第五章 結論與建議
5.2 建議課題
5.2.1 意外偏心扭矩效應
=50
Pf )兩種極限狀態機率所對應之PGA 值,分別被低估了 21%
與15.4%。
(4)對低層樓結構物,使用 EBF 或 BRBF 構架系統配置可幫助結構物 提升其耐震可靠度。相較之下,高層樓結構物受構架系統之影響,
較不明顯。分析的六層樓 MRF 系統,在改用 EBF 或 BRBF 系統後,
其非結構性損害(θ ≥0.7%,Pf =10%)與生命安全損害(θ 2.5%,
)兩種極限狀態機率所對應之PGA 值,至少會被提升 1.5 倍以上。而二十層樓 MRF 系統,在改用 EBF 或 BRBF 系統後,對 應之PGA 值最多只提升了 1.3 倍左右。
≥
%
=50 Pf
5.2 建議課題
以下為未來相關研究之建議方向。
5.2.1 意外偏心扭矩效應
(1)本研究考量之偏心量,為國內規範規定之 5%,而國外規範,如墨 西哥、紐西蘭[49,50]等,考量之偏心量為 10%。建議未來研究分析,
可進ㄧ步針對偏心量10% 進行探討。
(2)本研究只進行單方向的地震輸入,但實際地震發生時,對結構的擾 動力,並非僅是單方向之作用。爲更符合實際狀況,應進ㄧ步考量 如受雙向或三向地震作用下意外偏心扭矩對結構反應之影響。
(3)本研究探討之意外偏心扭矩作用,主要針對活載分布與其對應的意 外偏心扭矩效應。建議未來研究可進ㄧ步探討,如質量、強度及勁 度偏心與地震旋轉擾動等,同時作用下的偏心扭矩效應。
5.2.2 系統受震反應特性
(1)本研究只針對辦公大樓結構進行分析。建議未來可再針對其他不同 用途、不同類型和不規則性建築物,進行各種類型結構物之耐震可 靠度分析。
(2)目前所採用之層間位移角 θ 0.7% 與 θ 2.5% 界限,為評估 MRF 系統之性能水準損害指標。如FEMA 356 等規範,另有針對同心斜 撐鋼構架之性能水準建議損害指標 θ 0.5% 與 θ 1.5%,但尚未 有針對EBF 和 BRBF 系統訂定之性能水準損害指標。建議未來研究 可進ㄧ步考慮EBF 連桿與 BRBF 構件之破壞,研究訂定相對應的性 能水準損害指標。
≥ ≥
≥ ≥
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表 2.1 六層樓 MRF 系統的構件尺寸與材料[26]
Story Column(A572) Girder_X(A36) Girder_Z(A36) 6F~5F Box500×500×19 H488×300×11×18 H386×299×9×14 4F~3F Box500×500×22 H494×302×13×21 H500×304×15×24 2F~1F Box500×500×25 H588×300×12×20 H582×300×12×17 A572:ASTM A572-04 加鈮釩高強度低合金結構用鋼
A36:ASTM A36-04 一般結構用鋼
表 2.2 六層樓 EBF 系統的構件尺寸與材料[26]
Story Column(A572) Girder_X(A36) Girder_Z(A36) 6F~5F Box450×450×25 H582×300×12×17 H582×300×12×17 4F~3F Box450×450×22 H488×300×11×18 H482×300×11×15 2F~1F Box450×450×19 H488×300×11×18 H482×300×11×15
Story Brace_X(A572) Brace_ Z (A572) 6F~5F H440×300×11×18 H440×300×11×18 4F~3F H300×300×10×15 H300×300×10×15 2F~1F H300×300×10×15 H300×300×10×15
表 2.3 六層樓 EBF 系統連桿梁尺寸與材料
Story Girder_X(A36) Length(m) Girder_Z(A36) Length(m) 6F~5F H582x300x12x17 1.40 H582x300x12x18 1.35 4F~3F H488x300x11x19 1.40 H482x300x11x16 1.35 2F~1F H488x300x11x18 1.35 H482x300x11x15 1.35
表 2.4 六層樓 BRBF 系統的構件尺寸與材料[26]
Story Column(A572) BRB_X(A36) BRB_ Z(A36) 6F Box450×450×19 Ac=25cm2 Ac=35cm2
5F Box450×450×19 Ac=25cm2 Ac=35cm2 4F Box450×450×22 Ac=50cm2 Ac=55cm2 3F Box450×450×22 Ac=50cm2 Ac=55cm2 2F Box450×450×25 Ac=50cm2 Ac=55cm2 1F Box450×450×25 Ac=60cm2 Ac=70cm2 Story Girder_X(A36) Girder_Z(A36)
6F H488×300×11×18 H386×299×9×14 H386×299×9×14 5F H488×300×11×18 H386×299×9×14 H386×299×9×14 4F H488×300×11×18 H390×300×10×16 H440×300×11×18 3F H488×300×11×18 H390×300×10×16 H440×300×11×18 2F H582×300×12×17 H390×300×10×16 H440×300×11×18 1F H582×300×12×17 H390×300×10×16 H594×302×14×23
表 2.5 二十層樓 MRF 系統的構件尺寸與材料[26]
Story Column(A572) Girder_X(A36) Girder_Z(A36) 20F~19F Box500×500×19 H588×300×12×20 H582×300×12×17 18F~16F Box600×600×28 H594×302×14×23 H594×302×14×23 15F~13F Box700×700×25 H700×300×13×24 H700×300×13×24 12F~10F Box700×700×28 H708×302×15×28 H708×302×15×28 9F~7F Box750×750×25 H708×302×15×28 H712×306×19×30 6F~4F Box750×750×28 H800×300×14×26 H800×300×14×26 3F~1F Box750×750×32 H800×300×14×26 H800×300×14×26
表 2.6 二十層樓 EBF 系統的構件尺寸與材料[26]
Story Column(A572) Girder_X(A36) Girder_Z (A36) 20F~19F Box500×500×19 H588×300×12×20 H482×300×11×15 18F~16F Box550×550×19 H594×302×13×24 H582×300×12×17 15F~13F Box550×550×22 H700×300×13×24 H692×300×13×20 12F~10F Box550×550×25 H708×302×15×28 H700×300×13×24 9F~7F Box650×650×22 H708×302×15×28 H700×300×13×24 6F~4F Box650×650×25 H792×302×14×22 H700×300×13×24 3F~1F Box650×650×32 H792×302×14×22 H700×300×13×24
Story Brace_X(A572) Brace_ Z (A572) 20F~19F H440×300×11×18 H300×300×10×15 18F~16F H440×300×11×18 H440×300×11×18 15F~13F H488×300×11×18 H488×300×11×18 12F~10F H488×300×11×18 H488×300×11×18 9F~7F H488×300×11×18 H488×300×11×18 6F~4F H488×300×11×18 H488×300×11×18 3F~1F H588×300×12×20 H488×300×11×18
表 2.7 二十層樓 EBF 系統連桿梁尺寸與材料
Story Girder_X(A36) Length(m) Girder_Z(A36) Length(m) 20F~19F H588×300×12×20 1.50 H482×300×11×15 1.25 18F~16F H594×302×13×24 1.50 H582×300×12×17 1.35 15F~13F H700×300×13×24 1.70 H692×300×13×20 1.50 12F~10F H708×302×15×28 1.70 H700×300×13×24 1.70 9F~7F H708×302×15×28 1.70 H700×300×13×24 1.70 6F~4F H792×302×14×22 1.55 H700×300×13×24 1.70 3F~1F H792×302×14×22 1.55 H700×300×13×24 1.70
表 2.8 二十層樓 BRBF 系統的構件尺寸與材料[26]
Story Column(A572) BRB_X(A36) BRB_Z(A36) 20F~19F Box500×500×19 Ac=15cm2 Ac=20cm2
18F~16F Box550×550×19 Ac=25cm2 Ac=30cm2 15F~13F Box550×550×22 Ac=35cm2 Ac=45cm2 12F~10F Box550×550×25 Ac=45cm2 Ac=55cm2 9F~7F Box650×650×22 Ac=50cm2 Ac=60cm2 6F~4F Box650×650×25 Ac=55cm2 Ac=70cm2 3F~1F Box700×700×32 Ac=60cm2 Ac=75cm2
Story Girder_X(A36) Girder_Z(A36) 20F~19F H588×300×12×20 H482×300×11×15 18F~16F H594×302×14×23 H582×300×12×17 15F~13F H700×300×13×24 H692×300×13×20 12F~10F H708×302×15×28 H700×300×13×24 9F~7F H708×302×15×28 H700×300×13×24 6F~4F H792×300×14×22 H700×300×13×24 3F~1F H792×300×14×22 H700×300×13×24
表 2.9 結構系統週期(秒)
6F 1st Mode(Z) 2nd Mode(X)
MRF 1.4800 1.3727 EBF 1.0527 1.0208 BRBF 1.0041 0.9470
20F 1st Mode(Z) 2nd Mode(X)
MRF 3.1730 3.0011 EBF 2.8861 2.5765 BRBF 2.8821 2.6629
Earthquake site/component/data Site conditions Magnitude (M)
Distance (km)
Acceleration (g)
Chi-Chi CHY010-E, Taiwan, Sep 21, 1999 hard site 7.6 25.39 0.227
Imperial Valley, El Centro 000,USA, Oct 15, 1979 alluvium 6.5 8.3 0.349 Kobe JMA NS, Japan, Jan 16, 1995 shallow(stiff) soil 6.9 0.6 0.821 Landers, Josuha Tree 000, USA, Jun 28,1992 deep narrow soil 7.3 11.6 0.274 Llolleo 010, Chile, Mar 3, 1985 sandstone, volcanic rock 7.9 34.1 0.712 Loma Prieta, Halls Valley, 000, USA, Oct 18, 1989 deep narrow soil 6.9 31.6 0.134 Northridge, Brentwood V.A. Hospital, 195, CA, USA, Jan 17, 1994 deep broad soil 6.7 16.3 0.187 San Fernando, Pasadena, Cit Athenaeum, 000, USA, Feb 9, 1971 deep broad soil 6.6 31.7 0.088
Serial number Earthquake site
EQ1 Chi-Chi CHY010-E, Taiwan, Sep 21, 1999
EQ2 Imperial Valley, El Centro 000,USA, Oct 15, 1979 EQ3 Kobe JMA NS, Japan, Jan 16, 1995
EQ4 Landers, Josuha Tree 000, USA, Jun 28,1992 EQ5 Llolleo 010, Chile, Mar 3, 1985
EQ6 Loma Prieta, Halls Valley, 000, USA, Oct 18, 1989
EQ7 Northridge, Brentwood V.A. Hospital, 195, CA, USA, Jan 17, 1994 EQ8 San Fernando, Pasadena, Cit Athenaeum, 000, USA, Feb 9, 1971
表 2.10 地震記錄資料[31]
表 2.11 地震記錄編號
表 3.1 建築物損害狀況表[18]
損害狀況 說明 損壞比
沒有損害(None) 沒有損害 0%
輕度損害(Slight) 部分元件發生局部破壞但不需要修復 2%
中度損害(Moderate) 許多元件發生明顯的破壞需要進一步修復 10%
嚴重損害(Extensive) 大部分元件皆已損壞需要大規模修復 50%
完全損害(Complete) 所有元件皆已損壞,必須拆除重建 100%
表 3.2 結構性能水準損害指標[32]
結構性能水準 損害狀況
非結構性損害(Immediate occupancy)非結構性元件發生降伏或挫屈 生命安全損害(Life safety) 主結構元件發生部份挫屈或損壞 倒塌損害(Collapse prevention) 主結構元件發生嚴重的損壞
表 3.3 結構性能水準損害指標對應損害比 Structural performance levels and damage
Immediate occupancy Life safety Drift limits
0.7% 2.5%
Damage
ratio 10% 50%
6-story buildings 20-story buildings
a b βD|PGA a b βD|PGA
MRF 4.1529 1.0684 0.0814 MRF 1.8927 0.9257 0.0650 MRF_EC 4.1599 0.9365 0.0409 MRF_EC 1.9008 0.8028 0.1039
MRF_REC 4.1429 1.0387 0.1054 MRF_REC 1.8239 0.8655 0.0657
EBF 2.1126 0.8850 0.0613 EBF 1.5485 0.8933 0.0307 EBF_EC 2.3843 0.8466 0.0486 EBF_EC 1.7430 0.8601 0.0489
EBF_REC 2.1975 0.8466 0.0531 EBF_REC 1.5819 0.8869 0.0289 BRBF 1.9674 0.8762 0.0946 BRBF 1.6266 0.8478 0.0440
BRBF_EC 2.2273 0.8497 0.0761 BRBF_EC 1.9171 0.8203 0.0917 BRBF_REC 2.0501 0.8651 0.0993 BRBF_REC 1.6509 0.8389 0.0529
表 3.4 回歸分析整理
表 4.1 系統影響比較-六層樓(無偏心)
Normalization 1.000 1.532 1.561 PGA(g) 0.625 1.221 1.327 θ 2.5% ≥
%
=50 Pf
Normalization 1.000 1.954 2.123
表 4.2 系統影響比較-六層樓(全層 5%質量偏心)
Pf Normalization 1.000 1.550 1.614 PGA(g) 0.585 1.067 1.163 θ 2.5 ≥
%
=50 Pf
Normalization 1.000 1.824 1.988
表 4.3 系統影響比較-六層樓(隨機意外偏心)
Normalization 1.000 1.516 1.580 PGA(g) 0.620 1.183 1.269 θ 2.5% ≥
%
=50 Pf
Normalization 1.000 1.908 2.047
表 4.4 系統影響比較-二十層樓(無偏心)
Normalization 1.000 1.268 1.106 PGA(g) 1.343 1.693 1.643 θ 2.5% ≥
%
=50 Pf
Normalization 1.000 1.261 1.223
表 4.5 系統影響比較-二十層樓(全層 5%質量偏心)
Pf Normalization 1.000 1.313 1.037 PGA(g) 1.393 1.507 1.371 θ 2.5% ≥
%
=50 Pf
Normalization 1.000 1.082 0.984
表 4.6 系統影響比較-二十層樓(隨機意外偏心)
Normalization 1.000 1.279 1.070 PGA(g) 1.429 1.657 1.621 θ 2.5% ≥
%
=50 Pf
Normalization 1.000 1.160 1.134
表 4.7 偏心影響-六層樓 MRF 系統 6F_MRF w/o
eccentricity
5%
eccentricity
Random eccentricity PGA(g) 0.171 0.140 0.157
eccentricity
Random eccentricity PGA(g) 0.262 0.217 0.238
eccentricity
Random eccentricity PGA(g) 0.267 0.226 0.248
20F_BRBF w/o eccentricity
5%
eccentricity
Random eccentricity PGA(g) 0.343 0.252 0.319
Random eccentricity PGA(g) 0.393 0.319 0.381 θ ≥ 0.7%
20F_MRF w/o eccentricity
5%
eccentricity
Random eccentricity PGA(g) 0.310 0.243 0.298
表 4.13 樓高影響-回歸期 475 年設計地震力 (θ ≥0.7%)
6F(θ 0.7%) ≥ MRF EBF BRBF 20F(θ 0.7%) ≥ MRF EBF BRBF
w/o eccentricity 100% 100% 100% w/o eccentricity 100% 85% 100%
5% eccentricity 100% 100% 100% 5% eccentricity 100% 100% 100%
Random eccentricity 100% 100% 100% Random eccentricity 100% 97% 100%
表 4.14 樓高影響-集集大地震 (θ ≥0.7%)
6F(θ 0.7%) ≥ MRF EBF BRBF 20F(θ 0.7%) ≥ MRF EBF BRBF
w/o eccentricity 100% 100% 100% w/o eccentricity 100% 100% 100%
5% eccentricity 100% 100% 100% 5% eccentricity 100% 100% 100%
Random eccentricity 100% 100% 100% Random eccentricity 100% 100% 100%
表 4.15 樓高影響-回歸期 475 年設計地震力 (θ ≥2.5%)
6F(θ 2.5%) ≥ MRF EBF BRBF 20F(θ 2.5%) ≥ MRF EBF BRBF
w/o eccentricity 0% 0% 0% w/o eccentricity 0% 0% 0%
5% eccentricity 0% 0% 0% 5% eccentricity 0% 0% 0%
Random eccentricity 0% 0% 0% Random eccentricity 0% 0% 0%
表 4.16 樓高影響-集集大地震 (θ ≥2.5%)
6F(θ 2.5%) ≥ MRF EBF BRBF 20F(θ 2.5%) ≥ MRF EBF BRBF
w/o eccentricity 100% 1% 1% w/o eccentricity 0% 0% 0%
5% eccentricity 100% 22% 7% 5% eccentricity 0% 0% 0%
Random eccentricity 100% 1% 3% Random eccentricity 0% 0% 0%
V-bracing Inverted V-bracing X-bracing
圖 1.1 同心斜撐構架示意圖
Link vertical Link between braces 圖 1.2 偏心斜撐構架示意圖
Link adjacent to column
Concrete (Mortar)
Steel tube
Co l
m
re stee ember
Unbonding material
圖 1.4 EBF 構架與 EBF 連桿之遲滯迴圈
圖 1.5 BRBF 構架與 BRB 構件之遲滯迴圈 Beam
Column
BRB
Deformation
Axial force
BRB
Link shear
Beam
Column
Brace Link
Inelastic
圖 1.6 研究內容流程圖
圖 1.6 研究內容流程圖