第陸章 結論與建議
第一節 結論
一、 不同運動項目之間的側向跨步切入有不同的下肢關節動作和負荷，即 女性足球員有較小的著地時膝關節屈曲、踝關節蹠屈，和較大的膝關 節內旋角度、髖關節外展角度、踝關節外翻，和較大的膝關節外翻力 矩。而在最大膝關節外翻力矩峰值時，女性籃球員有較大的膝關節外 翻。本研究發現可能在運動項目之間有動作控制的特殊性。
二、 儘管近距離防守的側向跨步切入有較大的膝關節負荷，但即使面對較 遠距離的防守，女性運動員也需防範膝關節角度超出了合理的動作範 圍。
第二節 建議
一、 建議女性運動員需要發展良好的減速動作或訓練，例如側向跨步切入 過人時的動作控制，同時要增強神經肌肉訓練。
二、 建議女性足球運動員要增加著地時膝關節屈曲；女性籃球運動員要避 免過度的膝關節外翻，且專項訓練時應加以評估和預防非接觸膝關節 前十字韌帶傷害的發生。
附錄一
受試者同意書
題目：女性不同運動項目和防守距離對側向跨步切入之膝關節負荷的影響 指導教授：劉錦璋 教授
研究生：李佳美
單位：國立台灣師範大學體育研究所
實驗地點：國立台灣師範大學體育研究所力學實驗室
依實驗研究的規定與保護受試者權益，研究者應將研究過程可能發生 的危險和法律上的責任等事宜，向受試者說明清楚。而研究者應盡其所能 保護受試者的健康與權益，並隨時回答受試者的問題。受試者如有改變意 願時應通知實驗者，可隨時退出實驗而不受任何限制。參與實驗研究的受 試者必須明瞭並注意下列事項：
一、本實驗參與兩種不同防守距離的側向跨步急切動作，請務必瞭解實驗 說明，並盡全力配合及表現。
二、實驗過程使用Vicon 3D動作分析系統和測力板來收集資料。
三、須先行熱身至微微出汗以免傷害之虞。
四、聽實驗者施號即按照實驗動作執行，儘可能與實際情境一致。
五、實驗過程中若有任何不適請立即告知。
本實驗感謝您的參與合作，才能圓滿順利。請您於下表姓名欄內簽名，
表示同意並遵守上述之各項規定。
自願者： 簽名 日期： 年 月 日
附錄二
受試者基本資料表
在您瞭解本實驗並願意配合參與本實驗後，請詳細填寫下列各項基本 資料，讓實驗者了解您的生理狀況及運動背景，讓實驗可以順利進行。而 您所填寫的各項資料將會受到嚴格保密，敬請合作，謝謝。
受試者姓名：
出生日期 ： 年 月
身高： 公分 體重： 公斤 球齡： 年
慣用邊：□左 □右
球員位置：
就讀學校系所：
最佳成績/經歷：
是否受過運動傷害：□是 □否 ，如受過傷，受傷部位：
是否痊癒：□是 □否
編號 肢段名稱 右Right (cm) 左Left (cm)
1 左右邊前上髂棘寬 2 大轉子寬
3 膝寬 4 踝寬 5 腳寬 6 腳長 7
8 備註
謝謝您如實的填寫！
附錄三
受試者實驗紀錄表
受試者姓名： 編號：
實驗流程
編號 近距離防守 備註 遠距離防守 備註
01 02 03 04 05
附錄四 Visual 3D名詞解釋
(資料來源：http://www.c-motion.com/help)
※Joint Angle關節角度
The default convention that Visual3D uses to define joint angles 定義關節角度方向 The default segment coordinate system in Visual3D is defined as follows:
Right Leg
x-lateral, y-anterior, z-up
The default Cardan sequence for the calculation of joint angles is x-y-z, which is equivalent to flexion/extension - abduction/adduction - axial rotation. The default sign conventions for describing the joint angles are as follows:
Right Leg
Ankle (DFL+) (EVER+) (FFADDUCTION+) Knee(EXT+) (ADD+) (INTROT+)
Hip(FL+)(ADD+) (INTROT+)
Transformation Matrix 旋轉矩陣計算
A Joint Angle is the transformation between two coordinate system that is described by a rotation matrix.
This rotation matrix is rarely used to report the joint angle. From the rotation matrix several different representations are possible, such as Cardan/Euler angle, Helical angle, Quaternion.
All representations of the transformation are equivalent but the interpretation of the joint angle relative to the anatomy varies with the description.
For example, the Cardan sequence XYZ as represented in the following transformation matrix αβγ can be computed as follows:
Step 1: compute β
Step 2: compute α
Step 3: compute γ
For example, represent the rotation matrix as:
Resolve the joint angle as follows:
※Joint Moment 關節力矩
Visual3D always follows the right hand rule. The direction of positive rotation about the axis u (red arrow aligned with the right thumb) in the above figure is in the direction of curl of the fingers (blue arrow)
In order to determine the sign of the joint moment, the user must visualize the segment coordinate system that the moment is resolved into, then follow the right hand rule. For example, consider the knee moment. The typical knee moment is defined as the shank with respect to the thigh. The default segment coordinate system in Visual3D is x-lateral,
y-anterior, z-axial. Therefore, knee extension moment is positive, knee adduction moment is positive, and internal rotation is positive.
[Kinetics Overview]
Internal vs External Joint Moment 內在的和外在的關節力矩 Visual3D calculates the Internal Moment.
The external moment is balanced by the net internal moment produced by the muscles and ligaments. For example, a net internal moment dominated by the quadriceps muscles would be needed to balance an external flexion moment.
Mathematically, the external moment is equal and opposite to the internal moment, but the user is cautioned to reference the term if it is used in an article.
Note: The external moment is a term that is not commonly used.
Inverse Dynamics Calculations in Visual3D 逆動力學計算
Kinetics is the study of the forces and moments that cause motion of a body. For human movement, biomechanics attempt to determine the forces that result from muscle contractions and the torques that are produced, which together bring about the movement of the segments and thus of the whole body.
Visual3D's inverse dynamics calculations are implemented using the following recursive scheme. One of the features of the inverse dynamics algorithms is that it is straightforward to add external forces and torques to any segment.
The Proximal Joint Reaction force is computed in the Global Coordinate System. The segments attached distally to any segment are identified (e.g. for a conventional lower body gait analysis the pelvis segment as two distal chains comprising a thigh, shank, and foot segment. An iterative algorithm for the proximal joint force, which allows any applied external force on segments is:
The Proximal Couple (moment) computed at the proximal end of a segment is computed in a segment (local) coordinate system:
Transform the inertial torque from the Segment Coordinate System into the Global (Laboratory) Coordinate System using a transformation matris that is computed from the motion capture data.
The Couple acting on a segment due to the inertial terms is:
Expanding the Force terms and reducing the resulting equation yields the proximal moment due to the inertial forces and applied moments at the joint.
An advantage of this recursive formulation is that the approach is generalizable because there is substantially less bookkeeping required to keep track of the external forces and torques.
殘差(A×S) 87.179 18 4.843
全體 Total 1439.258 39
*p<.05
表 14 膝關節外翻力矩峰值時的膝關節外翻角度變異數分析摘要表
變異來源 SS df MS F η2
運動項目(獨立樣本) 104.998 1 104.998 8.473* 0.320
防守距離(重複量數) 0.452 1 0.452 1.606 0.082
運動項目×防守距離 0.004 1 0.004 0.015 0.001
組內(誤差)
受試者間 S 223.049 18 12.392
殘差(A×S) 5.062 18 0.281
全體 Total 333.565 39
*p<.05
表 15 膝關節外翻力矩峰值時膝關節內旋角度變異數分析摘要表
變異來源 SS df MS F η2
運動項目(獨立樣本) 6.255 1 6.255 0.147 0.008
防守距離(重複量數) 0.009 1 0.009 0.011 0.001
運動項目×防守距離 7.161 1 7.161 9.119* 0.336
組內(誤差)
受試者間 S 766.023 18 42.557
殘差(A×S) 14.136 18 0.785
全體 Total 793.584 39
*p<.05
表 15-1 膝關節外翻力矩峰值時膝關節內旋角度的單純主要效果變異數分析摘要表
變異來源 SS df MS F
運動項目(獨立因子)
近距離防守 0.015 1 0.015 0.001
遠距離防守 13.401 1 13.401 0.618
誤差(殘差) 780.159 36 21.671
籃 8 103.33 100.75 -18.68 -17.84 -25.78 -26.03 籃 9 98.31 99.33 -15.11 -16.76 -26.20 -26.44 籃 10 110.61 114.45 -11.98 -12.13 -21.80 -20.22
各受試者膝關節各力矩峰值
參數 膝關節屈曲力矩 膝關節外翻力矩 膝關節內旋力矩
近 遠 近 遠 近 遠
足 1 -0.55 -0.37 -1.70 -1.05 0.59 0.48 足 2 -0.35 -0.67 -2.23 -1.75 0.89 0.73 足 3 -0.52 -0.44 -1.60 -2.15 0.88 0.90 足 4 -0.83 -0.99 -2.03 -2.05 0.86 0.94 足 5 -1.69 -0.70 -2.53 -2.26 0.90 0.48 足 6 -0.68 -0.62 -2.40 -2.13 1.18 0.99 足 7 -0.40 -0.29 -1.28 -1.37 0.82 0.71 足 8 -0.29 -0.26 -1.26 -1.20 0.37 0.32 足 9 -0.38 -0.36 -1.83 -2.11 0.60 0.86 足 10 -0.61 -0.40 -0.63 -0.46 0.34 0.33 籃 1 -0.34 -0.44 -1.07 -1.20 0.39 0.44 籃 2 -0.70 -0.68 -1.28 -1.14 0.41 0.49 籃 3 -0.75 -0.72 -0.75 -0.84 0.21 0.30 籃 4 -0.63 -0.69 -1.48 -1.87 0.44 0.48 籃 5 -0.50 -0.58 -1.19 -1.70 0.60 0.78 籃 6 -0.45 -0.38 -1.03 -1.01 0.38 0.30 籃 7 -0.43 -0.45 -1.21 -0.89 0.66 0.46 籃 8 -0.12 -0.11 -1.11 -1.17 0.23 0.27 籃 9 -0.73 -0.62 -1.40 -1.56 0.75 0.71 籃 10 -0.86 -0.74 -1.58 -1.10 1.07 0.82
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