• 沒有找到結果。

第四章 研究結果

第二節 問卷心理計量特質分析

本節將利用Rasch模式針對世界衛生組織生活品質問卷簡明版在社 區老人的各項心理計量特質進行分析:

(1)單一向度假設(unidimensionality)

從表二的適合度指標(infit statistic),WHOQOL-BREF的四個範疇 中,適合度指標(infit statistic)的範圍在生理、心理、社會及環境範疇分別 為0.83~1.35、0.82~1.38、0.81~1.24及0.8~1.17,WHOQOL-BREF各範疇 中的題目都符合單一向度的假設。

(2)題目難度的分析 題目難度的估計及順序

表二顯示WHOQOL-BREF各範疇題目難度的估計值結果,並依難度 順序排列。在生理範疇中難度的範圍介於-1.1 ~ 0.48,最難以回答滿意的 題目為PN10”足夠的精力”(0.48),其餘依次為PN15”四處行走的能

力”(0.42)、PN18”工作能力”(0.42)、PN17”日常活動的能力”(0.21)、PN16”

睡眠狀況”(0.16)、PN4”依賴藥物”(-0.6)及PN3”身體疼痛” (-1.1)。在心理 範疇中難度範圍為-1.19 ~ 1.29,最難以回答滿意的題目為YN5”享受生 活”(1.29),其餘依次為YN7”集中精神”(0.67)、YN6”生命有意義”(0.37)、

YN11”接受自己的外表”(-0.52)、YN19”對自己滿意”(-0.61)及YN26”常有 負面感受”(-1.19)。在社會範疇中難度範圍為-0.77 ~ 1.17,最難以回答滿 意的題目為SN21”性生活”(1.17),其餘依次為SN27”受尊重或是有面 子”(0.31)、SN20”人際關係”(-0.71)及SN22”朋友支持”(-0.77)。在環境範疇 中難度範圍為-1.08 ~ 0.96,最難以回答滿意的題目為EN14”有機會從事休 閒活動”(0.96),其餘依次為EN12”足夠的金錢應付所需”(0.94)、EN13”每 日生活的資訊”(0.29)、EN8”感到安全”(0.1)、EN24”醫療保健服務的方便

性”(0.01)、EN23”住所的狀況”(-0.56)、EN9”環境健康”(-0.63)及EN28”想 吃的食物的都吃的到”(-1.08)。

Table 2 Item calibrations, misfit statistics and slope estimates of the WHOQOL-BREF domains in community elderly and control group.

Domains/Item Slope parameter

D)(s.e.#)

Item difficulty (S.E.)

Infit Mean Square Physical domain

PN3. Pain and discomfort 0.94 -1.1 (0.04) 1.05

PN4. Dependence on medication or treatment 0.59 -0.6 (0.04) 1.35

PN10. Energy and fatigue 1.07 0.48 (0.05) 0.93

PN15. Mobility 1.1 0.42 (0.04) 0.9

PN16. Sleep and rest 0.81 0.16 (0.05) 1.2

PN17. Activities of daily living 1.26 0.21 (0.05) 0.72

PN18. Working capacity 1.15 0.42 (0.05) 0.83

Psychological domain

YN5. Enjoyment of life 1.12 1.29 (0.05) 0.87

YN6. Spirituality, religion and personal beliefs 1.16 0.37 (0.06) 0.82 YN7. Thinking, learning, memory & concentration 1.05 0.67 (0.05) 0.95

YN11. Body image and appearance 1.04 -0.52 (0.06) 0.95

YN19. Self-satisfaction 1.02 -0.61 (0.06) 0.97

YN26. Negative feeling 0.55 -1.19 (0.05) 1.38

Social domain

SN20. Personal relationship 1.12 -0.71 (0.07) 0.84

SN21. Sexual activity 0.92 1.17 (0.08) 1.04

SN22. Friends’ support 1.17 -0.77 (0.07) 0.81

SN27. Esteemed and respected 0.79 0.31 (0.07) 1.24

Environmental domain

EN8. Physical safety and security 1.03 0.1 (0.04) 0.99

EN9. Physical environments 0.88 -0.63 (0.05) 1.14

EN12. Financial environment 1 0.94 (0.04) 1

EN13. Opportunities 1.14 0.29 (0.05) 0.86

EN14. Participation & support of leisure activities 0.82 0.96 (0.04) 1.15

EN23. Home environment 1.2 -0.56 (0.05) 0.8

EN24. Health & social care: availability & quality 1.03 0.01 (0.05) 0.96

EN25. Transportation 1.04 -0.03 (0.05) 0.96

EN28. Eating food 0.82 -1.08 (0.05) 1.17

Estimates were obtained form partial credit model by WINSTEP.

* Item misfit (infit statistic >1.4)

Abbreviations: PN = physical domain; YN = psychological domain; SN = social domain; EN = environmental domain;

the numbers were the item number.

題目難度的範圍

表三將WHOQOL-BREF四個範疇中題目難度及門檻估計值的範圍與 受測老人之能力估計值作一對照。就題目平均難度而言,生理範疇介於 -1.1~0.48、心理範疇-1.19~1.29、社會範疇-0.77~1.17、及環境範疇

-1.19~1.29;就題目的門檻值而言,生理-3.86~5.3、心理-6.74~6.78、社會 -8.39~9.66、及環境-3.72~4.75;老人能力範圍則生理範疇介於-6.7~7.76、

心理-5.78~8.79、社會-9.34~10.98、及環境-5.25~5.41。從門檻值與95%老 人能力的分佈中可看出題目門檻值的分佈是較大,故WHOQOL-BREF是 適用於評估大部分老人的生活品質,但是在能力最好及最差則較不準。

Table 3. The range of item threshold and ability across four domains of WHOQOL-BREF in community older people.

Physical domain Psychological

domain Social domain Environmental domain Item threshold -3.86~5.3 -6.74~6.78 -8.39~9.66 -3.72~4.75 Ability -6.7~7.76 -5.78~8.79 -9.34~10.98 -5.25~5.41 95% ability * -1.52~3.28 -2.37~3.27 -3.29~5.2 -1.62~2.38

*: the range of 95% was from the 2.5th percentile to 97.5th percentile.

難度間距及重疊性

圖四可方便看出題目是否均勻分佈在量尺上,完美的均勻分佈表示題 目之間沒有間距且沒有重疊。若定義相差一個logit 表示有間距(gap)存 在,則在各範疇題目難度的範圍內,僅社會範疇在SN20(難度=-0.71)及 SN27(0.31)之間有一間距(gap)存在。進一步針對重疊性,我們定義若兩 個題目難度的差距是小於兩倍的各範疇平均難度標準誤,則表示兩題具 有重疊性,表四列出各範疇具有重疊性的各組題目,在生理範疇中PN15”

四處行走的能力(0.42)”與 PN18”工作能力”(0.42)有重疊性。在心理範疇中 YN19”對自己滿意”(-0.61) 與 YN11”接受自己的外表”(-0.52)有重疊性。

持”(-0.77)有題目重疊性存在。在環境範疇中題目分佈均勻但是重疊性的 題目較多,有EN9”環境健康”(-0.63)與 EN23”住所的狀況”(-0.56);EN24”

醫療保健服務的方便性”(0.01)與 EN25”交通運輸方式”; EN24”醫療保健 服務的方便性”(0.01)與 EN8”感到安全”(0.1);EN12”足夠的金錢應付所

PN3 PN16PN17

PN10

YN26 YN19YN11

YN6 YN7 YN5

SN22 SN20 SN27 SN21

EN28 EN9 EN23 EN24

EN25 EN8 EN13 EN12

EN14

Physical domain PN18

PN15

Figure 4. A mean of item difficulty for the four domains of WHOQOL-BREF separated in community elderly.

難度順序(item hierarchy)

表五為題目難度順序的評估,將本研究社區老人難度順序與

Wang(2006) 47研究中20~65歲之題目順序相比較。在生理範疇中,在20~65 歲的人中PN4”依賴藥物”是較PN3”身體疼痛”容易回答滿意的,但是在老

Table 4 Items with redundancy in each domain of WHOQOL-BREF

Redundancy

Group Item difficulty difficulty

difference Physical domain (2SE=0.1)

1 PN15. Mobility 0.42 0

1 PN18. Working capacity 0.42

Psychological domain (2SE=0.12)

1 YN19. Self-satisfaction -0.61 0.09

1 YN11. Body image and appearance -0.52

Social domain (2SE=0.14)

1 SN22. Friends’ support -0.77 0.06

1 SN20. Personal relationship -0.71

Environmental domain (2SE=0.1)

1 EN9. Physical environments -0.63 0.07

1 EN23. Home environment -0.56

2 EN25. Transportation -0.03 0.04

2 EN24. Health & social care: availability & quality 0.01

3 EN24. Health & social care: availability & quality 0.01 0.09

3 EN8. Physical safety and security 0.1

4 EN12. Financial environment 0.94 0.02

4 EN14. Participation & support of leisure activities 0.96

Table 5. Comparison of item hierarchy between two studies.

Physical domain a Item no.(calibration)

Psychological domain Item no.(calibration)

Social domain b Item no.(calibration)

Environmental domain c Item no.(calibration) Wang

W.C.47 *

PN4(-0.77), PN3(-0.45), PN17(-0.1), PN18(0.09), PN10(0.61), PN16(0.61)

YN11(-0.57), YN19(-0.54), YN6(-0.21), YN26(-0.03), YN7(0.03), YN5(1.32)

SN22(-0.39),

PN3(-1.1), PN4(-0.6), PN16(0.16),

PN17(0.21), PN18(0.42), PN10(0.48)

YN26(-1.19), YN19(-0.61), YN11(-0.52), YN6(0.37), YN7(0.67), YN5(1.29)

SN22(-0.77), SN20(-0.71), SN27(0.31)

EN9(-0.63), EN25(-0.03),

EN24(0.01), EN8(0.1)

*Item parameters were estimated by multidimensional Rasch model.

**Item parameters were estimated by unidimensional Rasch model.

a. Deleted item 15 in physical domain; b Deleted item 21 in social domain; c. Deleted item 9, item12, item13, item14 and item 28 in environmental domain.

Abbreviations: PN = physical domain; YN = psychological domain; SN = social domain; EN = environmental domain; the numbers were the item number.

(3) 題目適中性(targeting)

表六中受測者能力估計值的平均在WHOQOL-BREF中生理、心理、

社會及環境範疇分別為0.57、0.44、1.02及0.36。除了社會範疇的題目對 於老人是相對簡單的題目外,其他範疇的題目對於這些老人是適中的。

(4)區別性指標(separation index)

在表六中以題目作為基準,在題目難度中各指標所具的意義僅作參考 不作詳細討論。針對受試者潛在特質(person latent trait),於

WHOQOL-BREF 的生理、心理、社會及環境範疇之區別性指標依序為 1.79、1.83、1.45 及 1.86。根據此結果可計算出理想的分層個數,結果分 別為2.7、2.8、2.3 及 2.8,因都小於 3 顯示各範疇皆能將老人的能力區分 為三組。反應出使用WHOQOL-BREF 可將老人區分為高、中及低能力三 組。

在信度的評估中,信度的指標是經區別性指標轉換而得的,故其與 區別性指標的結果是相互呼應的。在IRT 中,受測者潛在特質的信度指 標與傳統的測量信度的Cronbach’s alpha 相同,在生理、心理、社會及環 境範疇的信度指標分別為0.76、0.77、0.68 及 0.78。除了社會範疇的信 度指標輕微的小於0.7 外,其他的範疇皆顯示良好的內部一致性。

Table 6 Targeting and Separation indices of WHOQOL-BREF in community older people

Person latent trait (N=1200) Item difficulty Domains Targeting index

meanTˆ (s.e.#) Separation

index Reliability Targeting index

meanEˆ (s.e.#) Separation

index Reliability

Physical 0.57 (1.45) 1.79 0.76 0 (0.05) 11.5 0.99

Psychological 0.44 (1.86) 1.83 0.77 0 (0.06) 14.98 1.00

Social 1.02 (2.66) 1.45 0.68 0 (0.07) 10.73 0.99

Environmental 0.36 (1.30) 1.86 0.78 0 (0.05) 13.45 0.99

Estimates were obtained form partial credit model by WINSTEP. # Standard error

(5) 試題差別功能(differential item functioning)

以性別及年齡將老人分為兩群來比較各範疇中題目間,是否會因為 人特質的不同導致題目的特質也不同。表七為分性別的題目的難度,在 生理範疇中男性難度的範圍為-1.03 ~ 0.46,女性為-1.22 ~ 0.49。在心理範 疇中男性難度的範圍為-1.33 ~ 1.3,女性為-1.12 ~ 1.26。在社會範疇中男 性難度的範圍為-0.7 ~ 1,女性為-1.79 ~ 2.07。在環境範疇中男性難度的 範圍為0.88 ~ 1,女性為 -0.79 ~ 0.94。大致上,題目難度的分佈是相同 的,然而,女性在生理及環境範疇的分佈較男性廣。

圖五為生理範疇分性別的來看題目難度的散佈圖,發現生理範疇的 題目並沒有DIF。從圖六中我們可以發現心理範疇中 YN6 及 YN19 這兩 題有輕微的DIF。從圖七可以發現社會範疇中 SN21 及 SN22 嚴重的 DIF,

SN21”性生活”在男性是較難的題目,但在女性卻是較簡單的題目;SN22”

朋友支持”在女性是較難的題目,但在男性是較簡單的。圖八為環境範 疇,沒有題目的點落在此範圍外,沒有DIF 存在。

Table 7 Item calibrations of the WHOQOL-BREF domains in male and female.

Male (N=709) Female (N=491)

Items difficulty error difficulty error

Physical domain

PN3. Pain and discomfort -1.14 0.05 -1.01 0.07

PN4. Dependence on medication or treatment -0.68 0.05 -0.54 0.07

PN10. Energy and fatigue 0.52 0.06 0.4 0.08

PN15. Mobility 0.24 0.05 0.68 0.07

PN16. Sleep and rest 0.37 0.06 -0.17 0.08

PN17. Activities of daily living 0.28 0.07 0.13 0.09

PN18. Working capacity 0.41 0.07 0.51 0.09

Psychological domain

YN5. Enjoyment of life 0.93 0.06 1.33 0.09

YN6. Spirituality, religion and personal beliefs 0.01 0.07 0.38 0.1 YN7. Thinking, learning, memory & concentration 0.15 0.07 0.84 0.09

YN11. Body image and appearance 1.51 0.08 -0.67 0.1

YN19. Self-satisfaction -1.12 0.08 -0.59 0.1

YN26. Negative feeling -1.48 0.06 -1.29 0.08

Social domain

SN20. Personal relationship -0.89 0.09 -0.49 0.11

SN21. Sexual activity 1.12 0.1 -1.51 0.14

SN22. Friends’ support -0.62 0.09 1.74 0.12

SN27. Esteemed and respected 0.38 0.08 0.26 0.11

Environmental domain

EN8. Physical safety and security 0.08 0.06 0.14 0.08

EN9. Physical environments -0.57 0.06 -0.73 0.09

EN12. Financial environment 1.06 0.05 0.77 0.08

EN13. Opportunities 0.1 0.06 0.62 0.09

EN14. Participation & support of leisure activities 0.87 0.05 1.13 0.07

EN23. Home environment -0.57 0.06 -0.53 0.09

EN24. Health & social care: availability & quality 0.09 0.06 -0.17 0.09

EN25. Transportation 0.01 0.06 -0.11 0.08

EN28. Eating food -1.06 0.06 -1.12 0.08

Estimates were obtained separately form partial credit model by WINSTEP.

Abbreviations: PN = physical domain; YN = psychological domain; SN = social domain; EN = environmental domain; the numbers were the item number.

Physical domain of WHOQOL-BREF

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

item difficulty of male (N=709)

item difficulty of female (N=491)

Figure 5. DIF comparison on male and female in physical domain of WHOQOL-BREF

Psychological domain of WHOQOL-BREF

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

item difficulty of male (N=709)

item difficulty of female (N=491)

Spirituality, religion...

Self-satisfaction

Figure 6. DIF comparison on male and female in psychological domain of WHOQOL-BREF

Social domain of WHOQOL-BREF

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

item difficulty of male (N=709)

item difficulty of female (N=491)

Friend's support

sexual activity

Figure 7. DIF comparison on male and female in social domain of WHOQOL-BREF

Environmental domain of WHOQOL-BREF

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

item difficulty of male (N=709)

item difficulty of female (N=491)

Figure 8. DIF comparison on male and female in environmental domain of WHOQOL-BREF

表八將老人分為年輕老人(65~75 歲)及老老人(≧75 歲),分年齡層的 題目的難度,在生理範疇中年輕老人難度的範圍為-1.14 ~ 0.52,老老人為 -1.01 ~ 0.68。在心理範疇中年輕老人難度的範圍為-1.48 ~ 1.51,老老人為 -1.29 ~ 1.33。在社會範疇中年輕老人難度的範圍為-0.89 ~ 1.12,老老人為 -1.51 ~ 1.74。在環境範疇中年輕老人難度的範圍為-1.06 ~ 1.06,老老人為 -1.12 ~ 1.13。大致上,題目難度的分佈是相似的。

圖九為生理範疇分年齡層來看題目難度的散佈圖,發現生理範疇的題 目PN16”睡眠狀況”有輕微的 DIF。從圖十中可以發現心理範疇中”YN7”

集中精神”有輕微的 DIF,以及 YN11”接受自己的外表”有明顯的 DIF,

YN11”接受自己的外表”在年輕老人是最難的題目,但在老老人則是相對 簡單的題目。從圖十一可以發現社會範疇中SN21”性生活”及 SN22”朋友 支持”明顯的 DIF,SN21”性生活”在年輕老人是較難的題目,但在老老人 卻是較簡單的題目;SN22”朋友支持”在老老人是較難的題目,但在年輕 老人是較簡單的。而在圖十二環境範疇中EN13”每日生活的資訊”有輕微 的DIF 存在。

Table 8 Item calibrations of the WHOQOL-BREF domains in young and old older people

Estimates were obtained separately form partial credit model by WINSTEP.

Abbreviations: PN = physical domain; YN = psychological domain; SN = social domain; EN = environmental domain; the numbers were the item number.

Young older people (N=800)

Old older people (N=400)

Items difficulty error difficulty error

Physical domain

PN3. Pain and discomfort -1.14 0.05 -1.01 0.07

PN4. Dependence on medication or treatment -0.68 0.05 -0.54 0.07

PN10. Energy and fatigue 0.52 0.06 0.4 0.08

PN15. Mobility 0.24 0.05 0.68 0.07

PN16. Sleep and rest 0.37 0.06 -0.17 0.08

PN17. Activities of daily living 0.28 0.07 0.13 0.09

PN18. Working capacity 0.41 0.07 0.51 0.09

Psychological domain

YN5. Enjoyment of life 0.93 0.06 1.33 0.09

YN6. Spirituality, religion and personal beliefs 0.01 0.07 0.38 0.1 YN7. Thinking, learning, memory & concentration 0.15 0.07 0.84 0.09

YN11. Body image and appearance 1.51 0.08 -0.67 0.1

YN19. Self-satisfaction -1.12 0.08 -0.59 0.1

YN26. Negative feeling -1.48 0.06 -1.29 0.08

Social domain

SN20. Personal relationship -0.89 0.09 -0.49 0.11

SN21. Sexual activity 1.12 0.1 -1.51 0.14

SN22. Friends’ support -0.62 0.09 1.74 0.12

SN27. Esteemed and respected 0.38 0.08 0.26 0.11

Environmental domain

EN8. Physical safety and security 0.08 0.06 0.14 0.08

EN9. Physical environments -0.57 0.06 -0.73 0.09

EN12. Financial environment 1.06 0.05 0.77 0.08

EN13. Opportunities 0.1 0.06 0.62 0.09

EN14. Participation & support of leisure activities 0.87 0.05 1.13 0.07

EN23. Home environment -0.57 0.06 -0.53 0.09

EN24. Health & social care: availability & quality 0.09 0.06 -0.17 0.09

EN25. Transportation 0.01 0.06 -0.11 0.08

EN28. Eating food -1.06 0.06 -1.12 0.08

Physical domain of WHOQOL-BREF

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

item difficulty of young older people (N=800)

item difficulty of old older people (N=400)

Sleep and rest

Figure 9. DIF comparison on young and old older people in physical domain of WHOQOL-BREF

Psychological domain of WHOQOL-BREF

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

item difficulty of young older people (N=800)

item difficulty of old older people (N=400) Thingking, learning...

Body image...

Figure 10. DIF comparison on young and old older people in psychological domain of WHOQOL-BREF

Social domain of WHOQOL-BREF

-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 item difficulty of young older people(N=800) item difficulty of old older people(N=400) Friend's support

sexual activity

Figure 11. DIF comparison on young and old older people in social domain of WHOQOL-BREF

Environmental domain of WHOQOL-BREF

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

item difficulty of young older people (N=800)

item difficulty of old older people (N=400) Opportunities

Figure 12. DIF comparison on young and old older people in environmental domain of WHOQOL-BREF

從以上DIF 的分析,我們可以發現社會範疇的 SN21”性生活”及 SN22”

朋友支持在性別及年齡有明顯的DIF 存在,所以將針對以下兩種方式來 評估社會範疇中題目在性別及年齡間DIF 的情形:(1)年齡分組來看性別 間DIF 的情形,(2)分性別來看年輕老人與老老人間 DIF 的情形。

朋友支持在性別及年齡有明顯的DIF 存在,所以將針對以下兩種方式來 評估社會範疇中題目在性別及年齡間DIF 的情形:(1)年齡分組來看性別 間DIF 的情形,(2)分性別來看年輕老人與老老人間 DIF 的情形。

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