第五章 結論
第二節 未來研究建議
在利用空間分析方法完成此次針對青年因素對於民進黨在九合一縣市長選舉 獲票的影響後,除了證實青年因素對於九合一縣市長選舉之民進黨獲票是有影響 外,發現變數在影響選舉結果有明顯的空間異質現象,也有空間效應存在。而在完 成此次的探討後,有以下研究建議給予後續做相關研究的人員參考:
一、空間分析方法不失為一項選舉研究的工具,但可以配合個體問卷調查或者地
區調查相輔相成,如此探討出來的結果將更為完善。空間分析方法利用總體 資料,從空間分布的角度計算選舉結果與變數之間的空間相關性,進而推估 變數對於選舉結果的影響。儘管這樣模式可能會出現「生態謬誤」的疑慮,
即(1)研究單位受其他因素影響而表現不同質(2)研究單位影響其他不同質單 位趨向同質(3)第三變數的存在造成假象。另外,在地方選舉研究上極可能會 出現空間異質的問題,透過空間統計等方法僅能對此現象做初步探索,發覺 哪些地區的表現異於總體表現,但不能對其做有效解釋。在上述的情況下,
認為若是在完成空間分析方法後搭配個體問卷調查,應能有助緩解上述問題 的發生。
二、影響地方選舉與中央選舉結果的因素應有所不同且表現形態也不同,可以一 同進行比較其差異。地方選舉有別於中央選舉在於各地區候選人並不相同且 各地區特性差異明顯,而中央選舉候選人固定且探討單位較大,地區性差異 將會有所稀釋。透過兩者的相互比較,可以端看出地區勢力的發展脈絡。2016 年總統大選與立委選舉即是一個很好的機會,可以觀察總統選舉的表現是否 與地區立委選舉的表現一致。
三、選舉事件是互相牽連的,可以觀察前次的選舉事件對於此次選舉是否有所關 聯及影響。2014 年九合一縣市長選舉作為政治版圖翻轉的開端,而這樣的 現象是否延續?還是只是曇花一現?可以進一步透過與接下來的選舉做相 關性分析,分析是否彼此間有所牽連。緊接在 2014 年九合一縣市長選舉之 後即是 2016 總統大選與立委選舉,可以觀察 2016 年不管在中央選舉亦或者 是地方選舉是否有受到 2014 年選舉結果影響。
參考文獻
A. Stewart Fotheringham, Chris Brunsdon, Martin Charlton. (2002). Geographically
Weighted Regression: The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships.
Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
Agnew, J. (1987). Place and Politics: The Geographical Mediation of State and
Society. London: Allen & Unwin.
Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
Anselin, L. (1995). Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation─LISA. Geographical
Analysis, 27(2), pp. 93-115.
Anselin, L. (2003). GeoDa™ 0.9 User’s Guide. Urbana: Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science.
Anselin, L. (2010). Thirty years of spatial econometrics. Regional Science, 89(1), pp. 3-25.
Anselin, L. and A.Bera. (1998). Spatial dependence in linear regression models with an
introduction to spatial econometrics. New York.
Anthony Giddens, Christopher Pierson. (1998). Conversations with Anthony Giddens:
Making Sense of Modernity. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
Armstrong, S. (1996). Raging Sound of Dissent. Guardian(9), p. 13.
Bennett, W. L. (2008). Changing Citizenship in the Digital Age. In S. C.-G. Marina Umaschi Bers, & W. L. Bennett (Ed.), Civic life online: Learning how digital
media can engage youth (pp. 1-24). New York City: Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.Brunsdon, C., A. S. Fotheringham, M. E. Charlton.,. (1996). Geographically Weighted Regression:A Method for Exploring Spatial Nonstationarity. Geographical
Analysis, pp. 281-298.
Chapin, F. S. (1912). The Variability of the Popular Vote at Presidential Elections.
American Journal of Sociology, 18(2), pp. 222-240.
Chen, W.-c. (1999). Political Socialization and the Cultivation of Democratic Citizens in Taiwan: A Comparative Study of the Political Attitudes and Values of Junior and Senior High, Junior College, and College Students. Issues and Studies,
35(1), pp. 36-79.
Cliff, A.D. and Ord, J.K. (1973). Spatial autocorrelation. London: Pion.
Flint, C. (1998). Forming Electorates, Forging Spaces: The Nazi Party and the social construction of space. American Behavioral Scientist, 41(9), pp. 1282-1303.
Gennady L. Andrienko、 Natalia V. Andrienko. (1999). Interactive maps of visual data exploration. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 13(4), pp. 355-374.
Haggett, P., Cliff, A. D. and Frey, A. (1977). Locational analysis in human geography.
London: Edward Arnold.
Harrop, M. (2001). An Apathetic Landslide: The British General Election of 2001.
Government and Opposition, 36, pp. 295-313.
Johnston, R. J. (2000). The dictionary of human geography. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Kavanagh, Adrian and Sinnott, Richard and Fotheringham, Stewart and Charlton, Martin. (2006). A Geographically Weighted Regression Analysis of General Election Turnout. Political Studies Association of Ireland Conference, pp. 1-13.
Kimberlee, R. H. (2002). Why Don't British Young People Vote at General. Journal of
Youth Studies, 5(1), pp. 86-98.
Kraak, M.-J. (2003). Geovisualization illustrated. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry
and Remote Sensing, 57(5), pp. 390-399.
Lazarsfeld, P. (1968). The People’s Choice. New York City: Columbia University Press.
Loader, B. D. (2007). Introduction: Young citizens in the digital age: Disaffected or displaced? In B. D. Loader, & B. D. Loader (Ed.), Young Citizens in the Digital
Age: Political Engagement, Young People and New Media. London: Taylor &
Francis.
Mark Gahegan, Monica Wachowicz, Mark Harrower ,Theresa-Marie Rhyne. (2001).
The Integration of Geographic Visualization with Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Geocomputation. Cartography and Geographic Information
Science, 28(1), pp. 29-44.
Mark Monmonier, H. J. de Blij. (1996). How to Lie with Maps. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Matt Henn,Mark Weinstein & Sarah Forres. (2005). Uninterested Youth? Young People’s Attitudes towards Party Politics in Britain. POLITICAL STUDIES, 53, pp. 556-578.
McAllister, I. (1987). Social Context, turnout, and the vote: Australian and British Comparisons. Political Geography Quarterly(6), pp. 17-30.
Merriam, C. E., & H. Gosnell. (1924). Non-Voting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Myron, W. (1971). Political participation : crisis of the political process. In J. S.
Leonard Binder, Crises and Sequences in Political Development (pp. 159-204).
Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Rice, S. A. (1938). Quantitative methods in politics. Journal of the American Statistical
Association, 33(201), pp. 126-130.
Scaff, L. (1975). Participation in the Western Political Tradition: A Study of Theory
and Practice. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Stanley Kelley, Jr. and Thad W. Mirer. (1974). The Simple Act of Voting. The
American Political Science Review, 68(2), pp. 572-591.
Stuart K. Card、Jock D. Mackinlay、Ben Shneiderman. (1999). Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
Sylvester,S. Spoilt Brats. (1989). How No Generation will Ever Have it so Good as
the Young People in the 90’s (Vol. 16). London: Gold Greenless Trott.
Tobler, W. R. (1970). A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region. Economic Geography, 46, pp. 234-240.
Vilalta y, Perdomo, C. J. (2003). The local context and the spatial diffusion of
multiparty competition in urban Mexico, 1994-2000. Political Geography, 23, pp. 403-423.
Wang, C. (2014). DPP programs aim to involve youth in politics. Taipei Times3, 3.
Wendy K. Tam Cho and James G. Gimpel. (2009). Presidential Voting and the Local Variability of Economic Hardship. The Forum, 7(1), pp. 1-21.
王泰俐 (2013)〈「臉書選舉」?2012 年台灣總統大選社群媒體對政治參與行為
論》。取自:http://hk.crntt.com/crn-webapp/touch/detail.jsp?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=103497631 包正豪、周應龍 (2015)〈台灣原住民選民投票參與之研究〉《臺灣民主季
政治大學學生會網路投票爲例〉《臺灣民主季刊》,第 5 卷,第 3 期, 頁
林少婷 (2013) 《投票率視角下的美國青年政治冷漠探析(1992—2008)》。廈門 大學公共事務學院政治學系碩士論文。
http://www.hellotw.com/lajl/mjtt/201412/t20141230_990667_1.htm 盛治仁 (2008) 〈縣市長連任關鍵何在?影響縣市長選舉因素探討〉《選舉研
究,》,第 15 卷,第 1 期,頁 1-18。 01403241408349N8
陳政勤 (2005) 《地方財政表現對政黨輪替的影響:以台灣 21 縣市長選舉為例
(1989-2005)》。國立政治大學財政學研究所碩士論文。
陳陸輝、耿曙 (2008) 〈政治效能感與政黨認同對選民投票抉擇的影響-以 2002
http://www.kpwan.com/news/viewNewsPost.do?id=901
黃智聰、程小綾 (2005) 〈經濟投票與政黨輪替-以台灣縣市長選舉為例〉《選
範大學地理學系碩士論文。
謝瑜君 (2011) 《政黨輪替下選民投票因素分析:2000 年、2004 年與 2008 年總 統選舉之比較分析》。國立政治大學國家發展研究所碩士論文。
蘇頌興 (2012) 〈台灣青年與台灣選舉〉《青年探索》,第 3 期,頁 22-26。
蘇頌興 (2013) 〈青年的政治參與對台灣政黨轉型發展的影響〉《青年探索》,
第 1 期,頁 26-32。
顧忠華 (2014) 《太陽花學運與青年參政─2014 年台灣選舉觀察》。取自:
http://www.kpwan.com/news/viewNewsPost.do?id=1012