第四章 試驗結果與模擬分析結果之探討與比較
5.2 建議
1.本研究在類似三點彎矩試驗施加載重時，乃以一塊 50cm × 20cm 的鋼板模擬輪胎接觸面積，會有局部﹝於鋼板四周﹞先破壞的情形 發生，未來類似此試驗時，盡量以橡皮層替代，以更接近模擬真實 輪荷重接觸情形與受力情形。
2.為簡化分析尚未考慮構件間之黏接效應、組裝接合及製程技術等細 部問題，未來可再進行模型分析考慮介面元素加以模擬，使模擬更 接近真實情形，以瞭解力量傳遞的情形並配合實際試驗做驗證，以 確切掌握接合能力與承載能力。
3.未來可建構 FRP 橋面版系統設計理論，應用力學理論之公式推導與 驗證，並由構材材料性質、形狀及數量等資料，利用簡化公式來推 測等效版之材料性質與勁度，並配合 ANSYS 模擬分析的結果，以 作為快速設計之參考。
4.由於國內研究 FRP 橋面版屬於啟蒙階段，為了充分掌握其性能及瞭 解理論設計與實際產品的差異，一系列的靜態、疲勞材料、老化實 驗、現地實驗及長期監測等，亦可作為後續研究之探討方向。
5.為了能更方便推廣 FRP 橋面版工法，對於研發高強度、高剛度、符 合經濟效益與環保的 FRP 材料，是刻不容緩的。由於 FRP 材料在 剛度方面原本就比 RC 構材與鋼材明顯較為不足，因此在這方面需 要更加深入研討，以期能將 FRP 材料優越的特性發揮的更加淋漓 盡致。
參考文獻
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附錄 ANSYS 輸入檔 附錄一 FRP 橋面版試驗二 /TITLE, FRP TEST--2 /COM
/COM FRP 構件試驗分析 模擬 3 根 FRP 管構件
/COM ***** INPUT OF DESIGN VIRIABLES *****
/COM 單位：CM 力量：KGF /COM
M=2 !FRP 單數位置管構件 N=1 !FRP 雙數位置管構件 TOTAL=M+N !FRP 管構件總數 B1=20 !FRP 管斷面下底 B2=10 !FRP 管斷面上底 H=18 !FRP 管斷面高 T1=1.2 !FRP 管斷面厚 T2=1.2 !FRP 版上下層厚 T3=0.02 !樹脂厚
L=140 !GFRP 管有效跨徑 THETAL=ATAN((B1-B2)/2/H)
THETAB=ATAN(H/((B1-B2)/2))
P=7300*1.3 !HS15-44(MS13.5)標準貨車載重
!後輪之輪荷重，30%為衝擊荷重 X=2 !ESIZE
/COM
/COM ENTER PREPROCESSOR /COM
/PREP7 /VUP,1,Z
ANTYPE,STATIC /VIEW,1,1,1,1 /COM
/COM 定義 GFRP 管的幾何形狀 /COM
K,1,0,(B1-B2)/2,0 K,2,0,(B1-B2)/2,T2
K,3,0,((B1-B2)/2)-(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,4,0,T1*TAN(THETAL),H+T2-T1
K,5,0,0,H+T2 K,6,0,0,H+2*T2
K,7,0,((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),0 K,8,0,((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),T2
K,9,0,((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB)))-(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,10,0,(T1/(SIN(THETAB)))+(T1*TAN(THETAL)),H+T2-T1
K,11,0,(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2 K,12,0,(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+2*T2
K,13,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),0 K,14,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),T2
K,15,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB)))+(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,16,0,B1-(T1/(SIN(THETAB)))-(T1*TAN(THETAL)),H+T2-T1
K,17,0,B1-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2 K,18,0,B1-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+2*T2 K,19,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2),0
K,20,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2),T2
K,21,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)+(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,22,0,B1-(T1*TAN(THETAL)),H+T2-T1
K,23,0,B1,H+T2 K,24,0,B1,H+2*T2
K,25,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),0 K,26,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),T2
K,27,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB)))+(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,28,0,B1-(T1*TAN(THETAL))+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2-T1
K,29,0,B1+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2 K,30,0,B1+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+2*T2
K,31,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),0 K,32,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),T2
K,33,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB)))-(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,34,0,B1+B2+(T1*TAN(THETAL))-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2-T1
K,35,0,B1+B2-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2 K,36,0,B1+B2-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+2*T2 K,37,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2),0
K,38,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2),T2
K,39,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,40,0,B1+B2+(T1*TAN(THETAL)),H+T2-T1
K,41,0,B1+B2,H+T2 K,42,0,B1+B2,H+2*T2 A,2,8,9,3
A,8,14,15,9 A,14,20,21,15 A,15,21,22,16 A,16,22,23,17 A,10,16,17,11 A,4,10,11,5
A,3,9,10,4 A,1,7,8,2 A,7,13,14,8 A,13,19,20,14 A,17,23,24,18 A,11,17,18,12 A,5,11,12,6 A,20,26,27,21 A,26,32,33,27 A,32,38,39,33 A,33,39,40,34 A,34,40,41,35 A,28,34,35,29 A,22,28,29,23 A,21,27,28,22 A,19,25,26,20 A,25,31,32,26 A,31,37,38,32 A,35,41,42,36 A,29,35,36,30 A,23,29,30,24
AGEN,M,1,14,1,,(B1+B2) AGEN,N,15,28,1,,(B1+B2)
k,6*(TOTAL*4-1)+1,L,(B1-B2)/2,0 L,1,6*(TOTAL*4-1)+1
/COM
/COM 體積拉出 /COM
VDRAG,ALL,,,,,,3*6*TOTAL+5*(3*TOTAL+1)+5*(TOTAL-2)+1 NUMMERG,ALL
/COM
/COM 材料參數 /COM
! mat_1 as Plate
UIMP,1,EX,EY,EZ,184369.8,184369.8,94999.7, UIMP,1,PRXY,PRYZ,PRXZ,,,,
UIMP,1,NUXY,NUYZ,NUXZ,0.322,0.302,0.302, UIMP,1,GXY,GYZ,GXZ,65444.2,30540.6,30540.6,
! mat_2 as pultrusion tube
UIMP,2,EX,EY,EZ,35185.07,281819,35185.07, UIMP,2,PRXY,PRYZ,PRXZ,,,,
UIMP,2,NUXY,NUYZ,NUXZ,0.03571,0.03571,0.31, UIMP,2,GXY,GYZ,GXZ,30540.6,30540.6,30540.6,
! RESIN
MP,EX,3,30000 MP,NUXY,3,0.31
/COM
/COM 定義元素種類 /COM
ET,1,SOLID45 !FRP 層(Plate)
ET,2,SOLID45 !FRP 管(Pultrusion tube) ET,3,SHELL63 !樹 脂(RESIN)
/COM
/COM mesh FRP elements /COM
! ---MESH Plate--- TYPE,1
MAT,1 ESIZE,X
LSEL,S,LOC,Z,0,T2 ASLL,S,1
VSLA,S,1
LSEL,A,LOC,Z,H+T2,H+2*T2 ASLL,A,1
VSLA,A,1 VMESH,ALL
! ---MESH Pultrusion tube--- TYPE,2
MAT,2 ESIZE,X VSEL,INVE VMESH,ALL
! ---MESH 樹脂元素--- R,3,T3
TYPE,3 MAT,3 REAL,3
ASEL,S,LOC,Z,T2 !上層和管間樹脂 AMESH,ALL
ASEL,S,LOC,Z,H+T2 !下層和管間樹脂 AMESH,ALL
ASEL,ALL /PREP7
FLST,5,2,5,ORDE,2 !管與管間樹脂 FITEM,5,56
FITEM,5,107 CM,_Y,AREA ASEL, , , ,P51X CM,_Y1,AREA CMSEL,S,_Y CMSEL,S,_Y1 AATT, 3, 3, 3, 0 CMSEL,S,_Y CMDELE,_Y CMDELE,_Y1 MSHAPE,0,2D MSHKEY,0
FLST,5,2,5,ORDE,2 FITEM,5,56
FITEM,5,107 CM,_Y,AREA ASEL, , , ,P51X CM,_Y1,AREA CHKMSH,'AREA' CMSEL,S,_Y AMESH,_Y1 CMDELE,_Y CMDELE,_Y1 CMDELE,_Y2 ASEL,ALL
/COM
/COM 定義自由度限制 /COM
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0 NSEL,R,LOC,Z,0 D,ALL,UZ,0 D,ALL,UX,0
!
NSEL,S,LOC,X,L NSEL,R,LOC,Z,0 D,ALL,UZ,0
!
*DO,I,1,TOTAL-2,2 NSEL,S,LOC,X,0 NSEL,R,LOC,Z,0
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,I*(B2+((B1-B2)/2)) D,ALL,ALL,0
*ENDDO
*DO,I,2,TOTAL-1,2 NSEL,S,LOC,X,0 NSEL,R,LOC,Z,0
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,I*(B2+((B1-B2)/2))+((B1-B2)/2) D,ALL,ALL,0
*ENDDO
*DO,I,1,TOTAL-2,2 NSEL,S,LOC,X,L NSEL,R,LOC,Z,0
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,I*(B2+((B1-B2)/2)) D,ALL,ALL,0
DDELE,ALL,UX,0
*ENDDO
*DO,I,2,TOTAL-1,2 NSEL,S,LOC,X,L NSEL,R,LOC,Z,0
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,I*(B2+((B1-B2)/2))+((B1-B2)/2) D,ALL,ALL,0
DDELE,ALL,UX,0
*ENDDO ALLSEL /COM
/COM 載重設定 /COM
NSEL,S,LOC,Z,H+2*T2
NSEL,R,LOC,X,L/2-25,L/2+26
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,(M*B1+N*B2)/2-11,(M*B1+N*B2)/2+11
F,ALL,FZ,-(P/(26*13)) !=-28.07692308，26*13 適用於 ESIZE=2 ALLSEL
FINISH
附錄二 FRP 橋面版試驗三 /TITLE, FRP TEST--3 /COM
/COM FRP 構件試驗分析 模擬 7 根 FRP 管構件(with CFRP 版) /COM ***** INPUT OF DESIGN VIRIABLES *****
/COM 單位：CM 力量：KGF /COM
M=4 !FRP 單數位置管構件 N=3 !FRP 雙數位置管構件 TOTAL=M+N !FRP 管構件總數 B1=20 !FRP 管斷面下底 B2=10 !FRP 管斷面上底 H=18 !FRP 管斷面高 T1=1.2 !FRP 管斷面厚 T2=1.2 !FRP 版上下層總厚
T3=6*0.14 !CFRP 積層厚度----CFRP 每片厚度=0.14 cm T4=T2-T3 !GFRP 積層厚度
T5=0.02 !樹脂厚
L=140 !GFRP 管有效跨徑 THETAL=ATAN((B1-B2)/2/H)
THETAB=ATAN(H/((B1-B2)/2))
P=7300*1.3 !HS15-44(MS13.5)標準貨車載重後輪
!之輪荷重，30%為衝擊荷重 X=2 !ESIZE
/COM
/COM ENTER PREPROCESSOR /COM
/PREP7 /VUP,1,Z
ANTYPE,STATIC /VIEW,1,1,1,1 /COM
/COM 定義 GFRP 管的幾何形狀 /COM
K,1,0,(B1-B2)/2,0 k,2,0,(B1-B2)/2,T4 K,3,0,(B1-B2)/2,T2
K,4,0,((B1-B2)/2)-(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,5,0,T1*TAN(THETAL),H+T2-T1
K,6,0,0,H+T2 K,7,0,0,H+T2+T3 K,8,0,0,H+2*T2
K,9,0,((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),0 K,10,0,((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),T4 K,11,0,((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),T2
K,12,0,((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB)))-(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,13,0,(T1/(SIN(THETAB)))+(T1*TAN(THETAL)),H+T2-T1
K,14,0,(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2 K,15,0,(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2+T3 K,16,0,(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+2*T2
K,17,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),0 K,18,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),T4 K,19,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),T2
K,20,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB)))+(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,21,0,B1-(T1/(SIN(THETAB)))-(T1*TAN(THETAL)),H+T2-T1
K,22,0,B1-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2 K,23,0,B1-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2+T3 K,24,0,B1-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+2*T2 K,25,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2),0
K,26,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2),T4 K,27,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2),T2
K,28,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)+(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,29,0,B1-(T1*TAN(THETAL)),H+T2-T1
K,30,0,B1,H+T2 K,31,0,B1,H+T2+T3 K,32,0,B1,H+2*T2
K,33,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),0 K,34,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),T4 K,35,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),T2
K,36,0,B2+((B1-B2)/2)+(T1/(SIN(THETAB)))+(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,37,0,B1-(T1*TAN(THETAL))+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2-T1
K,38,0,B1+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2 K,39,0,B1+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2+T3 K,40,0,B1+(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+2*T2
K,41,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),0 K,42,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),T4 K,43,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),T2
K,44,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1/(SIN(THETAB)))-(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,45,0,B1+B2+(T1*TAN(THETAL))-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2-T1
K,46,0,B1+B2-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2 K,47,0,B1+B2-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+T2+T3 K,48,0,B1+B2-(T1/(SIN(THETAB))),H+2*T2
K,49,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2),0 K,50,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2),T4 K,51,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2),T2
K,52,0,B1+B2+((B1-B2)/2)-(T1*TAN(THETAL)),T1+T2 K,53,0,B1+B2+(T1*TAN(THETAL)),H+T2-T1
K,54,0,B1+B2,H+T2 K,55,0,B1+B2,H+T2+T3 K,56,0,B1+B2,H+2*T2 A,3,11,12,4
A,11,19,20,12 A,19,27,28,20 A,20,28,29,21 A,21,29,30,22 A,13,21,22,14 A,5,13,14,6 A,4,12,13,5 A,2,10,11,3 A,10,18,19,11 A,18,26,27,19 A,22,30,31,23 A,14,22,23,15 A,6,14,15,7 A,1,9,10,2 A,9,17,18,10 A,17,25,26,18 A,23,31,32,24 A,15,23,24,16 A,7,15,16,8
!
A,27,35,36,28 A,35,43,44,36 A,43,51,52,44 A,44,52,53,45 A,45,53,54,46 A,37,45,46,38 A,29,37,38,30 A,28,36,37,29 A,26,34,35,27 A,34,42,43,35 A,42,50,51,43 A,46,54,55,47 A,38,46,47,39 A,30,38,39,31
A,25,33,34,26 A,33,41,42,34 A,41,49,50,42 A,47,55,56,48 A,39,47,48,40 A,31,39,40,32
AGEN,M,1,20,1,,(B1+B2) AGEN,N,21,40,1,,(B1+B2)
k,8*(TOTAL*4-1)+1,L,(B1-B2)/2,0 L,1,8*(TOTAL*4-1)+1
/COM
/COM 體積拉出 /COM
VDRAG,ALL,,,,,,3*8*TOTAL+7*(3*TOTAL+1)+7*(TOTAL-2)+1 NUMMERG,ALL
/COM
/COM 材料參數 /COM
! mat_1 as CFRP plate
UIMP,1,EX,EY,EZ,156924,156924,35185.07, UIMP,1,PRXY,PRYZ,PRXZ,,,,
UIMP,1,NUXY,NUYZ,NUXZ,0.0727,0.0695,0.0695, UIMP,1,GXY,GYZ,GXZ,65444.2,30540.6,30540.6,
! mat_2 as GFRP Plate
UIMP,2,EX,EY,EZ,184369.8,184369.8,94999.7, UIMP,2,PRXY,PRYZ,PRXZ,,,,
UIMP,2,NUXY,NUYZ,NUXZ,0.322,0.302,0.302, UIMP,2,GXY,GYZ,GXZ,65444.2,30540.6,30540.6,
! mat_3 as pultrusion tube
UIMP,3,EX,EY,EZ,35185.07,281819,35185.07, UIMP,3,PRXY,PRYZ,PRXZ,,,,
UIMP,3,NUXY,NUYZ,NUXZ,0.03571,0.03571,0.31, UIMP,3,GXY,GYZ,GXZ,30540.6,30540.6,30540.6,
! RESIN MP,EX,4,30000 MP,NUXY,4,0.31 /COM
/COM 定義元素種類 /COM
ET,1,SOLID45 !CFRP 層 (Plate) ET,2,SOLID45 !GFRP 層 (Plate)
ET,3,SOLID45 !FRP 管 (Pultrusion tube)
ET,4,SHELL63 !樹 脂 (RESIN) /COM
/COM mesh FRP elements /COM
! ---MESH Plate---
TYPE,1 !MESH CFRP Plate MAT,1
ESIZE,X
LSEL,S,LOC,Z,T4,T2 ASLL,S,1
VSLA,S,1
LSEL,A,LOC,Z,H+T2,H+T2+T3 ASLL,A,1
VSLA,A,1 VMESH,ALL
!
TYPE,2 !MESH GFRP Plate MAT,2
ESIZE,X
LSEL,S,LOC,Z,0,T4 ASLL,S,1
VSLA,S,1
LSEL,A,LOC,Z,H+T2+T3,H+2*T2 ASLL,A,1
VSLA,A,1 VMESH,ALL
! ---MESH Pultrusion tube--- TYPE,3
MAT,3 ESIZE,X VSEL,INVE VMESH,ALL
! ---MESH RESIN--- R,4,T5
TYPE,4 MAT,4 REAL,4
ASEL,S,LOC,Z,T4 AMESH,ALL ASEL,S,LOC,Z,T2 AMESH,ALL
ASEL,S,LOC,Z,H+T2 AMESH,ALL
ASEL,S,LOC,Z,H+T2+T3 AMESH,ALL
ASEL,ALL /PREP7
FLST,5,6,5,ORDE,6 FITEM,5,154
FITEM,5,225 FITEM,5,291 FITEM,5,363 FITEM,5,380 FITEM,5,452 CM,_Y,AREA ASEL, , , ,P51X CM,_Y1,AREA CMSEL,S,_Y CMSEL,S,_Y1 AATT, 4, 4, 4, 0 CMSEL,S,_Y CMDELE,_Y CMDELE,_Y1 MSHAPE,0,2D MSHKEY,0
FLST,5,6,5,ORDE,6 FITEM,5,154
FITEM,5,225 FITEM,5,291 FITEM,5,363 FITEM,5,380 FITEM,5,452 CM,_Y,AREA ASEL, , , ,P51X CM,_Y1,AREA CHKMSH,'AREA' CMSEL,S,_Y
AMESH,_Y1 CMDELE,_Y CMDELE,_Y1 CMDELE,_Y2 ASEL,ALL
/COM
/COM 定義自由度限制 /COM
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0