未來展望

第五章結論與未來展望

5.2 未來展望

本文一開始就有提到影像量測法屬於一新興發展的量測方法，在這個領域還有許多需要解決的困難與挑戰。另外風機的損壞監測也是因應近年來替代能源意識提高後，才開始進行的研究題目，本研究主要是屬於風機的前期研究，對於未來研究的展望如以下列舉：

1. 希望可以降低影像量測時的環境干擾，並且進行野外現地的影像量測，讓影像量測可以真正實際應用到真實的風機量測上，這樣對於風機行為與損壞的研究會更加真實、有用。

2. 目前本研究中是利用馬達帶動風扇轉動，並且使用震動台給予外力作用，

觀察其動態行為，未來希望可以嘗試風洞試驗，畢竟現實中風機的外力最主要是來自於風作用力，並且如前一點所提，使用風洞試驗的話影像量測

操作勢必會遇到更大的挑戰。

3. 最後希望可以進行不同種類尺寸風機與不同環境的試驗，風機的架設環境多變，不同環境下的風機都會有不同形式的損壞情形，若是可以進行多種環境之下風機的結果分析，對於風機的損壞監測會是一大助力。

4. 另外可以利用可靠度分析針對風扇的破壞模式或是影像量測誤差進行研究。

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附表

項目(Item) 規格(Specification) 最大載重(公斤)(Maximum Specimen Weight (kg)) 50,000

最大扭矩(公斤-公尺)(Overturning Moment (kg-m)) 150,000 頻率範圍(Frequency

Range) (Hz)

最大值(Maximum) 50 最小值(Minimum ) 0.1 最大位移量(Max.

Displacement) (mm)

縱軸,X 向

(Longitudinal ) ±250 橫軸,Y 向(Lateral ) ±100 垂直軸,Z 向(Vertical ) ±100 最大速度(Max.

Velocity) (mm/sec)

縱軸,X 向

(Longitudinal ) ±1,000 橫軸,Y 向(Lateral ) ±600 垂直軸,Z 向(Vertical ) ±500 最大加速度(Max.

Acceleration) (g)

(Actuator Force) (ton)

系統供油(System Flow)

電動引擎 2 台(Electric

Pump x 2 ) 380GPM ( 1436LPM ) 柴油引擎 3 台(Diesel

Pump x 3) 945GPM ( 3572LPM ) 反力質塊(Reaction

Mass ) 阻尼彈簧組(Damper Assemblies ( 80 set ))

Table 2-1. 震動台規格列表

Resolution

(H x V pixels) 2048 px x 1088 px

Pixel Size horizontal/vertical 5.5 µm x 5.5 µm

Frame Rate 340 fps

Mono/Color Mono

Interface Camera Link

Pixel Bit Depth 8, 10, 12 bits

Camera Link Clock 32.5 / 48 / 65 / 82 MHz

Synchronization

 external trigger

 software

 free-run

Exposure Control  trigger width or timed

Design housed

Housing Size (L x W x H) in mm 43.5 x 29 x 29

Housing Temperature 0 °C - 50 °C

Lens Mount  C-mount

General Purpose I/O 1

Power Requirements PoCL or 12 VDC

Power Consumption (typical) 3.0 W

Weight (typical) 96 g

Table 2-2. 相機規格列表

Root mean square error

Impact load 3.79%

15 RPM un-damaged 4.41%

15 RPM damaged 1.59%

45 RPM un-damaged 5.24%

Table 4-1. 影像法和加速規資料誤差列表

角度

Case

𝝓 𝜸

₁

𝜸

₂

𝜸

₃

15 RPM case1 89.96 -6.58 12.81 0.13 15 RPM case2 90.18 -9.6 12.05 0.63 15 RPM case3 85.1 -20.58 10.69 -0.84

Table 4 - 3. 損壞多角度風扇角度列表

角度

Case

𝝓 𝜸

₁

𝜸

₂

𝜸

₃

15 RPM case1 97.62 -6.78 -0.35 -0.01 15 RPM case2 89.93 -10.16 -0.16 0.17 15 RPM case3 96.25 -20.43 -0.4 -0.15

Table 4-2. 無損壞多角度風扇角度列表

0 RPM 𝝓 𝜸 _𝟏 𝜸 _𝟐 𝜸 _𝟑 Tower freq.

(Hz)

Blade freq.

(Hz) Undamaged 83.92 -7.41 -0.02 0.04 0.8545 1.709

Damaged 84.12 -7.25 0.04 -0.01 0.8545 1.758

Table 4-4. 靜止大風扇角度變化

12 RPM 𝝓 𝜸 _𝟏 𝜸 _𝟐 𝜸 _𝟑 Tower

freq.

(Hz)

Blade freq.

(Hz) Undamaged 83.83 -8.51 -2.60 2.79 0.8545 1.746

Damaged 83.78 -8.54 -2.37 0.78 0.8545 1.868

Table 4-5. 12 RPM 大尺寸風扇角度變化

附圖

Figure 1-1. 研究架構 Wind turbine

Experimental study

Noncontact

measurement

Photogrammetry Contact

measurement

Accelerometer

Rodrigues’ rotation Camera calibration Stereo triangulation

Figure 2-1.小尺寸風機

Figure2-2. 多角度風機

Figure 2-3. 多角度風機細部圖

Figure 2-4. 大尺寸風機

Figure 2-5. 實驗配置圖

Figure 2-6. 實驗相機 BASLER acA2000-340km

Figure 2-7. 相機校正版

Figure 2-8. 影像量測標的物 LED

Figure 2-9. 試驗中使用加速規

Figure 2-10. 風機細部儀器配置圖

Figure 2-11. 同步用雷射光源

Figure 3-1. 質量塊 deceleration 和 acceleration 現象

Figure 3-2. 加速規架設側視圖

Figure 3-3. 旋轉葉片示意圖

Figure 3-4. 勁度矩陣自由度示意圖

Figure 3-5. 勁度矩陣 element 圖

Figure 3-6. 影像量測誤差示意圖

Figure 3-7

.

旋轉向量 x 以n̂為軸旋轉一θ角

Figure 3-8. Rodrigues’ rotation formula 座標轉換步驟示意圖

Figure 3-9. 葉片三方向轉角示意圖

Figure 4-1. 加速度計 Impact load 歷時圖

Figure 4-2. 雷射測距儀 Impact load 歷時圖

Figure 4-3. 影像法 Impact load 3 維歷時圖

Figure 4-4. 影像法 Impact load 切線方向歷時圖

Figure 4-5. 影像法 Impact load 軸向方向歷時圖 Figure 4-6. 影像法 Impact load 振動方向歷時圖

Figure 4-7. 加速度計 Impact load 頻譜圖

Figure 4-8. 雷射測距儀 Impact load 頻譜圖

Figure 4-9. 影像量測法 Impact load 頻圖

Figure 4-10. 比較三種量測方法歷時圖

Figure 4-11. 15 RPM 50gal 白噪音地震力作用下影像法三維歷時圖

Figure 4-12. 15 RPM 50gal 白噪音地震力作用下影像法 xy 平面歷時圖

Figure 4-13. 15RPM 50gal 白噪音地震力作用下影像法 x 向歷時圖

Figure 4-14. 15RPM 50gal 白噪音地震力作用下影像法 y 向歷時圖

Figure 4-15. 15RPM 50gal 白噪音地震力作用下影像法振動向歷時圖

Figure 4-16. 15RPM 50gal 白噪音地震力作用下影像法 x 方向頻譜圖

Figure 4-17. 15RPM 50gal 白噪音地震力作用下影像法 y 方向頻譜圖

Figure 4-18. 15RPM 50gal 白噪音地震力作用下影像法振動方向頻譜圖

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

X: 0.2441 Y: 1.055e+006

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)|

FFT(X direction)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

X: 0.2441 Y: 1.062e+006

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)|

FFT(Y direction)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

X: 0.2441 Y: 1.035e+005

FFT out of plane

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)|

X: 0.5371 Y: 8.045e+004

Figure 4-19. 15RPM 50gal 白噪音地震力作用下影像法振動向歷時圖(去除轉速影響)

Figure 4-20. 同步訊號圖

Figure 4-22. 15RPM 50gal 白噪音地震力作用下影像法頻譜圖

Figure 4-23. 15RPM 50gal 白噪音地震力作用下影像法頻譜圖(去除轉速頻率)

Figure 4-24. 15RPM 50gal 白噪音地震力作用下加速度計頻譜圖

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)| Y: 8.88e+004

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)|

FFT

X: 3.65 Y: 4.906e+004

Figure 4-25. 損壞試驗 15RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法三維歷時圖

Figure 4-26. 損壞試驗 15RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法 xy 平面歷時圖

Figure 4-27. 損壞試驗 15RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法 x 向歷時圖

Figure 4-28. 損壞試驗 15RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法 y 向歷時圖

Figure 4-29. 損壞試驗 15RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法振動向歷時圖

Figure 4-30. 損壞試驗 15RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法振動向歷時圖 (去除轉速頻率)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Time History of Vibration (image)

time (sec)

d is p la c e m e n t (m m )

Figure 4-32. 損壞試驗 15RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法頻譜圖

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)|

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)|

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)|

FFTaccl

Figure 4-35. 有損壞和沒損壞試驗影像法頻譜圖比較

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT

Figure 4-36. 45RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法三維歷時圖

Figure 4-37. 45RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法 xy 平面歷時圖

-500

0

500 -500 0

500 -100

0 100

x (mm) y (mm)

o u t o f p la n e ( m m )

-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 -800

-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800

x (mm)

y ( m m )

Figure 4-38. 45RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法 x 向歷時圖

Time History of Vibration at X direction (image)

time (sec)

displacement (mm)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Time History of Vibration at Y direction (image)

time (sec)

displacement (mm)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Time History of Vibration (image)

time (sec)

displacement (mm)

Figure 4-41. 45RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法振動向歷時圖

Time History of Vibration (image)

time (sec)

displacement (mm)

image

Time History of Vibration (image)

time (sec)

displacement (mm)

image

Accelerometer

Figure 4-43. 45RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法 x 方向頻譜圖

Figure 4-44. 45RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法 y 方向頻譜圖

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

X: 0.8789 Y: 1.056e+006

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)|

FFT(X direction)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

X: 0.8789 Y: 1.044e+006

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)|

FFT(Y direction)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

X: 0.8789 Y: 9.61e+004

FFT out of plane

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)|

X: 1.807 Y: 6.804e+004

Figure 4-46. 45RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下影像法頻譜圖(去除轉速頻率)

Figure 4-47. 45RPM 50PGA Kobe 地震力作用下加速度計頻譜圖(去除轉速頻率)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 10

⁴

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT

Figure 4-48. 大尺寸風扇試驗 12RPM 30PGA El Centro 地震力作用下影像法三維歷時圖

Figure 4-49. 大尺寸風扇試驗 12RPM 30PGA El Centro 地震力作用影像法 xy 平面歷時圖

-2000

-1000 0

1000

2000

-2000 -1000

0 1000

2000 -100 100 0

x (mm) y (mm)

o u t o f p la n e ( m m )

-2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 -2000

-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000

x (mm)

y ( m m )

Figure 4-50. 大尺寸風扇 12RPM 30PGA El Centro 地震力作用下影像法 x 向歷時圖

Time History of Vibration at X direction (image)

time (sec)

di sp la ce m en t ( m m )

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time History of Vibration at Y direction (image)

time (sec)

di sp la ce m en t ( m m )

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time History of Vibration (image)

time (sec)

di sp la ce m en t ( m m )

Figure 4- 53. 大尺寸風扇影像法三個不同方向的頻譜圖比較

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)|

FFT(Y direction)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Frequency (Hz)

|Y(f)|

Figure 4-55. 15RPM 三方向 (a)初始值假設(b)最小誤差疊合結果歷時圖

AccX init guess

Guess Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY init guess

Guess

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ init guess

Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX opti matched

Matched Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY opti matched

Matched Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ opti matched

Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX init guess

Guess Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY init guess

Guess

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ init guess

Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX opti matched

Matched Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY opti matched

Matched Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ opti matched

Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

(a)

(b)

Accl axial

residual

Accl tangent

residual

Accl out of plane

residual Guess Exp(out of plane)

Figure 4-59. 15RPM 三方向原始訊號頻譜圖

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT no transform

axial out of plane tangent

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT after tarnsforming

X: 3.65 Y: 246.9

axial

out of plane

tangent

Figure 4-61 . 45RPM 三方向 (a)初始值假設(b)最小誤差疊合結果歷時圖

AccX init guess

Guess Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY init guess

Guess Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ init guess

Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX opti matched

Matched Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY opti matched

Matched Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ opti matched

Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX init guess

Guess Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY init guess

Guess Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ init guess

Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX opti matched

Matched Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY opti matched

Matched Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ opti matched

Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

(b) (a)

Figure 4-62. 軸向方向模擬訊號與原訊號與殘餘訊號比較

Accl axial

residual

Accl tangent

residual

Accl out of plane

residual Guess Exp(out of plane)

Figure 4-65. 45RPM 三方向原始訊號頻譜圖

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT no transform

axial out of plane tangent

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT after tarnsforming

X: 3.589

out of plane

tangent

Figure 4-67. 不同轉速振動方向原始訊號的頻譜圖

Figure 4-68. 不同轉速振動方向殘餘訊號頻譜圖

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX init guess

Guess Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY init guess

Guess

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ init guess

Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX opti matched

Matched Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY opti matched

Matched Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ opti matched

Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX init guess

Guess Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY init guess

Guess Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ init guess

Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX opti matched

Matched Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY opti matched

Matched Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ opti matched

Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

(a)

(b)

Accl axial

residual

Accl tangent

residual

Accl out of plane

residual Guess Exp(out of plane)

Figure 4-73. 損壞試驗 15RPM 三方向原始訊號頻譜圖

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT no transform

axial out of plane tangent

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT after tarnsforming

axial

out of plane

tangent

Figure 4-75. 損壞試驗 15RPM 三方向 (a)初始值假設(b)最小誤差疊合結果歷時圖

AccX init guess

Guess Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY init guess

Guess

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ init guess

Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX opti matched

Matched Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY opti matched

Matched Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-0.5 0 0.5

Time (s)

AccZ opti matched

Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX init guess

Guess Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY init guess

Guess

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccZ init guess

Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccX opti matched

Matched Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

AccY opti matched

Matched Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-0.5 0 0.5

Time (s)

AccZ opti matched

Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

(a)

(b)

Figure 4-76. 軸向模擬訊號與原訊號與殘餘訊號比較

Accl axial

residual

Accl tangent

residual

Accl out of plane

residual Guess Exp(out of plane)

Figure 4-79. 損壞試驗 45RPM 三方向原始訊號頻譜圖

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT no transform

axial out of plane tangent

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT after tarnsforming

axial

out of plane

tangent

Figure 4-81. 損壞試驗不同轉速振動方向原始訊號的頻譜圖

Figure 4-82. 損壞試驗不同轉速振動方向殘餘訊號頻譜圖

Figure 4-83. 多角度風扇彎曲破壞示意圖

Figure 4-84. 多角度風扇實際彎曲圖

Figure 4-85. case1 損壞試驗三方向(a)初始值假設(b)最小誤差疊合結果歷時圖

Ac cX in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cY in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cZ in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-2 -1 0 1

Ac cX o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cY o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cZ o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-2 -1 0 1

Ac cX in it g ue ss

^GuessExp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cY in it g ue ss

^GuessExp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cZ in it g ue ss

^GuessExp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-2 -1 0 1

Ac cX op ti m atc he d

Matched

Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cY op ti m atc he d

Matched

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cZ op ti m atc he d

Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

(a)

(b)

Figure 4-86. 軸向模擬訊號與原訊號與殘餘訊號比較

Accl axial

residual

Accl tangent

residual

Accl out of plane

residual Guess Exp(out of plane)

Figure 4-89. case1 損壞試驗三方向原始訊號頻譜圖

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT no transform

axial out of plane tangent

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT after tarnsforming

axial

out of plane

tangent

Figure 4-91. case2 損壞試驗三方向(a)初始值假設(b)最小誤差疊合結果歷時圖

Ac cX in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cY in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cZ in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-2 -1 0 1

Ac cX o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cY o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cZ o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-2 -1 0 1

Ac cX in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cY in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cZ in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-2 -1 0 1

Ac cX o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cY o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cZ o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

(a)

(b)

Figure 4-92. 軸向模擬訊號與原訊號與殘餘訊號比較

Accl axial

residual

Accl tangent

residual

Accl out of plane

residual Guess Exp(out of plane)

Figure 4-95. case2 損壞試驗三方向原始訊號頻譜圖

Figure 4-96. case2 損壞試驗三方向殘餘訊號頻譜圖比較

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT no transform

axial out of plane tangent

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT after tarnsforming

axial

out of plane

tangent

Figure 4-97. case3 損壞試驗三方向(a)初始值假設(b)最小誤差疊合結果歷時圖

Ac cX in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cY in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cZ in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-2 -1 0 1

Ac cX o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cY o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ac cZ o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-2 -1 0 1

A cc X in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

A cc Y in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

A cc Z in it gu es s

^Guess

Exp-az (out of plane)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-2 -1 0 1

A cc X o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-ax (axial)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

A cc Y o pt i m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-ay (tangent)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

A cc Z op ti m at ch ed

^Matched

Exp-az (out of plane)

(a)

(b)

Figure 4-98. 軸向模擬訊號與原訊號與殘餘訊號比較

Accl axial

residual

Accl tangent

residual

Accl out of plane

residual Guess Exp(out of plane)

Figure 4-101. case3 損壞試驗三方向原始訊號頻譜圖

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT no transform

axial out of plane tangent

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT after tarnsforming

axial

out of plane

tangent

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0

50 100 150 200 250

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT after tarnsforming

20 10 7

Figure 4-103. 三種 case 振動方向殘餘訊號的頻譜圖比較

簡歷

姓名：黃昱婷生日：80/06/24

住址：新竹市埔頂路 167 巷 2 號信箱：[email protected] 學歷：國立新竹女中(2006-2009)

國立交通大學土木工程學系(2009-2012)

國立台灣大學土木工程學系研究所結構工程組(2012-2014)

在文檔中研究型風機葉片之使用影像量測與振動分析 (頁 46-113)

第五章 結論與未來展望

5.2 未來展望

參考文獻

Processing, 23; 987–1036 (2009).

of Sound and Vibration 327 (3-5) 424–439 (2009).

Health Monitoring, Stanford, CA, September 18-20, pp. 788-797(1997)..

Processing ,Volume 34, Issues 1–2, January 2013, Pages 231–240

Systems and Signal Processing, Volume 36, Issue 2, April 2013, Pages 549–561

Engineering & Structural Dynamics,;41:1-17. (2012).

Engineering; 48(5):636–641 (2010). DOI:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2009.09.011.

the OPTIMESS2007 Workshop, Leuven, Belgium, 28–30 May (2007).

Engineering and Structural Dynamics; 38(2):205–224

Experiments in Fluids; 32(1):121–135.

附表

Resolution

(H x V pixels) 2048 px x 1088 px

Pixel Size horizontal/vertical 5.5 µm x 5.5 µm

Frame Rate 340 fps

Mono/Color Mono

Interface Camera Link

Pixel Bit Depth 8, 10, 12 bits

Camera Link Clock 32.5 / 48 / 65 / 82 MHz

Synchronization

 external trigger

 software

 free-run

Exposure Control  trigger width or timed

Design housed

Housing Size (L x W x H) in mm 43.5 x 29 x 29

Housing Temperature 0 °C - 50 °C

Lens Mount  C-mount

General Purpose I/O 1

Power Requirements PoCL or 12 VDC

Power Consumption (typical) 3.0 W

Weight (typical) 96 g

Case

1

2

3

角度

Case

1

2

3

0 RPM 𝝓 𝜸 𝟏 𝜸 𝟐 𝜸 𝟑 Tower freq.

(Hz)

Blade freq.

(Hz) Undamaged 83.92 -7.41 -0.02 0.04 0.8545 1.709

Damaged 84.12 -7.25 0.04 -0.01 0.8545 1.758

12 RPM 𝝓 𝜸 𝟏 𝜸 𝟐 𝜸 𝟑 Tower

freq.

(Hz)

Blade freq.

(Hz) Undamaged 83.83 -8.51 -2.60 2.79 0.8545 1.746

Damaged 83.78 -8.54 -2.37 0.78 0.8545 1.868

附圖

.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Time History of Vibration (image)

time (sec)

d is p la c e m e n t (m m )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Frequency (Hz)

|Y (f )|

FFT

-500

0

500

-500 0

500 -100

0 100

x (mm) y (mm)

o u t o f p la n e ( m m )

-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 -800

-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800

x (mm)

y ( m m )

第五章結論與未來展望

₁

₂

₃

₁

₂

₃

0 RPM 𝝓 𝜸 _𝟏 𝜸 _𝟐 𝜸 _𝟑 Tower freq.

12 RPM 𝝓 𝜸 _𝟏 𝜸 _𝟐 𝜸 _𝟑 Tower