• 沒有找到結果。

北京論壇發表論文 SSCI 下的台灣高教競爭力 :

以政大學術評鑑為例

The Impact of SSCI on Taiwan’s Higher Education Competitiveness:

A Case Study of NCCU in Humanities and Social Sciences

周祝瑛

2

With the expansion of Taiwan’s higher education provision in recent years, maintaining quality in teaching and research has become a top concern for Taiwan. Since 2005, the Ministry of Education has initiated both the Program for Promoting Academic Excellence in Universities (PPAE) and the Aiming for the Top University and Elite Research Center Development Plan (ATU Plan) and also established a formal university evaluation policy, with a view to improving the competitive strength and international visibility of Taiwan’s universities. In so doing, the MOE made a clear link between the results of evaluations and the allocation of funds. Research performance is chiefly assessed in terms of the number of articles published in SCI, SSCI and A&HCI indexed journals, citation rates, and the associated impact factors. Evaluation has thus taken on a highly quantitative dimension. In 2008, as a direct response to these new policies, National Cheng-Chi University (NCCU) set up an ATU office fully devoted to the development of certain selected key subject areas and the promotion of quality research. Despite the best efforts of all concerned to encourage academic excellence, the highly quantitative evaluation indicators have had some negative effects. Publication expectations, clearly, are not uniform across all disciplines; the distinctive characteristics of particular academic subjects have been largely ignored, and there have been instances of bitterness in certain departments whose staff felt they had been subjected to unfair competition.

It is not self-evident, in fact, that such quantified indicators as citation indexes and impact factors represent an appropriate way to evaluate research performance of university faculty. It is necessary to investigate other approaches to evaluation that are beneficial to both researchers and funding agencies, and find ways to properly tap into teachers’ academic productive capacity. A set of guidelines that evaluators may adopt in allocating funds is also sorely needed. In this paper, the author examined the ways evaluation is currently conducted in Taiwan and at NCCU, and sketched out the problems and issues with the present system. The opinions of all evaluation stakeholders in this university are recorded, analyzed, and discussed. Evaluation criteria between book publications and journal articles from western countries were also included as reference. It is hoped that the current paper can shed light on literature as well as policy-making for pursuing excellence, efficiency and equity in higher education.

3

Keywords: evaluation, evaluation indicators, academic evaluation, SSCI, NCCU, Taiwan. 源競爭與「客觀學術產出」等評比方式,採取以發表在 Science Citation Index(SCI)、Social Science Citation Index(SSCI)、Arts & Humanities Citation Index(A & HCI)等期刊資料庫之論文數,作為學術研究的評量標準,

追求向上述資料庫投遞稿件,符合各機構所要求之評量指標。同時,2005 年開 始教育部也以提高台灣高等教育國際競爭力與能見度之理由,接連提出「追求卓 越計畫」、「頂尖大學」及建立大學評鑑政策等,直接促成國內高等教育以量化指 標作為評鑑標準的發展方向。此外,國家科學委員會(簡稱「國科會」)的各項研 究補助也以 SCI、SSCI、A&HCI 等國際期刊的刊載篇數與被引用次數(impact factor),作為各種計畫獎補助之依據。這些評量標準皆造成了台灣學界以國際 期刊論文發表為主的研究取向,不僅以中文發表形式漸不受重視;研究議題為投 國際期刊之喜好;也形成了研究出版「重期刊論文、而輕專書」、強調「發表篇 數勝於一切」等奇特現象。甚至有許多研究者追求以英語形式發表論文,遠超過 對文章本身品質的要求(Chen & Quan, 2004;周祝瑛,2009)。

為回應教育部等所推展之各項追求卓越之高教政策,政治大學(簡稱「政大」)

4

TSSCI 期刊之論文,每篇 25 分」。第二類指標中也規定「發表於 SCI、SSCI、TSSCI、

一流學術期刊中之評論論文,每篇十分」。至於教育學院則是於「期刊論文」此

(Journal Citation Report)中 SCI/SSCI 分別收編之期刊等級,作為獎補助之 標準,前百分之十五之期刊,每篇補助 30 萬元(新台幣),從 12 萬至六萬元不等。

至於屬於 TSSCI 期刊所發表之論文,則每篇補助四萬元。最後一級為非屬於 TSSCI 期刊之論文,每篇僅獲得兩萬元之補助。此外,國際事務學院之「學術著作發表 獎勵申請辦法」亦同樣以 SSCI、SCI 、AHCI、EI 期刊論文為第一級獎助,每篇 可獲得一萬五千元。而非屬於 SSCI、SCI 、AHCI、EI 期刊論文之發表,每篇依 序僅為一萬至六千元不等。由此顯示出:在政大許多學院中,SCI/SSCI 期刊論

註解 [怡小伶1]: 這邊沒有辦法有統 一的通過時間,因為本次研究資料乃 彙整全校各院各系之辦法,若要全部 一一打出來要耗費太多篇幅

5 一篇 SCI、SSCI、TSSCI 排序第一至三級之期刊論文,就能獲得 120 分

(50+40+30=120)。加上同樣發表於 SCI、SSCI、TSSCI 資料庫排序第一級期 Zwaan , Bruin & Dekker,1989),以及澳洲Wollongong大學研究政策中心1991 年之資料庫分析結果發現,人文社會科學之「圖書出版品」比「期刊發表數

6

量」更為龐大。換言之,基於人文社會學科之特性,人文社會學科學者經常 以出版「專書」為主,而非「期刊論文」。而在自然科學領域上,圖書出版 量則相對低於人文社會的出版數量,因本身擅長以期刊論文來呈現研究成 果。尤其2010年三月在華沙舉辦的全球學術排名觀察組織會議

(International Observatory on Academic Ranking and Excellence, IREG) ,會中調查全球人文社會科學領域的著作引用率,發現80%仍然是來自

7

8

(一)英國學術評鑑系統(Research Assessment Exercise,RAE)

英國「學術評鑑系統」(Research Assessment Exercise,RAE)又稱英國 研究評鑑作業,規定凡接受政府補助的高等教育機構,必須無條件提出本身研究

9

(二) 美國藝術人文科學院之人文指標(Humanities Indicators of The American Academy of Arts & Sciences,AAAS)

John Adams 等學者於 1780 年創立「美國藝術人文科學院」,學院 五大方向,分別為:(1)中小學教育(The Primary and Secondary Education)、 (2)大學與研究所教育(Undergraduate and Graduate Education)、(3)人文學 科就業力(The Humanities Workforce)、(4)人文學科研究與經費支助

(Humanities Funding and Research)、(5) 人文學科與美國人日常生活中的關 係(The Humanities in American Life)等方面之影響。其中,「人文學科就業 力」指標主要考量人文教育內涵與特性之變化,以及人文科系學生之未來出路。 練管理報告」(Research and Research Training Management Reports,簡稱 PRTMRs)以及「高等教育研究資料庫」(王如哲,2008)。本研究為突顯人文社會 科學相關評鑑指標之特性,故只討論後者。

澳洲高等教育資料庫之設置乃是根據 1999 年,政府引進新的高教撥款支 助機制而來(王如哲,2008)。此一資料庫目的在於蒐集與統整各大學提交至「教 育科學和訓練部」之「整體研究收入來源」以及「研究出版類型」兩大資料

10

(Jongbloed, et.al., 2005)。其中,研究出版的部份主要分為四類(詳表 1-2)。 經過作者針對四類分類表及其相對權重之整理分析發現:澳洲國家研究績效評鑑

11

資料來源:Gianfranco C., Mariagloria L., Giuseppe Z., Alberto D. D., and Luigi N.(2001). Evaluating Research Performance: the Strategy of the University of Naples Federico II (Italy). Higher Education Policy,14, 84.

因此,總結前述四項國際人文社會科學相關評鑑指標之內容可知,國外人文

12

13

14

Coleman, 1999; Water, et al., 2003)。如同前述人文社會科學之社會知識傳 播責任,人文社會領域教師之「社會影響力」(social impact)也應列入學術 評鑑指標之中。其中值得參考的作法之一可從教師是否願意「開放」其研究成果 為出發點(open access),以「教師於該校線上學術典藏」、「教師於 Airitilibrary 華藝線上圖書館(整合 CEPS 思博網及 CETD 中文電子學位論文服務整合查詢入口)

15

16

最後,綜合各家說法(Arreola, 2000, 2007; Seldin , 2006; 彭森明, 2006;

洪雅琪, 2009),擬為政大建構出以下八類適合人文社會科學之學術評鑑項目

7-1 Google scholar搜尋之學術或社論文章筆數

7-2 教師於所屬學校線上學術典藏(open access)之數量 7-3 教師於Airitilibrary華藝線上圖書館(CEPS及CETD)之文

17

18

楊美華(2006)。數位時代的學術傳播和館藏發展。大學圖書館,10(1),140-156。

楊瑩(2009)。中國大陸高等教育本科教學評估制度。高教評鑑,18,53-60。

Arreola, R. A. (2007). Developing a comprehensive faculty evaluation system : a guide to designing, building, and operating large-scale faculty evaluation systems. MA, Bolton: Anker Publishing Company.

Arreola, R. A. (2000). Developing a comprehensive faculty evaluation system. MA, Bolton: Anker Publishing Company.

Gianfranco C., Mariagloria L., Giuseppe Z., Alberto D. D., and Luigi N.(2001). Evaluatingresearch performance: the strategy of the university of Naples Federico II (Italy).Higher Education Policy, 14, 75-90.

Chen, K. S., & Qian, Y. X. (2004). Academic production under the Neo-liberalism globalization [in Chinese]. Paper presented at the Reflecting on Taiwan's Higher Education Academic Evaluation Conference.

19

Coleman, R.(1999). Impact factors: Use and abuse in biomedical research.

The Anatomical Record, 257, 54-57.

IREG OBSERVATORY: UNIVERSITY RANKINGS UNDER SCRUTINY,access on2010/04/29 http://www.ireg-observatory.org/)

Jongbloed, B.W.A., Salerno, C.S., Huisman, J. & Vossensteyn J.J. (2005).

Research performance measurement: An international comparison. Policy Oriented Studies on Higher Education and Scientific Research( pp.113).

The Hague: OCenW.

Nederhof, A. J. Zwaan, R. A., De Bruin, R.E. & Dekker, P. J. (1989).

Assessing theusefulness of bibliographic indicators for the humanities and the social and behavioral sciences: A comparative study.

Scientometrics,15(5/6), 423-435.

Seglen, P. O. (1997), Why the impact factor of journals should not be used for evaluating research, British Medical Journal, 314, 498-502.

Seldin, P. (2006). Evaluating faculty performance : a practical guide to assessing teaching, research, and service. MA, Bolton: Anker Publishing Company.

相關文件