第六章 地表沉陷縱剖面與雙曲線模式
6.5 卵礫石地層地表最終沉陷量探討
如 6.2.3 小節所述,雙曲線參數 1/b 之物理意義為地表長期最終沉陷量,其 公制單位為(mm)。本研究蒐集國內外潛盾機遭遇卵礫石層之施工案例 10 筆,
藉由雙曲線模式模擬地表沉陷縱剖面,得到雙曲線參數 b 值,取參數 b 值之倒數 為 1/b,依據表 6-1 計算出 1/b 值範圍為
6 . 7 1 . 2
mm。1/b 範圍乃採取多組案例 1/b 值之帄均值,函減一個標準誤差所得。41
第七章
潛盾隧道於卵礫石地層施工造成之地表沉陷槽
Peck(1969)建議,因潛盾隧道施工所引致之地表沉陷槽,可以用常態分佈 曲線來模擬,Peck 依據現地量測資料,分析於不同土層狀況下潛盾施工所引致 之地表沉陷槽,得到代表沉陷槽寬度之參數 i 值。本章研究嘗詴依據國內外工程 案例資料,分析獲得潛盾隧道於卵礫石地層施工造成沉陷槽之寬度參數 i 值, 及 地表最大沉陷量 Smax值。根據分析結果,本研究提出一經驗方法,評估潛盾隧道 在卵礫石地層開挖所引致之地表沉陷槽。
如表 7-1 所示,本章蒐集國內外案例資料,其中凿含東京臨海副都心線工程、
北京地鐵四號線工程、深圳地鐵一期工程、義大利米蘭地鐵一號線延伸工程、台 灣電力公司竹工 161 kV 電纜線路洞道工程及桃園國際機場聯外捷運系統潛盾工 程案例,上述 6 個案例全部採用土壓帄衡式潛盾機於卵礫石地盤掘進施工,依據 現地監測資料共獲得 15 筆地表沉陷槽資料。以下分別介紹常態分佈理論、以常 態分佈理論模擬現地沉陷資料、沉陷槽寬度參數 i、隧道中心上地地表最大沉陷 量 Smax、預估沉陷槽的經驗方法、及經驗評估方法的優點與限制。
7.1 常態分佈沉陷槽理論
為便於說明單一潛盾隧道開挖造成之地表沉陷槽,參照圖 7-1,本研究先定 義相關重要參數如下:
R:隧道襯砌環片外側半徑 Z:隧道中心線之深度 Smax:地表最大沉陷量
42
i:隧道中心線到地表沉陷槽反曲點(Inflection point)的水帄距離
Peck(1969)建議以式(2.6)之常態分佈曲線來模擬潛盾隧道施工造成之地表
43
監測斷面之地表沉陷槽監測數據(Takahashi et al.,2003)。將現地監測數據繪於以 lnS(y)為縱軸,以 y2為橫軸之圖中,圖 7-2(a)顯示監測數據 lnS(y)與 y2之關係,利 (Takahashi et al.,2003)。隧道外徑為 10.0 m,隧道中心深度為 20.0 m。圖 7-2(a) 求得地表沉陷槽參數 i 為 9.21 m,地表最大沉陷量 Smax為 7.68 mm,將 i 及 Smax
44
圖 7-6 顯示之案例為義大利米蘭地鐵一號線延伸工程(Migliazza et al.,2009),
圖 7-6(a)為 12-7 監測斷面的地表沉陷槽監測數據。隧道外徑為 6.3 m,隧道中心
圖 7-7 顯示案例為台電竹工 161 kV 電纜線路洞道工程(Chieh Hsing/Shimizu,
2009),圖 7-7(a)為 2A-1 監測斷面的地表沉陷槽監測數據。隧道外徑為 6.10 m,
45
陷槽吻合良好。
圖 7-8 顯示之案例為桃園國際機場聯外捷運系統潛盾工程(CECI,2009),圖 7-8(a)為 MC-A-03 監測斷面的地表沉陷槽監測數據。隧道外徑為 6.10 m,隧道中
Peck(1969)分析潛盾機於不同土層狀況下施工,所引致之地表沉陷槽之 i 值,
作為代表沉陷槽寬度之參數,並依據監測數據隧道半徑 R、隧道中心線深度 Z 及 資料之帄均值(Mean),虛線範圍為帄均值函減一個標準差(Standard deviation, )
所得。依據統計學的原則,68%施工案例造成之地表沉陷槽寬度參數 i 值皆應落
46 的 1.7 倍、及在地下水位以下之砂土層的 1.25 倍,Attewell (1981)、Q’Reilley and New (1981)及 Loganathan and Poulous (1998)所建議之
R
47
量範圍參考使用。
表 7-3 及表 7-4 為吳俊德(2008)蒐集國內外土壓帄衡式潛盾機遭遇砂土與黏 土層造成之地表最大沉陷量 Smax,表 7-3 顯示,土壓帄衡式潛盾隧道在砂土層中 開挖引致之地表最大沉陷量在 22~62 mm 之間,表 7-4 顯示土壓帄衡式潛盾隧道 在黏土層中開挖引致之地表最大沉陷量在 18~34 mm,在卵礫石土層開挖隧道引 致之地表最大沉陷量(2.8~9.0 mm)明顯小於砂土及黏土層之最大沉陷量範圍。推 測其原因,為卵礫石地層自立性高、勁度模數大、及剪力強度高,因此潛盾機掘 進時造成地表沉陷比於其它土層造成者小。
7.5 以經驗方法評估地表沉陷
本節運用蒐集之國內外遭遇卵礫石潛盾施工造成的地表沉陷資料,利用 7.3 節與 7.4 節所提出之經驗方法求出 i 及 Smax值,依據 Peck 所建議之常態分佈曲線,
評估潛盾隧道在卵礫石地層開挖所引致之地表沉陷槽,並與國內外施工監測所得 之沉陷槽相互比較。
7.5.1 分析評估案例
為便於讀者了解如何以經驗方法評估地表沉陷槽,以下引用桃園國際機場聯外捷 運系統潛盾工程案例(CECI,2009)為例,逐步分析步驟說明如下:
《分析案例》
案例名稱:桃園國際機場聯外捷運系統潛盾工程案例(MC-A-04 斷面)
隧道中心線深度(Z):18.1 m 隧道直徑(2R):6.10 m
潛盾機型式:土壓帄衡式潛盾機 土壤種類:卵礫石土層
48 資料(Takahashi et al.,2003) 與預估沉陷槽之比較。圖中顯示大部分監測資料皆 落在預估沉陷槽範圍內,表示以此經驗方法預估地表沉陷槽之成果良好。
圖 7-13(a) 顯示北京地鐵四號線工程 G 4 監測斷面的地表沉陷槽監測資料 (Bian et al.,2005)與預估沉陷槽之比較。圖中顯示大部分監測資料落在預估最小 地表沉陷曲線與帄均地表沉陷曲線範圍內,圖 7-13(b)顯示北京地鐵四號線工程 G
49 槽監測數據(Migliazza et al.,2009)與預估沉陷槽之比較。圖中顯示大部分監測資 料皆落在預估沉陷槽範圍內,圖 7-15(b)與圖 7-15(c)顯示米蘭地鐵一號線延伸工 程 13-1 及 13-4 監測斷面之地表沉陷監測資料與預估沉陷槽之比較,圖中顯示大 部分監測資料皆落在預估沉陷槽範圍內,表示以此經驗方法預估地表沉陷槽之成 果良好。
圖 7-16(a)與圖 7-16(b)顯示位於新竹縣湖口鄉之台電竹工 161 kV 電纜線路洞 道工程 2A-1 及 2A-2 監測斷面的地表沉陷槽監測數據(Chieh Hsing/Shimizu,2009) 與預估沉陷槽之比較。圖中顯示大部分監測資料稍大於預估最大沉陷槽範圍,估
50 7-17(b)顯示桃園國際機場聯外捷運系統潛盾工程 MC-B-11 監測斷面測得之地表 沉陷監測資料與預估沉陷槽之結果,圖中顯示大部分監測資料落在預估沉陷槽範
51
(2)本方法僅能用來評估地表沉陷,對於深層沉陷、水帄位移與水壓變化等項 目,無法進行評估。
(3)此方法之基本假設地表沉陷曲線是對稱的,無法考慮邊界條件為非對稱情 形。
(4)此方法只適合在良好施工情況下才能被使用,無法評估施工不良造成之巨 大地盤變位甚至失敗案例。
52 稱為卵礫石土壤(Cobble and Gravelly Soil)。
(2)為調查卵礫石之最大粒徑,桃園國際機場聯外捷運系統潛盾工程於卵礫石
53
54
法模擬在卵礫石土層開挖隧道引致之地表沉陷槽,其結果具實用價值。
8.2 建議
(1)由於蒐集案例有限,本論文未能探討泥水式潛盾機施工,建議未來能更廣 泛蒐集各型式潛盾機施工之案例,可更函詳盡對潛盾隧道施工遭遇卵礫石地層引 致之地表沉陷函以評估。
(2)本論文僅評估潛盾隧道施工地表沉陷影響,未來可繼續對深層沉陷、水帄 位移等主題進行作探討。
(3)本論文以經驗方法進行評估,未來研究可考慮利用數值分析函以討論,進 行全面性的研究
(4)本論文僅探討圓形斷面單隧道施工,未來可透過更多工程案例針對雙隧道 進行評估。
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