第五章 結論與建議
5.2 建議
本研究在非均質土壤中，均沒有成功整治非飽和層，但是最後非飽和層僅剩 下一小部分的污染團，如果此時空氣注入法效果不彰，也可以採用生物通氣法、
現地氧化法以及開挖處理法等其它整治技術以彌補空氣注入法的不足。
另外實務方面，空氣注入法有可能在整治過程中，因為監測井顯示整治的效 果不彰，而增加空氣注入量或增設空氣注入井與氣體抽除井，而實際上 SVE 在 粉土中進行數年的操作有極大可能造成機械損毀。目前現地也有使用所謂脈衝式 空氣注入法(Pulsed Operation)。但以上狀況在本研究中均無考慮。
氣體在土壤傳輸時，會形成偏好侵入路徑，而每一道偏好侵入路徑又有不同 影響範圍，因此有可能造成局部區域無法被整治，而數值模擬軟體 TMVOC 無 法模擬偏好侵入路徑。空氣注入法注入的是微小氣泡，數值軟體沒有分辨氣泡和 氣流的機制，我們沒有證據顯示氣泡和氣流的傳輸機制相同，仍有待研究。
空氣注入法使用初期，均有污染範圍擴大的跡象，因此相關整治手冊均有提 到，若地下水存在自由相污染物，則空氣注入法不建議使用。但是實際上不容易 存在沒有自由相污染物的整治場址，是否空氣注入法完全不適用，或是多少自由 相污染物是容許範圍內，則是另一個需研究的課題。
參考文獻
王峰，王慧鈴，「土壤汽相抽提影響半徑及透氣率現場試驗」，北京市勘察設計研 究院，2011。
行政院環保署，「加油站土壤及地下水污染調查計畫(第七期)(乙)」，美商傑明工 程顧問台灣分公司，E PA- 1 0 0 -GA1 0 2 - 0 2 -A2 1 6，2012。
江潤翰，「油品多相抽除法整治之模擬」，國立交通大學，2012。
吳志清，「加油站柴油滲漏與抽取模擬」，國立交通大學，2013。
呂信傑，斯克誠，「應用T2VOC模擬空氣注入法與土壤氣體抽除法之研究」，
台灣土壤及地下水環境保護協會簡訊(第十八期)，2006。
陳培旼，「加油站土壤氣體及地下水監測模擬」，國立交通大學，2010。
楊凱仁，「水位波動對地下儲油槽洩漏之影響」，國立交通大學，2012。
經濟部工業局，「土壤及地下水污染預防與整治技術手冊─石油碳氫化合物」，經 濟部工業局，2007。
經濟部工業局，「土壤及地下水污染預防與整治技術手冊─含氯碳氫化合物」，經 濟部工業局，2008。
劉曉娜，程莉蓉，「地下水 LNAPL 層的原位曝氣模擬研究」，北京師範大學，2012。
顏伯穎，「應用數值方法模擬水下空氣注入法整治受非水相液污染區域之研究」，
國立成功大學，2002。
Adenekan, A.E., Pruess, K., and Falta, R.W, “Removal of Trichloroethylene Contamination from the Subsurface-A Comparative Evaluation of Different Remediation Strategies by Means of Numerical Simulation,” Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1990.
Albergaria, J.T., Alvim-Ferraz, M.C., Delerue-Matos, C., “Soil Vapor Extraction in Sandy Soils: Influence of Airflow Rate, ” Chemosphere 73, pp. 1557-1561, 2008 Barrera, J.A., “Air Sparging and Vapor Extraction as a Means of Removing Chlorinated and BTEX Compounds in Complex Groundwater Conditions, ” Four Seasons Environmental, Inc, n.d.
Battelle, “Air Sparging Guidance Document,” Naval Facilities Engineering Command, pp. 23-25, 2001.
Braida, W. J., and Ong, S. K., ” Air Sparging Effectiveness: Laboratory
Characterization of Air-Channel Mass Transfer Zone for VOC Volatilization,” 2001.
Christine, D., ” User’s Guide for Hysteretic Capillary ressure and Relative
Permeability Functions in TOUGH2,” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2013.
Eighmey, R.C., Schruben, T.J., and Rollo, P., “Leak Scene Investigation, ” National Tanks Conference, 2010.
Hu, L., and Wu, X., “ hysical Modeling of Air Flow During Air Sparging Remediation, ” Environ. Sci. Technol, 44, pp. 3883-3888, 2009.
Ji, W., Dahmani, A, Ahlfeld, D., Lin, J.D., and Hill, E., ”Laboratory Study of Air Sparging: Air Flow Visualization, ” Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, volume 13, issue 4, pp. 115–126, 1993.
Kirtland, C.K., and Aelion, C.M., “ etroleum Mass Removal from Low Permeability Sediment Using Air Sparging/Soil Vapor Extraction: Impact of Continuous or Pulsed Operation,” Journal of contaminant Hydrology(2000), pp. 367-383, 1999.
Lazik, D., and Krauss, G., Geistlinger, H., and Vogel, H.J., ”
Multi-scale Optical
Analyses of Dynamic Gas Saturation During Air Sparging into Glass Beads,
” Transp Porous Med 74, pp. 87-104, 2008.Lu, Y., Fan, W., Yang, Y.S., and Du, X.Q., ” Mathematical Modeling of
Differentiation Processes in Porous Media During Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) Remediation of Contaminated Soil/Water, ” Water Air Soil Pollut 224:1491, 2013.
McCray, J. E., and Falta, R. W., ”Defining the Air Sparging Radius of Influence for Groundwater Remediation, ” Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 24, pp. 25-52, 1996.
McCray, J. E., and Falta, R. W., ”Numerical Simulation of Air Sparging for Remediation of NAPL Contamination, ”Ground Water, vol. 35, No. 1, 1997.
Parker, J.C., Lenhard, R.J., and Kuppusamy, T., ” A Parametric Model for Constitutive Properties Governing Multiphase Flow in Porous Media, ” Water Resource Research, vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 618-624, 1987.
Pruess, K., and Battistelli, A., “TMVOC, A Numerical Simulator for Three-Phase Non-isothermal Flows of Multicomponent Hydrocarbon Mixtures in
Saturated-Unsaturated Heterogeneous Media, ” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2002.
Ranbeh, M.E., and Mohtar, R.H., “Application of Multiphase Transport Models to Field Remediation by Air Sparging and Soil Vapor Extraction, ” Journal of Hazardous Materials(143), pp. 156–170, 2006.
Stone, H.L., ” Probability Model for Estimating Three-Phase Relative Permeability, ” Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1970.
Thomson, N.R., and Johnson, R.L., “Air Distribution During in Situ Air Sparging: an Overview of Mathematical Modeling, ” Journal of Hazardous Materials 72, pp.
265-282, 2000.
TN ,and Associates, Inc, “Operations and Maintenance Manual Nebo North Plume Source Area Air Sparging and Soil Vapor Extraction System, ” U.S. Department of the Navy, 2008
U.S. EPA, “How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites, Chapter VII- Air Sparging,” E A, 1994
U.S. EPA, “How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites, Chapter II- Soil Vapor Extraction, ” E A, 1994.
V. Genuchten, M. Th., ”A Close-form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic
Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils, ” Soil Science of America Journal, vol. 44, no. 5, 1980.
Wong, J. H.C., Lim, C.H, and Nolen, G. L., ”Design of Remediation Systems, ” Lewis Publishers, 1997.
Yang, X. M., Beckham, D., Fiorenza, S., Heaton, K., and Niedermeier, C., ” Pulsed Air Sparging Field Test,” RETEC Group, Inc, n.d.
Yang, X. M., Beckham, D., Fiorenza, S., Heaton, K., and Niedermeier, C., “Field Study of Pulsed Air Sparging for Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon
Contaminated Soil and Groundwater, ” Environ. Sci. Technol, 39, pp. 7279-7286, 2005.
參考網址
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable (n.d.) Retrieved April 10, 2014 from http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-40.html.
Mascott Equipment(n.d.) Retrieved February 12, 2014 from http://www.mascottec.com/UST%20layout.html