• 沒有找到結果。

屈原的作品,以縱恣的文筆,表達了強烈而激蕩的情感。漢儒曾說,

〈離騷〉與《詩經》中〈小雅〉同為「怨而不傷」之作,明代詩人袁宏 道於〈敘小修詩〉中駁斥說:〈離騷〉「忿懟之極」,對「黨人」和楚 王都「明示唾罵」,「安在所謂怨而不傷者乎?」並且指出:「勁質而 多懟,峭急而多露」,正是「楚風」的特點87。他的意見無疑是正確的。

維忍,或歸咎於讒言之如疇。驗未聞道呼其君父而怨之且從而非之毀之也。

今林子既仍俗說,以靈脩為稱君矣,而其釋浩蕩也則云放縱於規矩繩墨之 外,即上文之昌被不成其為君德。假令質言之,則是怨吾君之放縱同於桀紂 也。此成何案語,試問大夫是何等人,而忍出諸口非誣大夫以不敬乎。」朱 冀,《離騷辯‧小引》,見杜松柏主編,《楚辭彙編》(臺北:新文豐出版公 司)第九冊,頁14─16。

87袁宏道,〈敘小修詩〉,見葉慶炳、邵紅編輯,《明代文學批評資料彙編》

問題是,單純的「忿懟之極」不是傳統時代的道德規則所能夠允許的。

朱自清在《詩言志辨》中指出:「漢代關於屈原〈離騷經〉的爭辯,也 是討論〈離騷經〉是否不及中,或不夠溫柔敦厚。」88可謂要言不煩,

切中肯綮。其實,不僅漢代,後世亦然。儒家經典提供了歷史中的士人 想像上的文化資源,不只是作為詮釋文本的參照系統,也同時是使用文 本時「創造性」的來源。本文所企圖觀察和呈現的是,士人藉用《詩經.

小弁》來對屈原的「怨」的探討之詮釋策略,說明他們是通過「〈小弁〉

之怨」以確立屈原之「怨」的合理性與合法性,他們將屈原之「怨」置 於「當怨與不當怨」的層面。藉此論述屈原的「怨」既是抒憤方式,也 正是其「親親」、「忠」的表現形式,駁斥班固等官方意識形態者所謂 偏離「為君隱惡」的君臣大義的質問。最後卻又被落點在「哀而不怨」、

「知命」及「孝子仁人」上。諾夫喬伊(Arthur O. Lovejoy)在他的名 著《存在巨鏈》中,用「鏈條」(chain)來隱喻觀念史上的連續性。89然 而,歷史既有它的延續性,又有它的變異性,本文所討論的個案晁補之、

洪興祖及劉夢鵬,正好代表「〈小弁〉之怨」這一命題在時間流程中的 提出、建構與變化。

(臺北:成文出版社,民67),頁642。

88朱自清,《詩言志辨.詩教》,見《朱自清說詩》(上海:上海古籍出版社,

1998年),頁127。

89諾夫喬伊(ArthurO.Lovejoy)著有《存在巨鏈》(TheGreetofBeing)一書,

張傳有、高秉江譯,(南昌:江西教育出版社,2002年。)

‘Li Sou’, the Resentment of ‘Xiou Bian’:

An Explanation to the ‘Resentment’ in Qu Yuan’s Literary Works

Liao Dong-Liang

Abstract

Zhu Zi-Qing(朱自清)has remarked in “Shi Yan Zhi Bian”(《詩言 志辨》):”The arguments about Qu Yuan’s ‘Li Sou Jing’(〈離騷經〉)

in Han dynasty is also to discuss whether ‘Li Sou Jing’ is convinced or not, or it is not tender and gentle enough”. This commentary is really a gist and is also very appropriate. In fact, it is not only in Han dynasty, but also in future generations. What this article wants to observe and present is the strategies of interpretation that scholars discuss Qu Yuan’s ‘resentment’

relying on “Shi Jing, Xiao Bian”. Scholars explain that they firmly establish the rational and legality of QuYuan’s ‘resentment’ through the resentment in ’Xiou Bian’. They place Qu Yuan’s ‘resentment’ on the state of ‘ought to resent it or not’. By this way they think that Qu Yuan’s

‘resentment’ is the way of expressing not only his indignation but also his intimacy and loyalty. However finally it is ended on ‘grieving without resentment’, ‘being aware of the life’ and ‘being a devoted and kind-hearted person’. In Arthur O. Lovejoy’s great book “The Great Chain of Being”, he has used ‘chain’ to be a metaphor of the continuity in the history of conceptions. However, ‘history’ itself has not only continuity but also

variation. The individual cases of Zhao Bu-Zhi(晁補之), Hong Xing-Zu

(洪興祖)and Liu Meng-Peng(劉夢鵬)just represent the opening, constructing and changing of the proposition -- ‘the resentment of Xiou Bian’ during the time process.

Keywords: ‘Xiou Bian’, ‘Li Sao’, Qu Yuan, Zhao Bu-Zhi, Hong Xing-Zu, Liu Meng-Peng

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