第四章 結果
第二節 失眠與 T2DM 相關性
一、人口學特性之描述
自2000.1.1至2005.12.31期間,新診斷為失眠研究族群計有94,535人,而無失眠 的參考族群計有189,070人;追蹤至2010.12.31研究終止,失眠研究族群共有14,276 人發生第二型糖尿病(以下簡稱T2DM),而參考族群共有25,874人發生T2DM。兩組 族群人口學特性發現,皆以年齡>65歲居多,各佔44.23%;兩組族群皆以女性居多
,各佔50.44%;兩組族群中,共伴疾病型態2組皆以高血壓居多(23.12% vs 17.02%)
,而失眠研究族群以慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)位居其次,而參考族群則以中風位 居其次;居住地以在中度城市化程度的比例最多,分別是43.32%、43.82%;兩組 族群追蹤時間分別為5.03±4.17年、5.20±3.31年;整體平均追蹤時間為5.14±4.00年 (Table 4-3)。
二、失眠與 T2DM 發生率及相對風險(adjusted hazard ratio,HR)
在追蹤期間,失眠研究族群T2DM 的發生率明顯高於參考族群(78.78 vs39.45, per 1,000 person-years),失眠族群 T2DM 的發生風險是參考族群的 1.51 倍,
達顯著差異(95% CI 1.48-1.54)。若將兩組年齡分層為≤40 齡、41-65 歲及>65 歲三 組,失眠研究族群T2DM 發生風險分別為參考族群的 1.70 倍、1.57 倍、1.47 倍(95%
CI 1.53-1.88、95% CI 1.52-1.63、95% CI 1.43-1.51)。性別部分,男性或女性的失眠 研究族群T2DM 發生風險分別為參考族群 1.58 倍、1.45 倍 (95% CI 1.53-1.62、95%
CI 1.40-1.49)。在共伴疾病部份,有或無共伴疾病之失眠研究族群,其 T2DM 發生 風險分別是參考族群的1.56 倍、1.44 倍(95% CI 1.52-1.61、95% CI 1.40-1.49)。在 都市化程度上,居住在低度、中度或高度都市化程度之失眠研究族群其T2DM 發 生風險分別為參考族群的1.59 倍、1.51 倍、1.44 倍(95% CI 1.53-1.65、95% CI 1.46-1.56、95% CI 1.38-1.50) (Table 4-4)。
三、失眠研究族群與參考族群之 T2DM 累積發生風險
在Table 5 發現,持續追蹤至第二年,兩組族群的 T2DM 發生個案數有顯著差 異。利用 Kaplan-Meier survival 分析發現,兩組 T2DM 累積發生率達顯著差異 (Log-rank test ; P<0.001) (Figure 4-5) 。
在Table 6 中,將暴露時間作為連續變項,結果發現,每增加一年失眠暴露,
其T2DM 發生風險增加 1.2%。若將暴露時間分層,以暴露 1 年為參考組,暴露時 間為2-4 年、5-8 年及>8 年,其發生 T2DM 風險分別是參考組的 1.29 倍、1.76 倍、
1.82 倍(95% CI 1.25-1.33、95% CI 1.73-1.79、95% CI 1.77-1.87),顯示,失眠暴露 愈久,T2DM 發生風險愈高(Table 4-6)。
四、失眠型態中的亞型(subtype) 與比較族群之 T2DM 相對風險
在Table 4-7中,將失眠分成不同型態,包括Group1(ICD-9-CM 780.52;
Insomnia, unspecified) 、 Group2 (ICD-9-CM 307.41:Transient disorder of initiating or maintaining sleep;ICD-9-CM 307.42: Persistent of initiating or maintaining sleep) 、 Group3(ICD-9-CM 327.0, 327.01, 327.02, 327.09, 及 327.15),結果發現,不論哪一類型的失眠亞型,其發生T2DM風險皆高於比 較族群。
Table 4-3. Demographic data for the study subjects with and without insomnia (baseline)
Insomnia With (N=94,535) Without (N=189,070) P
N % N % Age (years)
Age (years)
61.25±19.25 61.37±19.84 0.125 0.999
≤40 15,342 16.23 30,684 16.23
41-65 37,377 39.54 74,754 39.54
>65 41,816 44.23 83,632 44.23
Gender 0.999
Male 46,847 49.56 93,694 49.56
Female 47,688 50.44 95,376 50.44
Comorbidities
CVD 7,689 8.13 15,202 8.04 0.276
CKD 6,221 6.58 10,737 5.68 <0.001***
COPD 9,393 9.94 16,003 8.46 <0.001***
HT 21,861 23.12 32,181 17.02 <0.001***
Hyperlipidemia 3,389 3.58 4,286 2.27 <0.001***
Stroke 8,219 8.69 15,367 8.13 <0.001***
Depression 5,120 5.42 1,416 0.75 <0.001***
Anxiety 2,850 3.01 640 0.34 <0.001***
Obesity 88 0.09 83 0.04 <0.001***
Urbanization level <0.001***
Low 29218 30.91 44,552 23.56
Middle 40,006 42.32 82,847 43.82
High 25,311 26.77 61,671 32.62
Follow-up period (years) 5.03±4.17 5.20±3.31 0.093
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001
Total follow-up period (years): 5.14±4.00
Table 4-4. Incidence rates and adjusted HR of T2DM by age, gender, urbanization level and comorbidities
Insomnia Insomnia compared with comparison
cohort
With Without
Event PY IR Event PY IR Adjusted HR (95%
CI) P
Overall 14,276 158,360.58 78.78 25,874 655,789.81 39.45 1.51 (1.48-1.54) <0.001***
Age (years)
≤40 1,409 18,253.25 77.19 559 57,736.79 9.68 1.70 (1.53-1.88) <0.001***
41-65 4,884 54,593.46 89.46 8,140 225,304.33 36.13 1.57 (1.52-1.63) <0.001***
>65 6,183 85,513.87 72.30 17,175 372,748.69 46.08 1.47 (1.43-1.51) <0.001***
Gender
Male 7,472 78,730.68 94.91 12,038 243,219.18 49.49 1.58 (1.53-1.62) <0.001***
Female 6,804 79,629.90 85.45 13,836 412,570.63 33.54 1.45 (1.40-1.49) <0.001***
Comorbidities
No 6,455 81,307.08 79.39 9,318 361,865.24 25.75 1.44 (1.40-1.49) <0.001***
Yes 7,821 77,053.50 101.50 16,556 293,924.57 56.33 1.56 (1.52-1.61) <0.001***
Urbanization level
Low 4,652 42,206.44 110.22 6,864 152,364.01 45.05 1.59 (1.53-1.65) <0.001***
Middle 6,117 75,049.80 81.51 11,353 288,857.73 39.30 1.51 (1.46-1.56) <0.001***
High 3,507 41,104.34 85.32 7,657 214,568.07 35.69 1.44 (1.38-1.50) <0.001***
PY = person-years; IR = incidence rate (per 1,000 PY); Adjusted HR = Adjusted hazard ratio: adjusted for age, gender, urbanization level, and presence of comorbidities;
CI = confidence interval; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001
Interaction term: age*insomnia, P=0.465; gender*insomnia, P=0.512; urbanization level*insomnia, P=0.372; Comorbidities* insomnia, P=0.378
Figure 4-5. Kaplan-Meier for cumulative risk of T2DM among aged 20 and over stratified by insomnia with log-rank test
Table 4-5. Numbers of T2DM in different follow-up time Follow-up time (yr) Insomnia
With (N=94,535) Without (N=189,070) P
1 5,399 7,390 0.494
2 7,510 10,632 0.001**
3 9,310 13,126 <0.001***
4 10,753 15,399 <0.001***
5 11,873 17,486 <0.001***
6 12,665 19,366 <0.001***
7 13,326 21,192 <0.001***
8 13,742 22,928 <0.001***
9 14,026 23,770 <0.001***
10 14,206 24,838 <0.001***
11 14,276 25,874 <0.001***
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001
Table 4-6. Adjusted HR of T2DM patients among groups with different duration of insomnia
Duration (yr) Adjusted HR (95%CI) P Tracking years (continue variable) 1.012 (1.01-1.02) <0.001***
Tracking years stratification
1 Reference
2-4 1.29 (1.25-1.33) <0.001***
5-8 1.76 (1.73-1.79) <0.001***
>8 1.82 (1.77-1.87) <0.001***
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001
Table 4-7. Incidence rate ratio and HR of T2DM patients with different type of insomnia
Insomnia Event PY IR Crude HR (95% CI) P Adjusted HR (95% CI) P
Without 25,874 655,789.81 39.45 Reference Reference
Group1 235 491.44 478.19 3.70 (3.21-4.27) <0.001*** 3.52 (3.05-4.06) <0.001***
Group2 16 19.77 809.307 5.12 (3.71-12.46) <0.001*** 4.08 (2.24-9.00) <0.001***
Group3 12,225 157,849.37 77.45 1.29 (1.24-1.34) <0.001*** 1.24 (1.19-1.29) <0.001***
Group1, ICD-9-CM 780.52: Insomnia, unspecified
Group2, ICD-9-CM 307.41: Transient disorder of initiating or maintaining sleep ICD-9-CM 307.42: Persistent of initiating or maintaining sleep
Group3, ICD-9-CM 327.0, 327.01, 327.02, 327.09, and 327.15: Others
PY = person-years; IR = incidence rate (per 1,000 PY); HR = hazard ratio; Adjusted HR: adjusted for age, gender, urbanization level, and presence of comorbidities; CI = confidence interval; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001