田弘華、田芳華 (2008 )。誰升學?誰就業?誰失業?大學畢業生出路之探討。
教育政策論壇， 11(4),33-62 。
[Tien,H. 旺，& Tien,F. F. (2008).Who goes to graduates schools? who gets employed or unemployed? exploring the career destinations of college graduates.
Educational Policy Forum,11(4),33-62.]
吳清山、簡惠閔 (2008 )。薑灣高等技職教育改革分析: 1996-2007 年。教育研究 月刊， 167 '47-67 。
[Wu,C. S.,& Chien,H. M. (2008). An analysis of higher technological and vocational education reform in Taiwan: 1996-2007. Journal of Educational Research,167, 47-67.]
吳明輯、李陸盛(20II)。譚照協助大學畢業生就業之效益分析:以企管額科系 為例。商管科技季刊，12(2) , 145-173 。
[Wu, M. J.,& Lee, L. S. (2011). Do occupational certificates benefit undergraduate students'
“
ll-time employment?: Business-related program as an example of empirical study. Commerce<:是 Management Quarter秒， 12(2)，145-173.]宋明娟、甄曉蘭 (201 I)。重建大學課程的意義與策略初探:來自建構大學系所 學生專業能力的經驗反思。當代教育研究季刊，19(1) ,55-100 0
[Sung, M.C.,& Chen,H.L. (2011).Reconstructing a college curriculum: Reflections from an experience constructing college students' professional competencies.
Contemporaη，Educational ResearchQuarter秒， 19(1)， 55-100.]
李敦義 (2011 )。綜合高中分流政策對學生學習成就的影響:以TEPS 資料分析 為例。教育科學研究期刊，56(2), 107-135 。
[L間， D. Y. (2011). Effects of comprehensive high school policy on students' achievement: Evidence from Taiwan education panel survey. Journal of Research in Education Sciences,56(2),107-135.]
李陸盛、李信達、陳淑貞 (2010 )。技職教育證照制度的回顧與展望。教育資料 與研究，呀， 31-泣。
[Lee, L. S.,Lee,H. T.,& Chen,S. C. (2010). Retrospect and prospect of certification system in Taiwan's technological and vocational education. Journal of Educational Resources and Research,93,31-52.]
李隆盛、賴春金 (2007 )。技職教育現況及其未來發展。國家菁英季刊，3(1) ,
35-45 。
[L間，L.鼠， & Lai, C. C. (2007). The status quo and future development of technological and vocational education in Taiwan. National EliteQuarter秒， 3(1)，
35-45.]
辛炳隆、江哲延 (2011 )。專業證照對薪資影響之淺析。 T&D 飛訊， 124' 1-13 。
[Hsin, P. L., & Chiang, C. Y. (2011). The effect of professional certifications on labor's wage in Taiwan. T&DFashion,124,1-13.]
106 鄭博文、陳清橫、賴慧敏、蕭錫鉤:大學畢業生取得證照與薪資所得 傾向分數配對法之分析
林大森(20 II)。教育與勞力市場之連結:分析臺灣專業證照的市場價值。社會
科學論叢，5(1) , 39-84 。
[Lin, D. S. (20 II). Linkage between education and the labor market: Analysis of market value of professional certificates in Taiwan. Review of Social Sciences, 5(1),39-84.]
林大森 (2013 )。檢視大學畢業生薪資取得之決定因素:人力資本論與訊號理論 的對話。教育政策論壇，16(1) ,1-37 0 doi: 10.39661156082982013021601001 [Lin,D. S. (2013). An examination of the relationship among university graduates'
employment competency, professional certificates/licenses and wages Educational Policy Forum,16(1),1-37. doi: 10.39661156082982013021601001]
秦夢群、莊清寶( 2010) 。大專生求學經歷與就業力關係。教育資料與研究，94 '
85-112 。
[Chin,M. c.,
&
Chuang, C. P. (2010). The relationship between learning experience and employability. Journal ofEducational Resources and Research,94， 的 -112.]張吉成、饒達欽 (2010 )。技職教育職業盡照化發展之反思。教育資料與研究，
93 ' 15-30 。
[Chang, C. C., & Rau, D. C. (2010). A reflection of developing vocational and technological education with occupational certificates. Journal of Educational Resources and Research,93,15-30.]
教育部 (2010) 。第八次全國教育會議實錄。臺北市:作者。
[Ministry of Education. (2010). Report of the eighth national education conference.
Taipei,Taiwan: Author.]
陶宏麟、蕭富方 (2013 )。女性商學大學畢業生金融證照持有與初期職涯表現之 關係。應用經濟論叢， 93 ' 209-252 。
[Tao,H. L., & Hsiao,F. F. (2013). Financial certificates,academic characteristics,and initial career performance of female business college graduates. Taiwan Journal ofAppliedEconomics， 的，209-252.]
陳建州( 201 1)。女性的教育成就與大學畢業後初期位置之關係。教育研究集刊，
57(3) ,75-121 。
[Chen,J. J. (2011). Female college students' preference for fields of study and their first- year jobs. Bulletin of Educational Research,57(3),75-121.]
黃雅容 (2008 )。臺灣第一代大學生的背景和特質:臺灣和美國的發現一樣嗎?。
師大學報:教育類，到(2) , 111-130 。
[Huang, Y. R. (2008). Backgrounds and characteristics of first-generation college students in Taiwan. Journal of National Taiwan Normal Universi抄﹒ Education，
53(2),111-130.]
黃毅志 (2008 )。如何精確測量職業地位?改良版畫灣地區新職業聲望與社輕地 位量表之建構。臺東大學教育學報，19(1) , 151-160 。
[Hwang,Y. J. (2008). How to precisely measure occupational status? construction of the improvement edition of new occupational prestige and socioeconomic scores for Taiwan. NTTU Educational Research Journal,19(1), 151-160.]
當代教育研究季刊第二十三卷第-期， 2015 年 3 月，頁。71-111 107 Contemporary Educational Research Quarterly Vol.23,No. I
黃教志 (2009 )。國際新職業量表在臺灣教育研究中的適用性:本土化與國際化 的考量。教育科學研究期刊， 54(3) , 1-27 。
[Hwang,Y. J. (2009). The suitability of the new international occupational scale in Taiwan's educational research: Consideration of indigenization and internationalization. Journal ofResearch in Education Sciences,54(3),1-27.]
廖年淼、劉玲慧、賴靜瑩、楊家瑜 (2012) 0 科技校院畢業生職場就業現況與相 關影響因素之探究。教育與社會研究， 25 ' 33-72 。
[Lyau, N. M., Liu, L.且， Lai, C. Y., & Yang, C. Y. (2012). An investigation of technological university graduates' employment status in the workplace and related influential factors. Formosan Education andSocie紗， 25， 33-72.]
蕭錫鍋( 1993) 。從技術士譚照的特質談職業教育應有的理念。技術與職業教育 雙月刊，17 ' 24-27 。
[Hsiao,H. C. (1993). Vocational education should be the nature of theconcept 企om
the certificates. Technological and Vocational EducationBimonth秒， 17， 24-27.]
蕭輯錯 (2009) 0 從學校觀點設推廣證照的規劃與發展 o 訓練與研發，5 ' 50-57 。
[Hsiao,H. C. (2009). Planning and development certification: From the school views.
Training and Development,5,50-57.]
譚克平 (2010) 0 隨機化試驗在教育研究中的應用。教育科學研究期刊，55(4), 69-95 0
[Tam, H. P. (2010). Randomized trials: Usage in educational research. Journal of Research in Education Sciences,55(4),69-95.]
關秉寅、李敦義 (2008 )。補習數學有用嗎?一個「反事實」的分析 o 薑灣社會 學刊， 41 ' 97-148 。
[Kuan,P. Y., & Lee,D. Y. (2008). Effects of cram schooling on math performance: A counterfactual analysis. Taiwanese Journal ofSociology， 衍， 97-148.]
關秉寅、李敦義 (2010 )。國中生數學補得愈久，數學成就愈好嗎?傾向分數配 對法的分析。教育研究集刊，56(2) , 105-139 。
[Kuan,P. Y., & Lee,D. Y. (2010). Effects of cram schooling on math performance in junior high: A propensity score matching approach. Bulletin of Educational Research,56(2),105-139.]
Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. New York,NY: National Bureau of Economic Research Press.
Becker,S. 0., & Ichino,A. (2002). Estimation of average treatment effects based on propensity scores. The Stata Journal,2(4),358-377
Brooking, A. (1996). Intellectual capital. London, England: International Thomson Business Press.
Caliendo,M., & Kopeinig,S. (2008). Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching. Journal of Economic Surveys,2月 1)， 31-72. doi:
1O.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00527.x
108 鄭博文、陳清棚、賴慧敏、蕭錫錫:大學畢業生取得證照與薪資所得←傾向分數配對法之分析
Fe1tovich,N.,Harbaugh,R.,
&
To,T. (2002). Too cool for school? Signalling and countersignalling. The RAND Journal of Economics, 33(4), 630-649. doi:10.2139/ssrn.272593
Guo，鼠， & Fraser,M. W. (2010). Propensity score analysis: Statistical methods and applications. Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage
Harding, D. J. (2003). Counterfactual models of neighborhood effects: The effect
的ighborhoodpoverty on dropping out and teenage pregnancy. American Journal ofSociology,109(3),676-719. doi: 10.1086/379217
Johlke, M. C. (2006). Sales presentation skills and salesperson job performance.
Journal of Business and Industrial Marketi嗯， 21(5), 311-319. doi:
10.1108/08858620610681614
Kerckhoff, A. c., & Bell, L. (1998). Hidden capital: Vocational credentials and attainment in the United States. Sociology ofEducation,71(2),152-174.
Leuven,E.,& Sianesi,B.(2003). Psmatch2: Stata module的 pe吃(ormfull mahalanobis and propensity score matching, common support graphing, and covariate imbalance testing. Retrieved from http://ideas.repec.org/c/boc/bocode/s432001.
html,version 3.0.0
Light, A. (1998). Estimating returns to schooling: When does the career begin?
Economics ofEducation Review,17( 1),31-45.
Morgan, S. L., & Harding, D. J. (2006). Matching estimators of causal effects prospects and pitfallsintheory and practice. Sociological Methods and Research, 35(1),3-60. doi: 10.1177/0049124106289164
Morgan,S. L., & Winship,C.(2007). Counteφctualsand causal analysis: Methods andprincψlesfor social research. Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press.
Rosenbaum,P.R.,& Rubin,D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometri缸， 70(1), 41-55. doi:
10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
Rotundo,M.,& Sackett,P. (2004). Specific versus general skills and abilities: A job level examination of relationships with wage. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,77(2),127-148. doi: 10.1348/096317904774202108 Rubin, D. B. (1973). Matching to remove bias in observational studies. Biometrics,
29(1),159-183.
Sanchez,J. R.,& Laan阻， F. S. (1997,November). What is it worth? The economic value of obtaining a certificate or associate degree from California Community Colleges. Annual conference of the Cal份rnia association for institutional research,San Francisco,CA.
Spence,M. (1973). Job market signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,87(3), 355-374.
Stauffi仗，E. J.,Dol血，J.A.,& Newman,R. (2008). Fire debris analysis. Boston,MA:
Academic Press
Weeden,K. A.(2002). Why do some occupation
當代教育研究季刊第二十三卷第一期， 2015 年 3 月，頁。71-111 109 Contemporary Educational Research Quarterly Vol.23,No. I
Winship, C., & Morgan, S. L. (1999). The estimation of causal effects 企om
observational data.Annual Review ofSociology,25,659-706.
Winship, C., & Sobel, M. (2004). Causal inference in sociological studies. In M.
Hardy (Ed.),The handbook of data analysis(pp. 481-503). Thousand Oaks,CA:
Sage.
110 鄭博文、陳清橫、賴慧敏、蕭錫綺大學畢業生取得證照與薪資所得一傾向分數配對法之分析
附錄
附錄 l
證照張數類型之描述性統計
無證照 一張證照 兩張證照
eN= 1927) eN = 2489) eN = 563)
平均數 標準差 平均數 標準差 平均數 標準差 每月收入薪資所得 31106.36 9137.13 29629.03' 8763.69 28687.77' 8750.13
性別 .77 .42 .81' .39 .89 ' .31
學校類型
公立技職 .10 .44 .10
.
.49 .09
.
.47 私立技職 .32 .41 .31 .46 .26 .50
服務機構
公司 .47 .49 .53 .50 .52' .40
工作與大學科系有關
部份相關 36 .49 .39' .50 .39' .42 下列人生目標的重要程度
某一領域的專家 2.81 .96 2.90 .93 2.85 .97
創業有成 2.74 .98 2.78 .97 2.89 .93
有富裕物質生活 2.98 .78 3.02 .77 3.10' .74
自己在下列方面的能力
電腦 3.12 .67 3.15' .65 3.32 .67
創造力 3.12 .80 3.10 .85 3.03' .84
數理邏輯 2.97 .97 2.86 .94 2.79 .97
大學期間常參與下列活動
服務性社團活動 1.68 1.04 1.61 .97 1.64 .97
藝術性社團活動 1.38 .77 1.42 .79 1.53' .89
綜合性社團活動 1.46 .83 1.40 .75 1.41 .78 大學就讀期間工作經驗
家教(學期間) .17 .38 .13' .33 .09' .29
暑假工讀 .45 .50 .42 .49 .48' .50
權重 1.98 .07 1.98 .08 1.99 05 p<.05
註:僅列出有顯著差異之變項
當代教育研究季刊第二十三卷第-期， 2015 年 3 月，頁。71 一 III III Contemporary Educational Research Quarterly Vol.23,No. I
附錄 2
是否擁有證照之邏輯迴歸分析摘要表
一張證照 兩張證照 兩張證照
YS 無誼照 YS. 無證照 YS. 一張證照
(N=4416) (N = 2490) (N = 3052)
係數 標準誤 係數 標準誤 係數 標準誤 性別 .29' .11 1.04 .21 .68 .19
身分別
原住民 1.72 .76 一1. 80 1.26 1.33 2.31
學校類型
公立技職 1.28' .16 2.32' .30 .93' .29
私立技職 1.65 .13 2.70' .27 .98 .27
工作性質
專業技術業務人員 .32' .01 .60' .16 .38 .15
工作與大學科系有關
部份相關 .30' .08 .40' 16 .08 .14
無關 .30' .07 .28 18 一.11 .16 下列人生目標的重要程度
某一領域的專家 .14' .04 .11 07 -.01 .07 自己在下列方面的能力
電腦 14' .06 .75' 11 .55 .10
大學期間常參與下列活動
藝術性社團活動 .06 .05 .20' 08 .16 .07
常數 一1.1 1 1.31 一 11.55' 3.42 8.96' 3.19
Log likelihood 一2133.95 832.77 -981.83
LRχ2 612.03 (80)' 617.42 (80) 179.63 (80)'
Pseudo R2 .12 .27 .08
><.05
註 1 :樣本數權重為高等教育資料庫提供，標准誤為 robust 標准誤。
註 2: 僅列出有顯著差異之變項