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第四章、 結果

第四節、 乳酸菌發酵臺灣真柏針葉

新鮮臺灣真柏針葉粉末以不同乳酸菌菌株發酵 48 小時後,收集錐形瓶內發 酵後之粉末及發酵液,鋪平後放入 50 ℃ 烘箱中,乾燥後取 10 g 發酵後針葉粉 末裝填至超臨界之萃取槽中,以最適萃取條件 35 ℃、150 bar 加入 15 %甲醇共 溶劑進行萃取,其萃取率結果如下表二十。

最適條件萃取之未發酵新鮮針葉萃取率為 6.89 %,而乳酸菌發酵之組別萃 取率皆低於未發酵之組別,萃取率約 2 % 至 6 %,其中以BCRC 17489 與 BCRC 17497 發酵之萃取率較低,分別為 2.91 % 與 2.44 %。

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表十六、最適條件下不同乳酸菌發酵物之超臨界二氧化碳流體萃取率。

Table 16. Supercritical CO

2 extraction yields of different LAB fermentation with the optimum condition.

Lactic acid bacteria strains Yield ( % ) Control ( Fresh leaves ) 6.89 Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum BCRC 10069 5.39

Lactobacillus acidophilus BCRC 10695 5.31

Lactobacillus casei BCRC 10697 6.06

Lactobacillus amylovorus BCRC 11648 4.01

Lactobacillus fermentum BCRC 12190 5.88

Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BCRC 14016 4.40

Lactobacillus crispatus BCRC 14618 3.23

Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei BCRC 17489 2.91 Lactobacillus amylolyticus BCRC 17497 2.44 Lactobacillus taiwanensis BCRC 17755 3.74

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Table 17. Antioxidant activity of J. chinensis var. sargentii A. Henry needle leaves by

different LAB fermentation.

LAB strains

DPPH scavenging of each concentration ( % ) Formula of

regression curve

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本次實驗中,未發酵之新鮮針葉其 EC50 為 788.47 μg/mL,乳酸菌發酵組別 中,Lactobacillus amylolyticus BCRC 17497 發酵之新鮮針葉 EC50 為 776.06 μg/mL,

其抗氧化效果優於未發酵之組別,其次為 BCRC 10069 、 BCRC 10695 、 BCRC 10697 、 BCRC 11648 、 BCRC 17489 與 BCRC 17755 發酵萃取物,其 EC50

介於 800 至 1000 μg/mL 之間,然而 BCRC 12190 、 BCRC 14016 與 BCRC 14618 發酵萃取物抗氧化效果較差,其 EC50 分別為 1926.64 μg/mL 、 1462.12 μg/mL 與 1580.5 μg/mL。

圖二十六、不同乳酸菌發酵之臺灣真柏針葉萃取物 EC50比較。

Figure 26. EC

50 of J. chinensis var. sargentii A. Henry needle leaves fermentated by various lactic acid bacteria.

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3. 不同乳酸菌菌株發酵後萃取物之抗菌結果

將 100 μL 之 C. albicans 與 K. pneumoniae 菌液塗抹於 MH 培養基上,取 20 μL 濃度為 100 mg/mL 之乳酸菌發酵萃取物加入紙錠中,使其濃度為 2 mg/disk,將含樣品之紙錠貼於 MH 培養基上,放至培養箱中以 37 ℃ 培養 8 至 10 小時後取出,測量其抑菌圈大小,其結果如表二十二所示。

紙錠擴散試驗中,抑菌圈 9-10 mm 代表輕度抑菌效果,11-15 mm 代表中 度抑菌效果,16 mm 以上代表高度抑菌效果,由結果可知乳酸菌發酵後之臺灣 真柏超臨界萃取物對白色念珠菌皆有中度抑菌效果,對克雷伯氏肺炎菌有輕度至 中度抑菌效果,在白色念珠菌抗菌實驗中,以 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BCRC 14016 發酵之萃取物有最佳抑菌效果,其抑菌圈大小分別為 14.73 ± 0.25 mm,在克雷伯氏肺炎菌抗菌實驗中,以 Lactobacillus amylovorus BCRC 11648 發 酵之萃取物有最佳抑菌效果,其抑菌圈大小分為 11.33 ± 0.15 mm。

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表十八、不同乳酸菌發酵之臺灣真柏針葉萃取物抗菌活性。

Table 18. Antibacterial activity of J. chinensis var. sargentii A. Henry needle leaves

by different LAB fermentation.

Lactic acid bacteria strains Inhibition zone ( mm )

C. albicans K. pneumoniae

Control ( Fresh leaves ) 13.07 ± 0.21 9.43 ± 0.25 Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum

BCRC 10069 12.50 ± 0.50 10.50 ± 0.26 Lactobacillus acidophilus

BCRC 10695 11.73 ± 0.25 10.63 ± 0.15 Lactobacillus casei

BCRC 10697 11.63 ± 0.51 10.10 ± 0.10 Lactobacillus amylovorus

BCRC 11648 13.00 ± 0.44 11.33 ± 0.15 * Lactobacillus fermentum

BCRC 12190 13.03 ± 0.15 9.77 ± 0.25 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis

BCRC 14016 14.73 ± 0.25 * 10.60 ± 0.46 Lactobacillus crispatus

BCRC 14618 13.07 ± 0.32 10.03 ± 0.21 Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei

BCRC 17489 12.97 ± 0.65 10.30 ± 0.20 Lactobacillus amylolyticus

BCRC 17497 12.47 ± 0.21 9.77 ± 0.25 Lactobacillus taiwanensis

BCRC 17755 12.10 ± 0.36 9.90 ± 0.26

* p < 0.05

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3. 丙酮共溶劑含量變化

在丙酮共溶劑條件中,3 % 丙酮共溶劑之萃取率明顯高於其他組別,其萃取 率為 13.28 %,而 6 % 、 9 % 、 12 % 與 15 % 之萃取率亦高於未加入共溶劑 之條件,且在 HPLC 成分分析中可以發現, 3 % 丙酮共溶劑萃取物在 2.47 與 3.48 分鐘之成分含量顯著高於其他組別,而 6 % 之萃取物在 11.65 至 16.31 分 鐘之成分含量則較其他組別高,由此可知即便是相同的共溶劑,添加的含量亦會 影響不同物質的溶解度。

4. 乙酸乙酯與正己烷共溶劑含量變化

在乙酸乙酯與正己烷共溶劑條件中,萃取率隨共溶劑含量增加而提高,在 HPLC 成分分析中,15 % 乙酸乙酯與 9 % 正己烷共溶劑萃取物在多數主要成 分中含量高於其他組別,而 6 % 與 12 % 乙酸乙酯之萃取物在 42.99 分鐘之成 分含量則較其他組別低,12 % 正己烷之萃取物在 47.43 分鐘之成分含量較其他 組別高,49.32 與 62.12 分鐘之成分則顯著低於其他組別。

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Table 19. Compare extraction components content and antioxidant activity.

Sample

Peak area at each retention time ( min )

DPPH scavenging

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第三節、不同超臨界萃取條件對臺灣真柏針葉抗菌能力影響

抗菌點測試試驗中,臺灣真柏針葉超臨界萃取物對白色念珠菌、克雷伯氏肺 炎菌與枯草芽孢桿菌皆有抗菌效果,然而對大腸桿菌卻是無效的,縱使如此臺灣 真柏仍是圓柏屬中少數對克雷伯氏肺炎菌有抑菌效果之物種,且同時具有抗細菌 及抗真菌能力,這在植物萃取物抗菌研究中是較少見的。

在紙錠擴散試驗中,臺灣真柏超臨界萃取物對白色念珠菌皆有中度抑菌效果,

對克雷伯氏肺炎菌有輕度至中度抑菌效果,在白色念珠菌抗菌實驗中,15 % 丙 酮共溶劑與 9 % 乙酸乙酯共溶劑之萃取物有最佳抑菌效果,15 % 甲醇共溶劑 萃取物之抗菌效果較差,其餘條件抗菌效果並無太大差異;在克雷伯氏肺炎菌抗 菌實驗中,15 % 正己烷共溶劑之萃取物有最佳抑菌效果,未添加共溶劑之萃取 物以及添加甲醇與丙酮共溶劑之萃取物其抗菌效果較差,加入乙酸乙酯與正己烷 共溶劑之萃取物抗菌效果較佳。

此外,在抗菌點測試與紙錠擴散試驗中發現,臺灣真柏針葉萃取物對克雷伯 氏肺炎菌除了清晰的抑菌圈外,其外圍還有較大較模糊的抑菌圈 ( 13-17 mm ),

且在未添加共溶劑條件之萃取物有較大的抑菌圈 ( > 15 mm ),添加共溶劑之萃 取物模糊之抑菌圈則較小,此抑菌圈在 6 至 12 小時較為清晰,培養超過 12 小時會漸漸消失,由此推斷臺灣真柏針葉萃取物中具有較為特殊之抑菌物質。

75 其發酵條件需要進一步測試,此外優化 Lactobacillus acidophilus BCRC 10695 、

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Lactobacillus amylovorus BCRC 11648 與 Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei BCRC 17489 之發酵條件亦有機會提高臺灣真柏針葉萃取物之抗氧化能力。

3. 乳酸菌發酵對臺灣真柏針葉抗菌能力之影響

乳 酸 菌 發 酵 之 萃 取 物 抗 菌 結 果 中 , Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BCRC 14016 之發酵萃取物對白色念珠菌有最佳抑菌效果,Lactobacillus amylovorus BCRC 11648 之發酵萃取物對克雷伯氏肺炎菌有最佳抑菌效果,取乳酸菌發酵之 抗菌結果與先前條件測試之抗菌結果中,對白色念珠菌抑菌圈大於 13 mm 之組 別,以及對克雷伯氏肺炎菌抑菌圈大於 10 mm 之組別進行比較,其結果如表二 十四所示。

比較後結果得知,Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BCRC 14016 之發酵萃取物 對白色念珠菌之抗菌能力優於所有組別,其抑菌圈大小為 14.73 ± 0.25 mm 大於 15 % 丙酮 (13.57 ± 0.78 ) 與 9 % 乙酸乙酯 (13.57 ± 0.06 ),這表示優化 BCRC 14016 之發酵條件可能有助於進一步提高臺灣真柏針葉萃取物對白色念珠菌之 抗菌能力,而 Lactobacillus amylovorus BCRC 11648 之發酵萃取物對克雷伯氏肺 炎菌之抗菌能力亦優於所有組別,然而其抑菌圈大小仍小於 12 mm,其抗菌能 力雖有提升但提升幅度較小,除了優化發酵條件外,選擇 15 % 正己烷共溶劑進 行萃取可能有助於提高臺灣真柏針葉對克雷伯氏肺炎菌之抗菌能力。

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表二十、不同乳酸菌發酵與不同條件超臨界萃取之萃取物抗菌活性比較。

Table 20. Compare the antimicrobial activity of different LAB Fermentation extracts

and different SFE conditions extracts.

Sample

Inhibition zone ( mm )

C. albicans K. pneumoniae Control ( Fresh leaves ) 13.07 ± 0.21 -

78 有助於提高臺灣真柏針葉之抗氧化能力,以 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BCRC 14016 發 酵 可 提 升 臺 灣 真 柏 針 葉 萃 取 物 對 白 色 念 珠 菌 之 抗 菌 能 力 , 以 Lactobacillus amylovorus BCRC 11648 發酵可提升臺灣真柏針葉萃取物對克雷伯 氏肺炎菌之抗菌能力。

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