專利合作條約(PCT)是專利領域的一項國際合作條約。自巴黎公約 以來，被認為是該領域進行國際合作最具有意義的進步標誌。但是，
它主要涉及專利申請的提交，檢索及審查以及其中包括的技術訊息的 傳播的合作性和合理性的一個條約。
保護工業產權國際（巴黎）聯盟執行委員會於 1966 年 9 月邀請 BIRPI（世界智慧產權組織的前身）立即研究一個解決辦法以減少申請 人和專利局所作的重複工作。1967 年國際條約草案由 BIRPI 起草並提 交專家委員會。並於 1970 年 6 月在華盛頓舉行了外交會議，此次會議 製定了專利合作條約。專利合作條約或稱 PCT 於 1978 年 1 月 24 日生 效，並於 1978 年 6 月 1 日在最初的 18 個締約國開始實施。到本文件 交付印刷之日，該條約已擁有 117 個成員國。
在引進 PCT 體系前，在幾個國家保護發明的唯一方法是向每一個
國家 請
表 2.1 常用專利資 http://www.uspto.gov/
優點：免費，檢索
Advanced 檢索只能以書目
運算元作設定，單字與布林運算元數目不受限。
Help 功能可查尋國家別、美國各洲別、書目資料各 的代碼，及各種條件設定範例。
可檢索提出專利申請的公開資料。
z 美國專 利：1976 迄今，提供全 文 (images)專利。
1790~1975，僅提供 的美國專利分類碼查詢。
：祇限查詢美國專利。
歐洲及世界專利資料庫
of patent
enet.com/
語介面供選擇。
databases) http://ep.espac
優點：免費，提供英、德、法
z 具快速(Quick)、進階(Advance)、專利號(N (Classification)四種檢方式
能檢索歐洲(EP)、世界 WIPO(PC
z 能檢索全世界三千萬件具英文名稱與摘要之專利申請
2.1 常用專利資料庫(續) Property Network)
http://www.delphion.co
z 具快捷(Quick)、專利碼(Number)、布林(Bool (Advanced)、Derwent 五種檢索方式。
單字(word)與詞彙(phrase)均能配合布林
z 具檢索在 US、European、世界智慧財產權組織專利合作協 議(WIPO PCT)等申請或公告之專利的全文或首頁，及 JP 專利摘要與 INPADOC(專利家族及法律狀態)，可複選項。
以 inventor 或 company 檢索涵蓋上述五部份之專利
http://nbs.apipa.org.tw/
：中文檢索。
表 2.1 常用專利資料庫(續)
ataserve/patserv.asp
多個資料庫，供查詢申購。
技術資料分析以作為工程計劃的基礎，則將會因對競爭技術的掌握度 不足，致使所開發出來的產品不是競爭力欠缺，就是受到專利侵權的 控訴；然而即使是有經驗的工程人員也會造成資料蒐集篩選時的困難。
專利資料的檢索要領，即是針對所欲蒐集的專利內一定會有某些 被稱
6.1 檢索關鍵字(Key Words)
資料分成書目資料與技術資料，故關 鍵字
利名稱、
2. 總結(summary)等技術
除 注意
6.2 檢索條件設定
從龐大的專利資料庫中完整的搜尋到具代表性 的專
為關鍵字的單字、詞彙、代碼的出現，命令電腦去搜尋那些符合 設定條件的專利。簡言之，專利檢索條件的設定是由關鍵字並結合用 來設定關鍵字間集合關係的布林運算元組合而成。
2.
關鍵字源自專利資料，專利
亦分成書目關鍵字與技術關鍵字，略述如下：
1. 書目關鍵字－為美國專利首頁內的書目資料，常用者有專 公告號、申請人、發明人、專利 IPC 等。
技術關鍵字－由專利摘要(abstract)或專利
資料中所提到的專利標的物之技術元件/手段/功能等去找尋。
一個對閱讀專利文件有經驗的研發人員都會發現，技術關鍵字 同義字的問題外，對名詞複數及動詞變化需併列入檢索。
2.
工程人員要準確的
利資料，多個關鍵字的使用絕不可少，而這幾個關鍵字之間的集 合關係，各專利資料庫均使用布林文字＂AND＂(交集)、＂OR＂(聯 集)、＂NOT＂或＂ANDNOT＂(不含)等三個運算元來設定；如表 2.2 所 示多個關鍵字結合不同運算元作檢索條件設定的方法、專利蒐集範圍。
表 2.2 活塞環密封之關鍵字檢索條件設定 engine
機 械 ( 活 塞 及 環)
AND/OR 技術 all fields
piston and ring and engine and(seal or sealed or sealing)
機械(活塞及環 (blow or(blow and by))
機械(活塞及環 及密封及吹漏)
AND 書目
Title Assignee
ttl/(piston and ring) and an/(Nippon and Piston and Ring)
活 塞 環 及 日 本 活塞環公司
搜尋專利名 稱及申請人
AND/OR/
ANDNOT
書目/
技術
All fields
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or blow) andnot spec/(scrape or coated or hardened or plating)
活 塞 環 及 密 封
US Classification IPC
ttl/(piston and ring) and (ccl/277/$ or icl/f16j009/$ or icl/b60t011)
活 塞 環 與 277/f16j0 09 或 b60t
合運算元後就可進行檢索，再對檢索結果表列出的專利，以簡略的閱 讀註記，作專利篩選；然後重新設定檢索關鍵字/欄位及運算元開始第 二回合的檢索篩選，如此反覆的進行上述步驟，直到篩選結果的專利 已涵蓋市場上各指標可敵商的重要專利為止，以活塞環而言，應須涵 蓋 Nippon Piston Ring Co., Ltd.、Dana Corporation 及 Goetze AG 等大廠的大部份專利，表 2.3 為反覆的檢索條件設定之檢索結果。
表 2.3 活塞環密封關鍵字檢索結果
關鍵字 檢索欄位 檢索專利數 備註
piston and ring all fields72662 結果發散
piston and ring and engine all fields18243 結果發散 piston and ring and (seal or blow) all fields40202 結果發散 piston and ring and (seal or blow or sealed or sealing)all fields50208 結果發散
piston and ring and engine and (seal or sealed) all fields9597 結果發散 piston and ring and engine and seal all fields8169 結果發散 piston and ring and engine and ( seal or sealed or
sealing) and blow
all fields818 結果發散
piston and ring and engine and ( seal or sealed or sealing) and (blow and by)
all fields6
piston and ring and engine and ( seal or sealed or sealing) and (blow or (blow and by))
all fields818 結果發散
piston and ring and engine and ( seal or sealed) and leakage or blow or (blow and by)
all fields75997 結果發散
piston and ring and (seal or sealed or sealing or blow or engage or engagement or cylinder) andnot (scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot (coating or coated or hardened or layer or plated or plating) andnot (hydraulic or hydraulically) andnot ((oil and ring) or (oil and control and ring))
all fields21936 結果發散
piston and ring and engine and ( seal or sealed or sealing) and (leakage or blow or (blow and by))
all fields4112 結果發散
piston and ring and engine and ( seal or sealed or sealing) and ( leakage or blow or (blow and by)) andnot (scrape or scraper or scraping)
all fields3953 結果發散
表 2.3 活塞環密封關鍵字檢索結果(續)
關鍵字 檢索欄位 檢索專利數 備註
piston and ring and engine and ( seal or sealed) and leakage and ( blow or (blow and by))
all fields285
piston and ring and engine and ( seal or sealed or sealing) and leakage and ( blow or (blow and by)) andnot (scrape or scraper or scraping)
all fields254
piston and ring and engine and ( seal or sealed or sealing) and leakage and ( blow or (blow and by)) andnot (scrape or scraper or scraping) and (ccl/277/$
or icl/f16j009/$ or icl/b60t011)
all fields US
ttl/piston and spec/ring 3242
ttl/piston and spec/leak 412
ttl/piston and spec/leakage 1136 ttl/piston and spec/(leak or leakage) 1327 ttl/piston and spec/(blow or (blow and by)) 332
ttl/piston and spec/engine 2581
ttl/piston and ttl/engine 1063
ttl/piston and spec/(ring and engine) 1556
ttl/piston and spec/(ring and (leak or leakage)) 880 ttl/piston and spec/(ring and engine and (leak or
leakage)) 372
ttl/piston and spec/(ring and engine and (leak or leakage) and (seal or sealed or sealing))
Title
表 2.3 活塞環密封關鍵字檢索結果(續)
關鍵字 檢索欄位 檢索專利數 備註
ttl/piston and spec/(ring and engine and (leak or leakage) and (seal or sealed or sealing)) andnot spec/((piston and rod) or (rotary and piston))
102 ttl/piston and spec/(ring and engine and (leak or
leakage) and (seal or sealed or sealing)) andnot spec/((piston and rod) or (rotary and piston) or (piston and sleeve) or (hydraulic or hydraulically)
or (pump or pumps)) 53
ttl/piston and spec/(ring and engine and (leak or leakage) and (seal or sealed or sealing)) andnot spec/((piston and rod) or (rotary and piston) or (piston and sleeve) or (hydraulic or hydraulically)
or (pump or pumps) or (oil and ring) or valve) 15 ttl/piston and spec/(ring and engine and (seal or
sealed or sealing)) andnot spec/((piston and rod) or (rotary and piston) or (piston and sleeve) or (hydraulic or hydraulically) or (pump or pumps) or
(oil and ring) or valve) 47
ttl/piston and spec/(ring and engine and (seal or sealed or sealing or blow)) andnot spec/((piston and rod) or (rotary and piston) or (piston and sleeve) or (hydraulic or hydraulically) or (pump or pumps) or (oil and ring) or valve)
Title Descriptio n
Specificat ion
49
表 2.3 活塞環密封關鍵字檢索結果(續)
關鍵字 檢索欄位 檢索專利數 備註
ttl/piston and spec/(ring and engine and (seal or sealed or sealing or blow)) andnot spec/((piston and rod) or (rotary and piston) or (piston and sleeve) or (hydraulic or hydraulically) or (pump or pumps) or (oil and ring) or valve or (coating or coated or
hardened or layer or plating)) 27 ttl/piston and spec/(ring and engine and (seal or
sealed or sealing or blow)) andnot spec/((piston and rod) or (rotary and piston) or (piston and sleeve) or (hydraulic or hydraulically) or (pump or pumps) or (oil and ring) or valve or (coating or coated or
hardened or layer or plating) or (piston and motor)) 23 ttl/piston and spec/(ring and engine and (seal or
sealed or sealing or blow)) andnot spec/((piston and rod) or (rotary and piston) or (piston and sleeve) or (hydraulic or hydraulically) or (pump or pumps) or (oil and ring) or valve or (coating or coated or hardened or layer or plating) or (piston and motor)
or (manufacture or manufacturing)) 11
ttl/(piston and ring) 310 滿意的檢索結果
ttl/(piston and ring and engine) 34 ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/engine 223
ttl/(piston and ring) and ccl/277/$ 205 美國分類碼 ttl/(piston and ring) and (ccl/277/$ or icl/f16j009/$
or icl/b60t011) 212
美國分類碼 國際分類碼 ttl/(piston and ring) and ttl/leak 0
ttl/(piston and ring) and ttl/leakage 0 ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/leak
Title
表 2.3 活塞環密封關鍵字檢索結果(續)
關鍵字 檢索欄位 檢索專利數 備註
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/leakage 76 ttl/(piston and ring) and ttl/(seal or sealed or
sealing)
27 ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or
sealing) 182
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or (sealed or
sealing)) and ccl/277/$ 136
美國分類碼
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or
sealing or ccl/277/$) 184
美國分類碼
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or
sealing) and spec/engine 125
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or
sealing) and spec/(engine and leakage) 36 ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or
sealing) and spec/(engine or leakage) 153 ttl/(piston and ring) and ttl/(seal or sealed or
sealing or blow) 27
ttl/(piston and ring) and ttl/(seal or sealed or
sealing or (blow and by) ) 27
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or
sealing or blow) 195
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealing or
sealed or (blow and by)) 182
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or sealing or blow) and ccl/277/$
Title
表 2.3 活塞環密封關鍵字檢索結果(續)
關鍵字 檢索欄位 檢索專利數 備註
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or sealing or blow) and (ccl/277/$ or icl/f16j009/$ or
icl/b60t011) 151
美國分類碼 國際分類碼
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/blow 56 ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(blow and by) 0 ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/blow and spec/(seal or
sealed or sealing) 43
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or sealing or blow) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or
scraping) andnot ttl/(scrape or scraper or scraping) 146 ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or
sealing or blow) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping)
148 ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or
sealing or blow) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot spec/(coating or coated or hardened
or layer) 96
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or sealing or blow) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot spec/(coating or coated or hardened
or layer or plating) 94
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or sealing or blow) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot spec/(coating or coated or hardened or layer or plated or plating) andnot spec/hydraulic
Title Descriptio n
Specificat ion
71
表 2.3 活塞環密封關鍵字檢索結果(續)
關鍵字 檢索欄位 檢索專利數 備註
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or sealing or blow) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot spec/(coating or coated or hardened or layer or plated or plating) andnot spec/hydraulic andnot spec/(oil and control and
ring)) 54
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or sealing or blow) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot spec/(coating or coated or hardened or layer or plated or plating) andnot spec/hydraulic andnot spec/((oil and ring ) or (oil
and control and ring)) 34
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or sealing or blow or engage or engagement) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot (coating or coated or hardened or layer or plated or plating) andnot hydraulic andnot (oil and control and ring)
Title Descriptio n
Specificat ion
65 ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or
sealing or blow or engage or engagement) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot (coating or coated or hardened or layer or plated or plating) andnot hydraulic andnot ((oil and ring) or (oil and control and ring))
Title Descriptio n
Specificat ion
41
表 2.3 活塞環密封關鍵字檢索結果(續)
關鍵字 檢索欄位 檢索專利數 備註
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or sealing or blow or engage or engagement) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot spec/(coating or coated or hardened or layer or plated or plating) andnot spec/hydraulic andnot spec/((oil
and ring) or (oil and control and ring)) 43 ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or
sealing or blow or engage or engagement or cylinder) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot spec/(coating or coated or hardened or layer or plated or plating) andnot spec/hydraulic andnot spec/((oil
and ring) or (oil and control and ring)) 53
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or sealing or blow) and spec/(engage or engagement or cylinder) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot spec/(coating or coated or hardened or layer or plated or plating) andnot spec/hydraulic andnot spec/((oil and ring) or (oil and control and ring))
Title Descriptio n
Specificat ion US
Classifica tion Internatio nal Classifica tiom 32
表 2.3 活塞環密封關鍵字檢索結果(續)
關鍵字 檢索欄位 檢索專利數 備註
ccl/277/$ and ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or sealing or blow) and spec/(engage or engagement or cylinder) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot spec/(coating or coated or hardened or layer or plating) andnot spec/hydraulic andnot spec/((oil and ring) or (oil
and control and ring)) 26
美國分類碼
ttl/(piston and ring) and spec/(seal or sealed or sealing or blow) and spec/(engage or engagement or cylinder) andnot spec/(scrape or scraper or scraping) andnot spec/(coating or coated or hardened or layer or plating) andnot spec/hydraulic andnot spec/((oil and ring) or (oil and control and ring)) and (ccl/277/$ or icl/f16j009/$ or icl/b60t011)
Title
以表 2.3 的檢索關鍵字條件設定＂ttl/(piston and ring)＂作檢 索，檢索結果得 310 件專利，列印出每件專利的首頁以閱讀摘要及主
1 6428014 Piston sealing
ring assembly 密封、防滲漏 活塞環缺口形式、相錯及 重疊
compare Reavell
August 6, 2002 2 6361050
Oppositely angled piston ring grooves
密封 活塞環槽傾斜一小角度 Dana
Corporation
March 26, 2002
表 2.4 活塞環密封美國專利檢索篩選暨技術評估表(續)
項
次 專利號碼 專利名稱 功能 技術特徵 申請人 公告日期
次 專利號碼 專利名稱 功能 技術特徵 申請人 公告日期