ޑ‬ճ ਥྍǶӢԜǴவԾฅ៾ճ‫ޑ‬ᢀᗺǴΓ៾ࢂ΋ᅿ៾ճǴջ଺ࣁЬᡏϐȨΓȩᔈ ‫ڀ‬Ԗ‫ޑ‬Ьᡏឦ‫܄‬Ǵࢂ΋ᅿӃ‫ܭ‬୯ৎӸӧ‫៾ޑ‬ճǶ ന߃‫ޑ‬Γ៾ᢀ‫ۺ‬Ǵεӭឦ౛གྷᆶࡘགྷ‫ޑ‬໺ኞᆶගঀǴΓ៾ཷ‫ډڙۺ‬୯ৎ ख़ຎЪ຾΋‫ޑ؁‬ပჴǴ२Ӄࣁ 1689 ԃǴम୯೯ၸȠ៾ճ‫ݤ‬ਢȡ(the Bill of Rights)ǴஒΓ៾યΕ୯ৎљ‫ݤ‬ᡏ‫س‬Ƕ‫ࡕځ‬Ǵ1776 ԃ‫ޑ‬ऍ୯Ƞᐱҥ࠹‫ق‬ȡ(United States Declaration of Independence)Ǵаࡹ‫ݯ‬ᆜሦ‫׎‬ԄឍॊȨϺ፟Γ៾ȩ‫ک‬ȨЬ. 政治大 ៾ᆶϦ҇៾࠹‫ق‬ȡ(‫ݤ‬Ўࣁ 立 Dêclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen!)Ǵ ៾ӧ҇ȩࡘགྷǴமፓΓ៾ు෌ऍ୯‫҇ޑ‬Ьᆒઓǹ1789 ԃǴ‫ݤ‬୯᝼཮೯ၸȠΓ. ‧ 國. 學. ჹ୯ϣΓ៾ୢᚒԖၨֹ᏾‫ޑ‬ᇥܴᆶೕጄǶ48ԜࡕǴΓ៾ᢀ‫ۺ‬೏ၩΕ୯ৎᏦ ‫ݤ‬ǴᅌࣁӚ୯үਏጩࣁዊࢬǴӢԜΓ៾ᢀ‫ۺ‬ӧՋБࡹ‫ࡘݯ‬གྷ‫ࡋڋݯࡹک‬΢೿. ‧. Ԗߏ‫ޑى‬ว৖Ƕ. y. Nat. sit. ฅԶǴ໺಍‫ޑ‬Γ៾ᢀ‫ۺ‬Ǵ௦Ҕ୯ৎჹ୯ৎǵЎϯჹЎϯ‫ۓޑ‬ကБ‫ݤ‬Ǵ٬. n. al. er. io. ȨΓ៾ȩ΋ຒࡐᜤԖ಍΋ዴϪ‫ۓޑ‬ကǶ49ՠᒿ๱Γ៾ཷ‫ۺ‬җ౛གྷϯࣁჴ፬‫ޑ‬. i n U. v. ຾ำύǴᏢࣚᆶख़ा୯ሞಔᙃǴࣣ‫׳‬уᙦ൤ΑΓ៾‫ޑ‬ϣ఼Ƕ. Ch. engchi. ‫ٯ‬ӵ Jack Donnelly ஒΓ៾ຎࣁЎܴ‫ޑ཮ޗ‬ཥ኱ྗǴ50ЪΓ៾ջࢂ‫ࣁي‬Γ ᜪ‫܌‬ᔈ‫ڀ‬Ԗ‫៾ޑ‬ճǴࢂȨόёϩപ‫ޑ‬ȩǴΨࢂȨදШȩ‫៾ޑ‬ճǴҭࢂȨԾ‫ך‬ ჴ౜‫ޑ‬ၰቺႣ‫ق‬ȩ Ƕ51Hans Peter Schmitz ᆶ Kathryn A. Sikkink ߾ᇡࣁǴȨΓ ៾ࢂ΋঺Γ೏ჹࡑ‫୷ޑ‬ҁཷ‫ۺ‬ǴΨࢂΓᜪϺғ೏፟ϒ‫៾ޑ‬ճǶᒿਔ໔ᄽ຾Ǵ ೭٤ཷ‫ۺ‬ቶࣁௗ‫ڙ‬٠યΕ୯ሞΓ៾ೕጄǴаխ‫ܭ‬सࡑϷӧ൧ᝄύғӸࣁ‫ځ‬ύ 48. ၁ಒϣ৒ፎୖ᎙ Brain Orend, Human Rights, Concept and Context (Ontario: Broadview Press, 2002), 101-106. 49 Elisabeth Reichert, Understanding Human Rights: An Exercise Book (London: Sage Publications, 2006), 7. 50 Jack Donnelly, “Human Rights: A New Standard of Civilization?” International Affairs74 (January 1998): 1-23. 51 Jack Donnelly, Universal Human Rights: Theory and Practice (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), 10. 21.

(29) ୷ᘵǴ٠аԜ‫ۓ‬ကΑΓᜪว৖‫ޑ‬Ѹ໪...Γ៾‫ޑ‬ว৖ࢂදШ‫ޑ‬Ǵ٠х֖ѳ฻ᆶ ߚ‫ݔ‬ຎ‫ޑ‬চ߾Ƕȩ52ᖄӝ୯߻ઝਜߏ Kofi Annan ܴҢǴΓ៾ࢂΓᜪғӸ‫ک‬Ӆ ೀ‫୷ޑ‬ᘵǶӚ໨Γ៾֡දၹ፾ҔǵόёϩപԶ࣬ϕ٩ӸǶӕਔǴΓ៾ࢂᖄӝ ୯ӧ୺Չ‫ک‬ѳᆶว৖ӄౚҺ୍‫ޑ‬ၸำύǴाှ،‫ঁ؂ޑ‬ୢᚒ‫ޑ‬ਡЈǶ53 ‫ݤ‬୯Ꭻᖄӝ୯௲ࣽЎಔᙃ Γ៾ᆶ‫ک‬ѳֽֽߏ Karel Vasak ߾ගрȨΟж Γ៾ȩ(three generations of human rights)ཷ‫ۺ‬ǴឍܴΓ៾‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ੝፦Ƕಃ΋ж Γ៾ࣁխ‫ڙܭ‬୯ৎߟ্‫ޑ‬Ծҗ៾ǴҭࣁȨ੃ཱུΓ៾ȩ ǹಃΒжΓ៾ࢂፎ‫؃‬୯ ৎբࣁ‫៾ޑ‬ճǴமፓ୯ৎ‫ޑ‬ᑈཱུբࣁǴа௱շ‫཮ޗ‬ǵ࿶ᔮ΢‫ޑ‬১༈იᡏǴ٠. 政治大 ཱུΓ៾ȩǹಃΟжΓ៾Ѹ໪ࡌҥӧ‫ޗ‬ဂǵ໣ᡏೱឦᜢ߯(solidarity)‫ک‬ӕझང 立. ‫཮ޗ؃‬ϐѳ฻Ǵᇡࣁ៾ճߥም൚୷ӧ୷ҁ‫ޑ‬࿶ᔮᆶ‫ޑ཮ޗ‬ѳ฻చҹ΢ǴࢂȨᑈ. ‧ 國. 學. (fraternity)‫୷ޑ‬ᘵ΢Ǵ೸ၸӄΓᜪոΚБૈჴ౜ϐ‫ک‬ѳ៾ǵᕉნ៾ǵว৖៾ ฻໣ᡏ៾ճ(collective rights)ǴջȨೱឦ៾ճȩ(solidarity rights)Ƕ54. ‧. ନΑ΢ॊᏢ‫ޣ‬஑ৎϐፕॊǴ1948 ԃ೯ၸ‫ޑ‬ȠШࣚΓ៾࠹‫ق‬ȡಃ΋చջ. y. Nat. sit. ඟҢǺ ȨΓΓғԶԾҗǴӧ൧ᝄ‫៾ک‬ճ΢΋ࡓѳ฻ǶΓΓᔈ፟Ԗ౛‫ؼک܄‬ЈǴ. n. al. er. io. ٠ᔈал‫׌‬ᜢ߯‫ޑ‬ᆒઓ࣬ϕჹࡑǶȩԶࡕុచЎҭ΋ӆख़ҙදШΓ៾ϐ୷ҁ. i n U. v. ȨΓ៾ࢂΓᜪᆶғॿٰ‫ޑ‬΋Ϫ៾ճǶ ሽॶᆶϣ఼Ƕ55ᖄӝ୯Ψӧ 1987 ԃࡰрǴ. Ch. engchi. Γ៾ᆶ୷ҁԾҗǴ٬‫ֹૈॺך‬᏾‫ޑ‬ว৖ᆶճҔ‫ࣁي‬Γᜪ‫ޑ‬੝፦ǵඵችǵϺ፟ ᆶ‫ؼ‬ЈǴ٠ᅈ‫ॺךى‬ᆒઓ΢ᆶ‫ځ‬дБय़‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬Ƕȩ56ЪȠᖄӝ୯Ꮶകȡ‫قׇ‬ 52. Hans Peter Schmitz and Kathryn Sikkink, “International Human Rights,” in Walter Carsnaes, Thomas Risse, Beth A. Simmons eds., Handbook of International Relations (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Ltd,2002), 517-518. 53 Ȩᖄӝ୯ȠΓ៾୯ሞЎ᝘༼ጓȡȩ Ǵɦhttp://www.un.org/chinese/hr/issue/convention.htmɧ (accessed March 12, 2013)Ƕ 54 Karel Vasak, “Human rights: A thirty year struggle: The sustained efforts to give force of law to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” The UNESCO Courier 30 (November 1977). 55 চЎࣁ: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.” ࠹‫ق‬ӄЎፎୖ ‫ـ‬: ȸThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights,ȹɦ http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ɧ (accessed January 16, 2014). 56 ፎୖ‫ـ‬Ǻ “General Assembly Resolutions: A/RES/42/160A-G, A/RES/42/147, A/RES/42/144, A/RES/42/143, A/RES/42/131, A/RES/42/118, A/RES/42/116, A/RES/42/105,” ɦhttp://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/r42_en.shtmlɧ (accessed January 16, 2014)ǹElisabeth 22.

(30) ύǴҭගϷߥៈ୷ҁΓ៾ᆶᆢ࡭҅က‫ޑ‬ख़ा‫܄‬Ƕ57 ‫ځ‬ԛǴᖄӝ୯‫ޑ‬ԛભᐒᄬǴᖄӝ୯Γ៾٣୍ଯભ஑঩ᒤ٣ೀ(Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights)ᇡࣁǴΓ៾߯ǺȨ‫܌‬ԖΓᆶғॿٰ‫៾ޑ‬ ճǴόϩ୯ᝤǵՐ‫܌‬ǵ‫܄‬ձǵ҇௼‫܈‬ᅿ௼ǵጥՅǵ‫ے‬௲ǵᇟ‫ځ܈ق‬д‫ي‬ϩӦ ՏǶ‫܌‬ԖΓ೿ѳ฻‫ޑ‬Ъό‫ݔڙ‬ຎ‫ޑ‬٦ԖΓ៾Ƕ೭٤Γ៾࣬ϕᜢᖄǵ࣬ϕ٩ᒘ ЪόёϩപǶȩ58 և΢ॊે๎ёளǴ྽жΓ៾‫ޑ‬ཀ఼ǴନΑ‫ុۯ‬໺಍ȨϺ፟Γ៾ȩ‫ۺཷޑ‬Ǵ ҭமፓΓ៾‫ޑ‬ȨදШ‫܄‬ȩᆶȨόёϩപ‫܄‬ȩ ǴЪΓ៾Ȩࡽࢂ៾ճΨࢂက୍ȩǴ. 政治大. ΨࢂȨѳ฻ȩ‫ک‬Ȩό‫ݔ‬ຎ‫ޑ‬ȩ ǶฅԶǴᗨฅ౜Ϟ‫ޑ‬Γ៾ཀ఼Ԗၨֹ᏾‫ޑ‬ፕॊǴ. 立. ՠॶள‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ࢂޑ‬Ǵ‫ޔ‬ԿಃΒԛШࣚεᏯ่‫߻״‬Ǵ୯ሞᜢ߯ύۘ҂р౜ܴᡉ‫ޑ‬. ‧ 國. 學. Γ៾᝼ᚒǶ59ඤ‫ق‬ϐǴΓ៾຾Ε୯ሞࡹ‫ݯ‬ሦୱǴ٠‫ڙ‬୯ሞ‫཮ޗ‬ቶ‫ݱ‬ᜢϪǴᔈ ࣁಃΒԛШࣚεᏯϐࡕǶ60ࣁֹ᏾ᇥܴϐǴΠ΋ࢤပஒ௖૸Γ៾᝼ᚒӧ୯ሞ. ‧. ᜢ߯ύ‫ޑ‬ว৖Ǵᆶ‫ࡕځ‬୯ሞΓ៾ᡏ‫ࡌޑس‬ҥǶ. er. io. sit. y. Nat ມǵ୯ሞΓ៾ᡏ‫ࡌޑس‬ҥ. n. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. ‫ٿ‬ԛШࣚεᏯࡕ‫҇ޑ‬ғ঒௯ǵԭቲࡑᖐǴ೿٬Ӛ୯ᆾ‫ڙ‬Ѯε‫ޑ‬࿶ᔮᆶΓ ঩ཞѨǴ੝ձࢂಃΒԛШࣚεᏯਔයǴયᆐቺ୯ჹࡑซϼΓ‫ූޑ‬ኪՉ৩Ǵа ϷВैߟ๮ය໔ჹύ୯‫ޑ‬ᐨఠ᏶௒฻ኪՉǴߟ্୷ҁΓ៾ሽॶǴഢ‫ڙ‬୯ሞ‫ޗ‬ ཮ះೢǶԶᏯࡕΓॺදၹᇡࣁǴჹΓ៾‫ޑ‬ᅃຎᆶ፬፯ࢂεೕኳᏯ‫ݾ‬ᛈว‫ޑ‬Ь ाᇨӢϐ΋ǶӢԜǴ೛ҥӄౚ‫܄‬୯ሞಔᙃǴ٠ஒΓ៾᝼ᚒ೛Ε᝼ำǴ٠೴‫؁‬ Reichert, Understanding Human Rights, An Exercise Book (London: Sage Publications, 2006), 2. 57 Ƞᖄӝ୯Ꮶകȡ Ǵɦhttp://www.un.org/zh/documents/charter/preamble.shtmlɧ (accessed March 12, 2013)Ƕ 58 Ȩᖄӝ୯Γ៾٣୍ଯભ஑঩ᒤ٣ೀȩ Ǵ <http://www.ohchr.org/ch/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspxɧ(accessed March 12, 2013)Ƕ 59 Jack Donnelly, International Human Rights (Boulden: Westview Press, 1998), 3. 60 қਦఘǵ唦έ務ǵ‫׵‬ሳЬጓǴ Ƞ୯ሞ‫ݤ‬΢‫ޑ‬Γ៾ȡ(ч٧Ǻч٧εᏢр‫ޗހ‬Ǵ1996 ԃ)Ǵ। 2ǹ Elisabeth Reichert, Understanding Human Rights: An Exercise Book (London: Sage Publications, 2006), 19. 23.

(31) ֹԋ୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ‫ࡌޑڋ‬ᄬǴߡԋࣁᏯࡕӚ୯ӅӕҞ኱ϐ΋Ƕ61‫ࡕځ‬Ǵᒿϐ़ ғ‫ޑ‬Ӛ໨୯ሞ‫܄‬ǵ୔ୱ‫ޑ܄‬Γ៾చऊᆶЎҹǴϷ࣬ᔈ‫ޑ‬ᅱ࿎ǵ୺Չᐒᄬ‫܈‬ำ ‫ׇ‬Ǵಖ‫׎ܭ‬ԋϞВ‫ڀ‬ೕኳЪϝӧόᘐว৖‫ޑ‬୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬Ƕ62૟ϩᖄӝ୯‫ޑ‬ ୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬ᆶ୔ୱ‫܄‬Γ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬ǴឍॊӄౚΓ៾ߥៈᐒ‫ࡌޑڋ‬ҥᆶΓ៾ߥៈ ‫ޑ‬ჴ፬Ƕ ΋ǵᖄӝ୯‫ޑ‬୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬. Γ៾ሽॶ‫ޑ‬୯ሞϯǵӭᜐϯᆶࡌ‫ڋ‬ϯǴࢂಃΒԛεᏯࡕǴቹៜΓᜪ. 政治大 ୯ଓ‫ک؃‬ѳᆶ҅က‫ޑ‬ౢ‫ނ‬ǴҭࢂΓ៾ߥምᗌӛ୯ሞϯϷᐒ‫ڋ‬ϯ‫ޑ‬ٚำ 立. ‫ޑ཮ޗ‬ख़ाว৖Ƕ63ӢԜǴȨ୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬ȩࣁಃΒԛШࣚεᏯࡕǴӚ. ࿞ǶவԜǴߥምΓ៾όӆ໻ࢂӚ୯୯ϣࡹ‫ࡓݤکݯ‬ጄᛑ‫ޑ‬ୢᚒǴԶᖄӝ. ‧ 國. 學. ୯ӧ୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ‫ࡌޑڋ‬ᄬ΢ǴวචΑཱུε‫ޑ‬фૈǶ. ‧. २ӃǴȠᖄӝ୯Ꮶകȡᗨฅ٠ߚપᆐ‫ޑ‬୯ሞΓ៾ЎҹǴՠ‫ځ‬ύନ߻. sit. y. Nat. ‫ق‬ϐѦǴۘԖϤ໨చЎᆶΓ៾࣬ᜢǹ641948 ԃǴᖄӝ୯ε཮೯ၸ٠ႧѲ. al. er. io. ȠШࣚΓ៾࠹‫ق‬ȡǴ65‫ޣٿ‬٠ᆀᖄӝ୯Γ៾‫ݤ‬ᡏ‫୷ޑس‬ᘵǶ1966 ԃǴᖄ. v. n. ӝ୯೯ၸȠϦ҇៾ճ‫៾ݯࡹک‬ճ୯ሞϦऊȡᆶȠ࿶ᔮǵ‫ک཮ޗ‬Ўϯ៾ճ 61. Ch. engchi. i n U. Jack Donnelly, Universal Human Rights: In Theory and Practice (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), 135. 62 ЦᑫύǴ ȨਜቪѠ᡼Γ៾ၮ୏ўǺදШΓ៾‫ޑ‬ҁβᐕำȩ Ǵ ȠѠ᡼Γ៾Ꮲтȡ Ǵಃ΋‫ڔ‬ಃΟය(2012 ԃ)Ǵ। 207Ƕ 63 ‫݇דڬ‬ǴȨவ୯ሞΓ៾ว৖ᔠຎѠ᡼ϐΓ៾ჴ፬Ǻ่ᄬ‫ޑ܄‬௖‫݋‬ȩ ǴȠཥШइඵ৤ፕᏝȡ Ǵಃ 45 ය (2009 ԃ)Ǵ। 23Ƕ 64 Ƞᖄӝ୯Ꮶകȡ߻‫ق‬ගϷǺ Ȩख़ҙ୷ҁΓ៾ǵΓ਱൧ᝄᆶሽॶǴаϷ‫ت‬ζᆶελӚ୯٦ѳ฻៾ ճϐߞ‫ۺ‬ȩ ǴҞ‫ޑ‬ӧ٬ࡕШխ‫ڙ‬ȨԜШжΓᜪ‫ࡋٿ‬ᐕ࿶ᄐό൐‫ق‬ϐᏯᅾȩ ǹᏦകಃ΋കಃ 1 చǺ Ȩߦ ԋ୯ሞӝբǴаှ،୯ሞ΢Ԗᜢ࿶ᔮǵ‫཮ޗ‬ǵЎϯϷΓᜪᅽࣸϐ୯ሞୢᚒǴЪόϩᅿ௼ǵ‫܄‬ձǵ ᇟ‫ے܈ق‬௲Ǵߦ຾٠ᐟᓰჹӄΓᜪϐΓ៾ᆶ୷ҁԾҗ‫ޑ‬൧ख़ȩ ǹಃѤകಃ 13 చගϷǺᖄӝ୯ε཮ ᔈȨόϩᅿ௼ǵ‫܄‬ձǵᇟ‫ق‬ᆶ‫ے‬௲ǴշԋӄΓᜪϐΓ៾Ϸ୷ҁԾҗϐჴ፬฻ว୏ࣴ‫ز‬Ǵ٠բрࡌ ᝼ȩ ǹಃΐകಃ 55 చࡰрǺ Ȩόϩᅿ௼ǵ‫܄‬ձǵᇟ‫ے܈ق‬௲Ǵߦ຾ӄΓᜪϐΓ៾Ϸ୷ҁԾҗϐද ၹ൧ख़ᆶᒥӺǴࢂߦԋ୯ሞ΢а൧ख़Γ҇ѳ฻៾ճϷԾ،চ߾ࣁਥᏵϐ‫ک‬ѳ϶ӳᜢ߯ϐѸाӼ‫ۓ‬ Ϸᅽճచҹϐ΋ȩ ǹಃΜകಃ 62 చஒȨࣁቚ຾ӄΓᜪϐΓ៾Ϸ୷ҁԾҗϐ൧ख़ᆶᆢៈǴளբࡌ᝼ ਢȩӈࣁᖄӝ୯࿶‫ޗ‬౛٣཮ᙍ៾ϐ΋ǹಃΜകಃ 68 చံкǴ࿶‫ޗ‬౛٣཮Ȩᔈ೛ҥ࿶ᔮᆶ‫཮ޗ‬೽ ߐϷаගঀΓ៾ࣁҞ‫ޑ‬ϐӚᅿ౛٣཮ȩ Ǵаೀ౛Γ៾࣬ᜢϐӚ໨٣୍ǹಃΜΒകಃ 76 చӈᖐૼᆅ ‫ޑࡋڋ‬Ѥ໨୷ҁҞ‫ޑ‬Ǵ‫ځ‬ύϐ΋ࣁȨόϩᅿ௼ǵ‫܄‬ձǵᇟ‫ے܈ق‬௲ǴගঀӄΓᜪϐΓ៾Ϸ୷ҁԾ җϐ൧ख़ȩ Ƕ 65 ᖄӝ୯ε཮ಃ 217 ဦ،᝼ǴA/RES/217Ƕ 24.

(32) ୯ሞϦऊȡǴ66೴‫؁‬ᘉεΓ៾ੋϷ‫ޑ‬ጄൎǴ٠೴‫؁‬ዴҥ‫ځ‬දၹ፾Ҕ‫܄‬ǵ όёϩപ‫܄‬ǴϷᆶว৖‫҇ک‬Ь‫࣬ޑ‬ϕᜢᖄ‫܄‬Ƕ౜ϞǴᖄӝ୯‫ޑ‬Γ៾‫ݤ‬ᡏ ‫س‬хࡴ஑ߐҔаߥៈ஁ζǵ‫ูٽ‬ǵූ੯ΓγǵϿኧΓᅿǵ౽ழπΓ‫ځک‬ дᆶ১༈ဂᡏ៾ճԖᜢ‫ޑ‬኱ྗǶ Զᖄӝ୯Γ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬ว৖ԿϞǴёฝϩࣁΟεЍࢊǺಃ΋Ѝࢊࢂᖄӝ ୯ε཮ϐಃΟ‫ہ‬঩཮Ǵ஑ೢ‫཮ޗ‬ǵΓၰЬက‫ک‬Ўϯ٣୍Ǵ‫ہ‬঩཮πբ‫ޑ‬ ख़ᗺӧቩࢗΓ៾ୢᚒǹಃΒЍࢊࣁᖄӝ୯Γ៾౛٣཮(United Nations Human Rights Council)Ǵࢂε཮‫ߕޑ‬ឦᐒᄬǴ‫ޔ‬ௗӛ‫܌‬Ԗ཮঩୯ॄೢǹ. 政治大 ‫ࡓݤ‬က୍Ǵ೭ΎঁΓ៾చऊϩձࣁǺ Ƞ੃ନ΋Ϫ‫׎‬Ԅᅿ௼‫ݔ‬ຎ୯ሞϦऊȡ 立 ಃΟЍࢊаΎঁਡЈΓ៾చऊࣁ୷ᘵǴࣁጌऊ୯ബ೛ቚ຾‫ߥک‬ៈΓ៾‫ޑ‬. ‧ 國. 學. (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, ICERD)ǵȠ࿶ᔮǵ‫཮ޗ‬ǵЎϯ៾ճ୯ሞϦऊȡ(International Covenant. ‧. on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)ǵ ȠϦ҇៾ճ‫៾ݯࡹک‬ճ୯ሞϦ. sit. y. Nat. ऊȡ( International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights)ǵ Ƞ੃ନჹ஁ζ. al. er. io. ΋Ϫ‫׎‬Ԅ‫ݔ‬ຎϦऊȡ(Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of. v. n. Discrimination against Women)ǵ Ƞ࿣ЗሉӉ‫ځک‬дූ‫ה‬ǵόΓၰ‫܈‬Ԗଋ. Ch. engchi. i n U. Γ਱‫ࡑޑ‬ၶ‫܈‬ೀᆦϦऊȡ(Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment)ǵȠ‫៾ูٽ‬ճϦऊȡ (Convention on the Rights of the ChildǴCRC)ǵ Ƞߥៈ‫܌‬Ԗ౽ழπΓϷ‫ځ‬ ৎ৥ԋ঩៾ճ୯ሞϦऊȡ(International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families)Ƕ ΢ॊΎঁਡЈΓ៾చऊ‫୺ޑ‬ՉǴϩձҗΎঁΓ៾చऊᅱ࿎ᐒᄬᅱ ࿎Ƕ67‫؂‬΋ঁ‫ہ‬঩཮೿җӧΓ៾ሦୱԖϦᇡၗ਱‫ޑ‬ᐱҥ஑ৎಔԋǴҗጌ. 66. ᖄӝ୯ε཮،᝼ 2200A(XXI)Ǵ1976 ԃ 3 Д 23 ВғਏǴࡕ‫ ޣ‬1976 ԃ 1 Д 3 ВғਏǶ ϩձࣁǺ੃ନᅿ௼‫ݔ‬ຎ‫ہ‬঩཮(1969)ǵ࿶ᔮǵ‫ک཮ޗ‬Ўϯ៾ճ‫ہ‬঩཮(1987)ǵΓ៾٣୍‫ہ‬঩཮ (1976)ǵ੃ନჹ஁ζ‫ݔ‬ຎ‫ہ‬঩཮(1982) ࿣ЗሉӉ‫ہ‬঩཮(1987)ǵ‫៾ูٽ‬ճ‫ہ‬঩཮(1990) ౽ழπΓ 25. 67.

(33) ऊ୯ගӜ٠ᒧᖐౢғǴ‫ۓڰ‬Һය 4 ԃǴёೱᒧೱҺǶచऊᐒᄬቬՉ΋‫س‬ ӈᙍૈǴаᅱ࿎ጌऊ୯Ԗਏ୺ՉచऊǶ‫܌‬Ԗచऊᐒᄬ೿೏௤៾ௗ‫ڙ‬٠ቩ ᝼җጌऊ୯‫ۓ‬යගҬ‫ޑ‬ൔ֋Ǵൔ֋ύሡ၁ಒᇥܴచऊచීӧ‫ځ‬ҁ୯‫୺ޑ‬ Չ௃‫ݩ‬Ƕ‫ہ‬঩཮วթྗ߾٠‫ڐ‬շӚ୯ጓኗൔ֋Ǵ‫ۓڋ‬΋૓‫܄‬ຑፕှញచ ऊచීǴ٠൩ᆶచऊ࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬஑ᚒಔᙃ૸ፕǶ೽ϩచऊᐒᄬǴᗋቬՉऩυ ᚐѦ‫ޑ‬ᙍૈǴаமϯጌऊ୯ჹచऊ‫୺ޑ‬ՉπբǶ೭٤చऊᐒᄬӧጌऊ୯ ‫ޑ‬ӕཀΠǴёаቩࢗঁΓᖂᆀ‫៾ځ‬ճ೏ጌऊ୯ߟҍ‫׫ޑ‬ນ‫ٰ܈‬ЎǴࣗԿ ёа຾ՉፓࢗǶ68. 政治大 ᅿΓ៾ࢲ୏ǶԶȨᖄӝ୯Γ៾٣୍ଯભ஑঩ȩ (the High Commissioner for 立 ‫ځ‬ԛǴᖄӝ୯Ψ೛ҥȨΓ៾٣୍ଯભ஑঩ᒤ٣ೀȩ Ǵೀ౛ᆶ‫ڐ‬ፓӚ. ‧ 國. 學. Human Rights)‫ޑ‬Ьाᙍೢࢂуம‫ڐک‬ፓᖄӝ୯‫ޑ‬Γ៾࣬ᜢπբǴߥៈ ‫ߦک‬຾ӄౚ‫ޑ‬Γ៾ǶӕਔǴࣁᅱ࿎٠ှ،཮঩୯Γ៾ၴϸ‫ݩރޑ‬Ǵᖄӝ. ‧. ୯Ψ࣬ᝩԋҥ࣬ᜢӉ٣ᆶ੝ձ‫ݤ‬৥Ǵ‫ٯ‬ӵ߻ࠄථ܎ϻୢᚒ୯ሞӉ٣‫ݤ‬৥. sit. y. Nat. (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, ICTY)ǵᐽӼၲ. al. er. io. ୢᚒ୯ሞӉ٣‫ݤ‬৥(International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, ICTR)ǵྰ. v. n. ηξӅ‫ک‬୯ୢᚒ੝ձ‫ݤ‬৥(The Special Court for Sierra Leone, SCSL)ǵࢍ. Ch. engchi. i n U. ঵ჵ‫ݤ‬ଣ੝ձ‫ݤ‬৥(Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia)ᆶ ᎿЃცୢᚒ੝ձ‫ݤ‬৥(Special Tribunal for!Lebanon)Ƕ ᆕ‫ق‬ϐǴᖄӝ୯ӧߦ຾‫ߥک‬ៈΓ៾πբ‫ޑ‬բҔ҅࡭ុቚமǴጄൎΨ ᝩុᘉεǶբࣁ౜Ϟ࣬྽ख़ा‫۬ࡹޑ‬໔୯ሞಔᙃǴᖄӝ୯ӧΓ៾٣୍‫ޑ‬ ௢ቶᆶᆢៈ΢Ǵ‫ת‬ᄽ๱ҥ‫ޣݤ‬ǵᅱ࿎‫ޣ‬ǵᆢៈ‫ޣ‬ᆶࣴ‫فޑޣز‬ՅǶ69ᖄ ӝ୯ӧ‫ک‬ѳᆶӼӄǵว৖ǵΓၰ௱ජаϷ࿶ᔮᆶ‫཮ޗ‬٣୍฻ख़ाሦୱ‫ޑ‬ πբ೿ᆶΓ៾٣୍࣬ᜢǴ൳Я‫܌‬Ԗ‫ޑ‬ᖄӝ୯ᐒᄬ‫ک‬஑ߐᐒᄬ৖໒‫ޑ‬πբ ‫ہ‬঩཮(2004)Ƕ 68 ᖄӝ୯ȠΓ៾ཷ‫ݩ‬ϟಏȡ Ǵಃ 30 ဦǴ। 3-19 69 Ȩᖄӝ୯Γ៾٣୍ȩ Ǵɦhttp://www.un.org/chinese/hr/issue/un.htmɧ (accessed May 1, 2013)Ƕ 26.

(34) ೿ӧ΋‫ۓ‬ำࡋ΢ੋϷΓ៾ߥៈୢᚒǶ. Βǵ୔ୱ‫܄‬Γ៾ߥៈᐒ‫ڋ‬ ୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬ନΑаᖄӝ୯ࣁว৖ЬᡏѦǴۘԖа୔ୱ‫܄‬୯ሞಔᙃ ‫׎܌‬ԋϐӚ໨୔ୱ‫܄‬୯ሞΓ៾ߥም‫س‬಍ᆶᅱ࿎ҙນᐒ‫ڋ‬Ǵբࣁံкᖄӝ ୯ᡏ‫س‬ϐό‫ى‬Ƕ٠ᐟว୯ሞΓ៾᛼‫ޑس‬ᘉቚǶ 70 ૟ϩኻࢪǵߚࢪǵ٥ ࢪᆶऍࢪѤঁ୔ୱǴᔠຎ୔ୱ‫܄‬Γ៾ߥៈᐒ‫׎ޑڋ‬ԋᆶࡌҥǶ (΋)ኻࢪ. 政治大 Ƞᖄӝ୯Ꮶകȡ 立 ǵȠШࣚΓ៾࠹‫ق‬ȡϷȠኻࢪΓ៾Ϧऊȡ(European Γ៾ߥምΏኻࢪӚ୯ϐ΋໨‫ࡓݤ‬চ߾ǴЀаԐයኻ࿉೸ၸᛝ࿿. ‧ 國. 學. Convention on Human Rights, ECHR)Ǵӧᖄӝ୯ᐒ‫ڋ‬ΠǴჴ፬Γ៾ ߥምǶ1993 ԃ 11 Д 1 Вғਏ‫ޑ‬Ƞኻࢪᖄ࿉చऊȡ Ǵ‫ڀ‬ᡏೕጄኻ࿉. ‧. Γ៾ߥም‫ࡹޑ‬฼౛‫ۺ‬ǴᡉҢኻ࿉ჹΓ៾‫ޑ‬ख़ຎǶ71 Զ 2000 ԃϦթ. sit. y. Nat. ‫ޑ‬Ƞኻ࿉୷ҁ៾ճᏦകȡ(Charter of Fundamental Rights of the. al. er. io. European Union)Ǵᡣኻ࿉வԜᏱԖᐱҥԶӄय़‫ޑ‬Γ៾࠹‫ق‬Ǵ٠‫ى‬а. v. n. ᡏ౜Ϧ҇៾ճᆶࡹ‫کݯ‬࿶ᔮǵ‫཮ޗ‬ᆶЎϯ៾ճ‫ޑ‬όёϩപ‫܄‬Ǵ٠җ. Ch. engchi. i n U. ኻࢪ‫ݤ‬ଣ(European Court of Justice)аղ‫ٰٯ‬ჴ፬Γ៾ߥምǴёᒏኻ ࿉Γ៾ߥៈᐒ‫ޑڋ‬ٚำ࿞Ƕኻ࿉ࢎᄬѦǴҭԖኻࢪ౛٣཮(Council of Europe, CoE)ϐኻࢪΓ៾‫ݤ‬ଣ(European Court of Human Rights, ECHR)ǴӅӕߦ຾ᆶᅱ࿎ኻࢪ୔ୱ‫ޑ‬Γ៾ว৖Ƕ 72 ԶኻࢪӚ୯ӧ ௢৖Γ៾ࡹ฼Бय़‫ߏޑ‬යոΚǴΨዴჴߦ຾ΑШࣚ‫کޑ‬ѳᆶᛙ‫ۓ‬Ƕ. 70. ጰ‫଻ד‬ǴȨচՐ҇଄ౢ៾ϐว৖-аऍࢪΓ៾‫ݤ‬ଣ Awas Tingni ਢࣁ߃‫ࡘޑۈ‬Եȩ ǴȠѠ᡼҇Ь‫ۑ‬ тȡಃ 8 ‫ڔ‬ಃ 4 ය (2011 ԃ 12 Д)Ǵ। 50-51Ƕ 71 ࢫቺ෕ЬጓǴ Ƞኻࢪᖄ࿉Γ៾ߥምȡ(ᆵчǺύѧࣴ‫ز‬ଣǴ2006 ԃ)Ƕ 72 ഋᡉ‫ݓ‬ǵೱ႙଻Ǵ ȨவȬኻ࿉Ꮶ‫ݤ‬ȭԿȬٚථҁచऊȭ‫ޑ‬ኻ࿉Γ៾ߥም߃௖-аȬኻ࿉୷ҁ៾ճ Ꮶകȭࣁख़ᗺȩ ǴȠѠ᡼୯ሞࣴ‫ۑز‬тȡ Ǵಃ 4 ‫ڔ‬ಃ 1 ය (2008 ԃ)Ǵ। 26Ƕ 27.

(35) (Β)ߚࢪ բࣁߚࢪεഌख़ा‫୔ޑ‬ୱ‫܄‬ಔᙃϐ΋Ǵߚࢪᖄ࿉‫ޑ‬ЬाҺ୍ࢂ ᆢៈ‫ߦک‬຾ߚࢪεഌ‫کޑ‬ѳᛙ‫ۓ‬Ǵ௢୏‫ׯ‬ॠᆶ෧೦ࡹ฼Ǵჴ౜ߚࢪ εഌ‫ޑ‬ว৖ᆶൺᑫǶߚࢪΓ៾ߥៈᐒ‫ࡌޑڋ‬ᄬǴҭਥᏵȠᖄӝ୯Ꮶ കȡϷȠШࣚΓ៾࠹‫ق‬ȡ ǴႴᓰ཮঩୯৖໒୯ሞӝբǵߦ຾ߚࢪε ഌ‫کޑ‬ѳǵӼӄᆶᛙ‫ۓ‬Ǵ٠ЪঀᏤ҇Ьচ߾ᆶ‫ࡋڋ‬Ǵߦ຾ቶ‫ࡹୖݱ‬ Ϸ‫ࡹؼ‬Ǵӕਔዴߥ஁ζԖਏୖᆶࡹ‫ݯ‬ǵ࿶ᔮ‫཮ޗک‬Ўϯሦୱ‫ޑ‬، ฼Ƕ1986 ԃғਏ‫ޑ‬ȠߚࢪΓ៾ᆶ҇௼៾ճᏦകȡ( African Charter on. 政治大 ᏦകύନΑೕ‫ঁۓ‬Γ୷ҁ៾ճǴᗋೕ‫ۓ‬ΑȨ҇௼៾ճȩ(People’s 立. Human and Peoples' Rights)ǴёᒏߚࢪΓ៾ߥៈᐒ‫ޑڋ‬ਥҁε‫ݤ‬Ǵ. ‧ 國. 學. rights)Ǵࣁ၀Ꮶക‫ޑ‬ᐱ੝ೀǶᏦകೕጄΠҭ೛ҥȨߚࢪΓ៾ᆶ҇௼ ៾ճ‫ݤ‬ଣȩǴаቩ౛࣬ᜢΓ៾ਢҹǶεᡏ΢Ǵߚࢪ‫ޑ‬Γ៾ߥៈᐒ‫ڋ‬. ‧. sit. Nat. Ꮶകȡࣁ୷ᘵǴගঀ٠ߥៈ୔ୱΓ៾Ƕ. y. ନᒥྣ࣬ᜢ୯ሞΓ៾Ϧऊ‫ޑ‬ೕጄǴӕਔΨаȠߚࢪΓ៾ᆶ҇௼៾ճ. er. io. (Ο)٥ࢪ. al. n. v i n җ‫ܭ‬ҲථើЎϯᆶ٥ࢪሽॶ฻চӢǴ٥ࢪҞ߻ۘ҂Ԗӄय़‫ޑ܄‬ Ch engchi U. ୔ୱΓ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬Ƕՠӧ၀୔ύǴ Ȩߓ܎դ୯ৎᖄ࿉ȩ(League of Arab. States)ᆶȨܿࠄ٥୯ৎ‫཮ڐ‬ȩ(Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN)‫ޑ‬Γ៾ᐒ‫ॶڋ‬ள‫ݙ‬ཀǶ 1945 ԃԋҥ‫ޑ‬Ȩߓ܎դᖄ࿉ȩǴ೛Ԗߓ܎դΓ៾‫ہ‬঩཮(The Permanent Arab Commission on Human Rights)Ǵᙍೢࢂ૛ᔕӚᅿΓ ៾‫ڐ‬᝼‫ࡌک‬᝼Ǵ٠ा‫؃‬Ӛ཮঩୯ࡌҥ୯ৎ΋ભ‫ޑ‬Γ៾‫ہ‬঩཮Ǵ‫ۓ‬ਔ ൔ֋ҁ୯‫ޑ‬Γ៾ว৖Ƕ 1967 ԃԋҥ‫ޑ‬Ȩܿࠄ٥୯ৎ‫཮ڐ‬ȩ Ǵவ߻ӢࣁȨόυੋচ߾ȩǴ 28.

(36) ٬‫ځ‬೽ϩԋ঩୯ᗨԖΓ៾ၴϸ‫ݩރ‬Ǵܿࠄ٥୯ৎ‫ࠅ཮ڐ‬௦όϟΕ‫ޑ‬ բ‫ݤ‬ǴࣁѦࣚ၎ੰǶՠ࿶ၸߏΦ‫ޑ‬ዲ୘Ǵܿ‫ڐ‬Ӛ୯ሦ೑ಖ‫ܭ‬ӧ 2012 ԃӅӕ௴୏Ȩܿ‫کڐ‬ѳϷ‫ک‬ှᐒᄬȩ(ASEAN Institute for Peace and Reconciliation)Ǵ٠ᛝ࿿೯ၸȠܿ‫ڐ‬Γ៾࠹‫ق‬ȡ(ASEAN Human Rights Declaration)ǴඩߦಖЗሉӉǵҺཀ຺ਂϷ‫ځ‬дၴϸΓ៾฻ՉࣁǶ73 (Ѥ)ऍࢪ 1948 ԃǴऍࢪӚ୯೯ၸȠऍࢪ୯ৎಔᙃᏦകȡ(Charter of the Organization of American States)Ǵ҅Ԅԋҥऍࢪ୯ৎಔᙃǶЪࣁբ. 政治大. ࣁᏱៈΓ៾‫୔ޑ‬ୱ‫܄‬ಔᙃǴ٠ჴ፬୷ҁΓ៾‫ޑ‬දШሽॶǴऍࢪ୯ৎ. 立. ಔᙃᒿջ‫ܭ‬ӕԃ೯ၸȠऍࢪΓ៾‫ک‬ೢҺ࠹‫ق‬ȡ(American Declaration. ‧ 國. 學. of the Rights and Duties of Man)Ƕ1969 ԃǴ೸ၸȠऍࢪΓ៾Ϧऊȡ. ‧. (American Convention on Human Rights)‫ुڋޑ‬Ǵ‫ڀ‬ᡏϯ߻ඟ࣬ᜢΓ ៾࠹‫ق‬ϣ৒ǹ‫ ܭ׳‬1988 ԃ೯ၸȠऍࢪΓ៾Ϧऊᜢ‫ܭ‬࿶ᔮǵ‫ک཮ޗ‬. y. Nat. io. sit. Ўϯ៾ճሦୱ‫ߕޑ‬у᝼‫ۓ‬ਜȡ(Additional Protocol to the American. n. al. er. Convention on Human Rights in the area of Economic, Social and. Ch. i n U. v. Cultural Rights)ǶԶӧΓ៾ߥምำ‫ࡌޑׇ‬ᄬ΢Ǵऍࢪ୯ৎಔᙃᗄΠ. engchi. ‫ޑ‬ऍࢪΓ៾‫ہ‬঩཮ᆶऍࢪΓ៾‫ݤ‬ଣǴ߾ࢂᄬᑐΑऍࢪΓ៾‫س‬಍ॄೢ ᅱ࿎ǵ‫ڙ‬౛ҙນᆶঁਢቩ౛‫ޑ‬ΒঁЬाΓ៾ߥምᐒᜢǶ. ಃΒ࿯ ୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ‫ڋ‬ύ‫ޑ‬Չࣁ‫ޣ‬ Γ៾౛གྷ‫ޑ‬໺ኞᆶ௢ቶǴΏԿ୯ሞΓ៾ᐒ‫ޑڋ‬ჴ፬຾ำύǴନΑ໺಍ࣁ୯ሞ ᜢ߯Ьᡏ‫ޑ‬୯ৎՉࣁ‫ޣ‬Ǵࢂ‫ځ‬ύ௢ΚѦǴߚ୯ৎՉࣁ‫فޑޣ‬ՅΨВ੻ख़ाǶ૟ϩ 73. Ȩಃ 21 ۛܿ‫ڐ‬ଯঢ়཮‫ ܭ‬11 Д 18 Вฦ൑ȩ Ǵ <http://www.aseancenter.org.tw/ASEANnewsDetail.aspx?id_news=105ɧ(accessed April 29, 2013)Ƕ 29.