埤塘文化及臺灣野生稻

桃園市早期因上游河川發生大規模襲奪現象，下游灌溉水源缺乏，遂有人工 埤塘的開鑿，全市埤塘遍佈，始有「千塘之鄉」之名。埤塘相對河川為靜態水

圖三十九、臺灣野生稻外表型態特徵。

Figure 39. Phenotype of Taiwan wild rice.

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體，週遭濕地環境適為各種動物、鳥類及水生植物之良好棲地，故生態景觀資源 豐富而多元。另一方面，埤塘因為農業灌溉所必需，也常為早期人文聚落發展集 散地，埤塘文化可謂本區一大特色，惟近年因都市發展快速，埤塘多被填平興建 房舍或移作他用而荒廢，失去涵養水體功能，保育埤塘工作可謂刻不容緩。轄內 最大的八德埤塘自然生態公園，即以生態保育融合「綠建築」之概念，除保存原 有埤塘池體外，並提供動植物良好棲地，達到環境永續共存目的。該公園近期更 進行水稻的祖先─臺灣野生稻之復育工作，讓臺灣野生稻得以回娘家。

臺灣野生稻為栽培稻祖先，學名為 Oryza rufipogon Griff，為多年生野生稻品 種。早期僅在苗栗縣竹南鎮及桃園市八德區發現，其族群約於 1980 年代後在野 外消失。其外型似雜草，植株型態呈現斜伏狀，最大特色為具有匍匐地下莖及紫 紅色長芒，結穗後脫粒性強，往往未充實完全即掉落。故不同於栽培稻，野生稻 以無性繁殖為延續後代主要策略，而長芒及高脫粒性為其自我繁衍及防禦的重要 性狀。因長期在野外生存自然演化，具有許多有利基因可供利用，如抗病、抗蟲 及抗逆境等基因，可運用到現代栽培稻之育種上，以因應未來的氣候變遷。

因此，臺灣野生稻不僅為珍貴水稻種原庫，也為八德區特有在地資產，野生 稻之復育現於八德埤塘自然生態公園初起步，期在未來能讓野生稻族群回歸田野 並自然繁衍下去。

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四、展望

本研究蒐集八德區農業統計資料及臺灣野生稻發源歷史，並以於八德區原地 復育後，期能持續維護在地珍貴稻種資源，並能作為未來水稻育種之應用，目前於 野生稻復育部分，已有初步成效(圖四十)。復育地點既位於八德埤塘自然生態公園 內，未來希能將摺頁實際製作應用，並仿照日本栗林公園，於園內成立臺灣野生稻 示範園區及栽培稻之對照田區(圖四十一)，例如與在地品種桃園 3 號對照，搭配埤 塘公園內生態教育解說與導覽觀摩，使民眾更了解八德區農業特色與在地珍貴資 產，達到埤塘人文、生態教育及復育棲地之功能，同時有助於推動八德區生態及農 業休閒觀光旅遊。

另一方面，八德區水稻雖已有「德農米」、「德穗米」及「雲霄米」等自有品牌，

如農民能於田間協助栽植臺灣野生稻，擴大復育面積，並結合「野生稻之故鄉」作 為其行銷品牌，不僅達到復育臺灣野生稻之目的，也提升其品牌形象，可謂一舉兩 得。如仿效英國之「守護農莊計畫」(Countryside Stewardship Scheme)，透過環境 補貼方式，鼓勵農民以綠籬方式栽植臺灣野生稻於田區週遭，或許可達到提升生物 多樣性及維持生態環境永續之最終目的，惟是否能達預估效益，仍需進一步試驗及 研究。

未來，水稻育種工作，因應氣候變遷愈趨複雜，本研究於臺灣野生稻及其發源 地八德區之研究，期能有所貢獻。

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圖四十、埤塘公園復育的臺灣野生稻初抽穗新聞報導。

*資料來源：自由時報。

Figure 40. Taiwan wild rice in eco pond park has found heading in August, 2014 and been reported on newspaper.

* The photo is collected from Liberty Times.

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圖四十一一、日本栗林公園所設置之井田示範區。

Figure 41. Demonstrate field in Ritsurin Park in Japan.

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附表一、八德埤塘自然生態公園水質檢測報告。

Appendix 1. Water quality report of Bade eco pond park.

*1.取樣日期：2014 年 3 月 6 日；檢測日期：2014 年 3 月 10 日。

*2.檢測單位：行政院農業委員會桃園區農業改良場。

*1.Sampling date：March, 6, 2014; Detecting date: March, 10, 2014.

*2.Report is produce by Taoyuan District Agricultural Improvement Station, COA, EY.

項目

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附表二、八德埤塘自然生態公園土壤檢測報告。

Appendix 2. Soil quality report of Bade eco pond park.

項目

*Suggestion: Soil pH is a little high and alkaline, do not use CaCO2, reduce Ca and Mg apply. Add P2O5

and organic fertilizer about 2000-10000kg/ha. Be careful of the amount of Pb, which is almost over to the standard value.

*1：Sampling date：March, 6, 2014; Detecting date: March, 10, 2014.

*2：Report is produce by Taoyuan District Agricultural Improvement Station, COA, EY.

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