榼藤之 Napralert 文獻考察

依據 2002 年 10 月在美國伊利諾大學 Napralert 資料庫所查資料，全 世界與鴨腱藤屬植物相關所發表之文獻可分為民俗用法(ethnomedical usage)、生物活性(biological activities)、化學成分(presense of compound) 三大類：

一、民俗用法(Ethnomedical usage)(詳見 Table 2-1)

Entada abyssinica A. R

ICH.

根有治癲癇(epilepsy)⁽³⁰⁾、睡眠病(sleeping sickness)等作用⁽³¹⁾。

Entada africana G

UILLMIN & PERROTTET

皮部：可用於當墮胎藥(abortifacient)^{(32, 33)}、驅蠕蟲藥(vermifuge)⁽³⁴⁾等，

並有治支氣管炎(bronchitis)、咳嗽(coughs)、淋病(blennorrhagia)⁽³⁵⁾等作 用。

葉：亦可當墮胎藥(abortifacient) ⁽³³⁾，具有毒魚(fish poison)⁽³⁶⁾、治療腹瀉 (diarrhea)等作用⁽³⁵⁾。

根 ： 有 治 療 創 傷 (wounds)⁽³⁷⁾、 肝 病 (liver disease)⁽³⁸⁾、 眼 部 發 炎 (eye inflammations)⁽³⁵⁾等作用。

Entada gigas (LINNE) F

AWCETT & RENDLE

果實：有治療疼痛(aches)、燒傷(burns)⁽³⁹⁾等作用。

全草：有治療風濕痛(rheumatism)⁽⁴⁰⁾等作用。

Entada glandulosa P

IERRE ex GAGNEP. 種子有抗癌等作用⁽⁴¹⁾。

Entada monostachya DC.

地上部分有治療口腔發炎(inflamed mouth)、創傷(wounds)和挫傷(bruises) 等作用⁽⁴²⁾。

Entada phaseoloides (L.) M

ERR. (榼 藤 )

全草有治療驚厥(cure convulsions)和胃痛(stomach ache)等作用⁽⁶⁾。

Entada scandens B

ENTH. (攀 緣 性 榼 藤 )

皮部：治療婦人產後便秘⁽³³⁾、糖尿病(diabetes) ⁽⁴³⁾等作用。

莖及葉：有治療鵝口瘡(thrush)⁽⁴⁴⁾、經痛(menorrhalgia)⁽⁴⁵⁾等作用。

果實：具有避孕(contraceptive)⁽⁴⁶⁾等作用。

種 子 ：具有避孕 (contraceptive)、 幫 助 分 娩 (parturition)⁽³²⁾和 治 療 痔 瘡 (piles)、胃痛(stomachache)⁽⁴⁷⁾、抗蛇毒 (antivenin)⁽⁴⁸⁾、治風濕痛(rheumatic pains)、胸痛(chest pain)⁽⁴⁹⁾、抗癌(anticancer)⁽⁴¹⁾、車禍後全身疼痛⁽⁵⁰⁾、毒 魚(fish poison)⁽⁵¹⁾等作用。

子葉：有緩解眼睛流淚以及驅蟲(anthelminthic)⁽⁵²⁾等作用。

全草：可當肥皂，並具有毒魚及治療胃痛等作用⁽⁵³⁾。

Entada spiralis R

IDL.

種子具有治療胸痛等作用 ⁽⁴⁹⁾。

Entada stuhlmannii (T

AUBERT) HARMS

根據有壯陽(aphrodisiac)⁽⁵⁴⁾及催乳(galactagogue)⁽⁵⁵⁾等作用。

Entada sudanica SCHWIENF. 葉具有毒魚等作用⁽³⁶⁾。

二、生物活性(Biological activities)(詳見 Table 2-2)

Entada abyssinica A. R

ICH.

1.抗黴菌活性(Antifungal activity)：對犬小芽胞菌(Microsporum canis)有抑 制活性(weak activity)(葉)⁽⁵⁶⁾。

2.抗錐蟲活性(Antitrypanosomal)：對 Trypanosoma brucei 有明顯抑制活性 (根、莖)⁽³¹⁾。

3.抑制細胞增生(Cell proliferation inhibition)：對 Cells-WI-38 有抑制活性 (weak activity) (根)⁽⁵⁷⁾。

4.抗菌活性(Antibacterial activity) ^{(58, 59)}：對腸球菌屬(Enterococcus species)及綠膿桿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)等菌有明顯抑制活性，而 對 金 黃 色 葡 萄 球 菌 (Staphylococcus aureus)、 大 腸 桿 菌 (Escherichia coli)、 沙門桿菌屬 (Salmonella species)、克萊勃士桿菌屬(Klebsiella species)等菌也有抑制活性(weak activity)(莖皮)。

Entada africana G

UILLMIN & PERROTTET

1. 抗菌活性(Antibacterial activity)：對霍亂弧菌(Vibrio cholerae)(60)、

白喉桿菌(corynebacterium diphtheriae)、變形桿菌(Proteus vulgaris)、

綠 膿 桿 菌 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) 、 沙 門 桿 菌 屬 (Salmonella species)⁽⁶¹⁾、 枯 草 桿 菌 (Bacillus subtilis) 、 大 腸 桿 菌 (Escherichia

coli) 、 痢 疾 桿 菌 (Shigella dysenteriae) 、 鏈 球 菌 屬 (Streptococcus species) 、 金 黃 色 葡 萄 球 菌 (Staphylococcus aureus) 、 糞 鏈 球 菌 (Streptococcus faecalis)等菌有明顯抑制活性(莖、葉、種子)^(62-64)。 2. 抗氧化活性 (Antioxidant activity) ： 有明顯抗氧化活性 (antioxidant

capacity=20.4) (葉)⁽⁶⁵⁾。

3. 抗肝毒性(Antihepatotoxic activity)：對四氯化碳所誘導的肝毒性有明 顯 抑 制 的 活 性 ， 如 對 其 誘 發 之 鹼 性 磷 酸 ? (ALP ; Alkaline phosphatase)、glutamate – oxaloacetate – transaminase 以及 glutamate–

pyruvate–transaminase 的 升 高 和 高 三 酸 甘 油 脂 血 症 (hypertriglyceridemia)也有明顯之抑制活性(根)⁽³⁸⁾。

4. 抗病毒活性：對 B 型肝炎表面抗原有抑制活性(Hepatitis B surface antigen inactivation) (根) ⁽³⁸⁾。

5. 毒性：有明顯毒魚活性，且具有毒殺軟體動物活性 (Molluscicidal activity)對 Biomphalaria pfeifferi 及 Bulinus truncates 有毒殺活性，但 對天竺鼠(guinea pig)無明顯毒性(葉) ^{(66, 67)}。

Entada phaseoloides (L.) M

ERR.

1. 降 血 糖 活 性 ： 有 刺 激 葡 萄 糖 運 輸 的 活 性 (Glucose transport stimulation)⁽⁸⁾。

2. 毒殺軟體動物活性(Molluscicidal activity)：對 Oncomelania hupensis Quadrasi 有毒殺活性 (莖、種子)^{(5, 7, 68)}。

3. 抗甲殼類活性(Anticrustacean activity) ⁽⁹⁾：對 Artemia salina 有明顯抑 制活性 (莖、種子)。

Entada polystachya (L.) DC.

抗菌活性(Antibacterial activity) ^{(69 ~71)}：對金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、糞鏈球菌(Streptococcus faecalis)等菌有明顯抑制活性 (葉)。

Entada scandens B

ENTH.

1. 抗 菌 活 性 (Antibacterial activity) ^(72~73) ： 對 金 黃 色 葡 萄 球 菌 (Staphylococcus aureus)、卵黃色八疊菌(Sarcina lutea)等菌有明顯抑制 活性 (莖、果實)。

2. 抗腫瘤活性(Antitumor activity)：對 Sarcoma-WM256 有抑制活 (種子)

(72, 74)

。

3. 其他：有鬆弛子宮作用(Uterine relaxation effect) ^{(32, 49)}及抑制血壓升 高素轉換? (Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition)等 活 性 (種 子)⁽⁷⁵⁾。

4. 毒性：LD50：ip，小鼠，0.5 g/kg⁽⁷²⁾；具毒魚及毒殺軟體動物(Tubifex species)等活性 (果實)⁽⁷⁶⁾。

Entada spiralis R

IDL.

有 促 進 人 類 血 球 凝 集 活 性 (hemagglutinin activity) 及 降 低 低 血 壓 (hypotensive)等活性 (種子) ^{(49, 77)}。

Entada sudanica S

CHWIENF.

具有毒魚活性，但對天竺鼠(guinea pig)無明顯毒性 (葉)⁽³⁶⁾。

三、化學成分(Presense of Compound)(詳見 Table 2-3) Diterpene Type ^{(57, 78)}: Iso-kolavenol, Trans-communic acid Triterpene Type(74, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83) ,

: Entada scandens prosapogenin A, Lupeol, Entada saponin II, Entada saponin III, Entada saponin IV, Entanin, Entagenic acid, Entada-saponin

Steroid Type⁽⁷⁹⁾ :

β

-Sitosterol

Lipid Type^(84~86) : Arachidic acid , Behenic acid , Dilinolenin , Diolein , Dioleolinolein , Lauric acid , Linoleic acid , Linolenic acid, Myristic acid , Oleic acid Oleodilino lein , Oleolinolein , Palmitic acid , Stearic acid , Trilinolein , Triolein

Table 2-1 民俗用法(Ethnomedical usage)

學名 用部 地區 運用 文獻

Used for epilepsy.

dried root Tanzania

Used if sickness has been prolonged.

(30) Entada abyssinica

dried root Uganda Used to treat sleeping sickness. (31)

bark Central Africa Used as an abortifacient (32)

bark Guinea Used as an abortifacient (33)

bark Niger Used as a vermifuge (34)

bark West Africa Used as an abortifacient (32)

Used for bronchitis.

Used for coughs.

dried bark Senegal

Used for blennorrhagia and sores.

(35) Entada africana

leaf Guinea Used to provoke abortion,prepared into paste with soap (33)

leaf Sudan Used as a fish poison (36)

LEAF West Africa Used as an abortifacient (32)

Used for sores dried leaf Senegal

Used for diarrhea.

(35)

root Guinea-Bissau Used to treat wounds. (37)

dried root Mali Used for liver disease. (38)

dried root Senegal Used for eye inflammations. (35)

Used for aches fruit Nicaragua

Used for burns.

(39) Entada gigas

part not specified

Cameroon Used for rheumatism. (40)

Entada glandulosa dried seed Thailand Used for cancer (41)

Entada monostachya dried bark + leaf

Mexico Used in baths for children with inflamed mouth, wounds or bruises.

(42)

Used to cure convulsions Entada phaseoloides dried entire

plant

Tonga

Used to treat stomach ache

(6)

bark Guinea Decoction used by women after childbirth, as an enema or bath

(33)

dried bark Philippines Used for diabetes. (43)

cotyledons Nepal Used as an anthelminthic. (52)

entire plant Panama Used as a fish poison and soap. (53) fruit Australia Eaten raw or roasted as a contraceptive by woman (46) leaf + stem Cook Islands Used to treat oral thrush in children. (44)

leaf + stem Vanuatu Used for menorrhagia. (45)

Used as an aid for difficult parturition seed Australia

Used by the aborigine as a contraceptive (32)

Used for stomachache.

Used for piles.

(47)

seed India

Used as an antivenin. (48)

Used to relieve body pain after accidents.

Used as a food during famine.

(50)

Entada spiralis dried seed Malaysia Used for chest pains. (49)

Entada stuhlmannii root Africa Roots boiled,decoction drunk twice a day as an aphrodisiac

(54)

root East Africa Used as a galactagogue(internal and external) (55)

Entada sudanica leaf Sudan Used as a fish poison (36)

Table 2-2 生物活性(Biological activities)

學名 用部(地區) 活性 文獻

Antifungal activity Microsporum canis (W) dried leaf (Rwanda)

Antiviral activity 1. Virus-measles (E) 2.Virus-coxsackie (I) 3.Virus-herpes (unspec) (I) 4.iVirus-poliovirus(unspec) (I) 5.Virus-semlicki-forest (I)

(56)

Antitrypanosomal activity Trypanosoma brucei (A) dried root (Uganda)

Cell proliferation inhibition Cells-wi-38 (W)

(57)

dried rootbark (Tanzania)

Antitrypanosomal activity Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (A) (57)

Antibacterial activity 1.Enterococcus species (A) 2.Pseudomonas aeruginosa (A) 3.Staphylo coccus aureus (W) 4.Escherichia coli (W) 5.Salmonella species (W) 6.Klebsiella species (W)

(58) dried stembark

(Kenya)

Antimycobacterial activity Mycobacterium species (I) (58) Entada abyssinica

dried stembark (Kenya)

Antibacterial activity Helicobacter pylori (I) (58)

Antibacterial activity Vibrio cholera (A) dried bark (Nigeria)

Antifungal activity Vibrio cholera (A)

(60)

dried bark (Nigeria) Antibacterial activity 1.Corynebacterium diphtheriae (A) 2.Pseudomonas aeruginos (A) 3.Salmonella species (A) 4.Streptococcus species (A) 5.Nneisseria species (I) 6.Staphylococcus aureus (I) 7.Streptobacillus species (I)

(61)

Antibacterial activity 1.Bacillus subtilis (A) 2.Staphylococcus aureus (A) sun dried bark

(Senegal)

Antifungal activity Aspergillus niger (I)

(62)

Leaf (Nigeria) Antioxidant activity (A) (65)

Fish poison (A)

Entada africana

leaf (Sudan)

Toxic effect(general) (I)

(36)

Antibacterial activity 1. Proteus vulgaris (A) 2.Salmonella species (A) 3.Staphylococcus aureus (A) 4. Streptococcus species (A) 5. Escherichia coli (I) 6.Klebsiella species (I) 7. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (I) dried leaf + seed

(Nigeria)

Anticrustacean Artemia salina (I)

(63)

dried leaf + seed (Nigeria)

Antiyeast activity Candida albicans (I) (63)

Antibacterial activity 1.Staphylococcus aureus (A) 1. Vibrio cholera (A) 3.Escherichia coli (W) 4.Streptococcus faecalis (A) 5.Shigella dysenteriae (A) 6. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (I) 7.Salmonella typhimurium (I) dried root

(Guinea-Bissau)

Antiyeast activity Candida albicans (I)

(37)

dried root (Mali) Alkaline phosphatase inhibition Plasma (A) (38) Antibacterial activity 1.Haemophilus influenzae (I)

2.Moraxella catarrhalis (I) 3.Staphylococcus aureus (I) 4.Streptococcus pneumoniae (I) 5.Staphylococcus pyogenes (I) 6.Haemophilus influenzae (I) 7.Moraxella catarrhalis (I) 8.Staphylococcus aureus (I) 9.Staphylococcus pyogenes (I) 10.Streptococcus pneumoniae (I)

(64)

Antihepatotoxic activity (A)

Antihypertriglyceridemia effect Liver homogenates (A) Glutamate-oxaloacetate-transaminase inhibition Plasma (A)

Glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase inhibition Plasma (A) Hepatitis b surface antigen inactivation (A)

Miscellaneous effects Liver homogenates(A) dried root (Mali)

Nucleotidase induction Liver homogenates(A)

(38) Entada africana

dried stem (Sudan) Cytotoxic activity Ca-9kb (I) (66)

Entada africana dried stembark (Sudan)

Molluscicidal activity 1.Iomphalaria pfeifferi (A) 2.Bulinus truncates (A)

(67)

bark (Philippines) Glucose transp ort stimulation Cells-ehrlich (W) (8)

Fish poison Oryzias latipes (A)

Molluscicidal activity Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi (E) (68) commercial sample

of bark (Philippines)

Molluscicidal activity Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi (A) (7) fresh bark (Malaysia) Anticrustacean activity Artemia salina (A) (9) Entada

phaseoloides

seed (Philippines) Molluscicidal activity Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi (W) (68) dried bark (T rinidad) Antibacterial activity 1.Staphylococcus aureus (A)

2.Streptococcus faecalis (A) 3.Salmonella typhimurium (E) 4.Escherichia coli (I) 5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (I) 6.Staphylococcus epidermidis(I)

(69)

leaf (Puerto Rico) Insecticide activity Ierotoma ruficornis, adults (I) (70) leaf (Puerto Rico) Larvicidal activity 1.Diaphania hyalinata, larvae(I)

2.Diaphania hyalinata, larvae (I) 3.Laphygma frugiperda, larvae (I) 4.Plutella maculipennis, larvae (I)

(70)

Insecticide activity Serotoma ruficornis, adults (I) petiole (Puerto Rico)

Larvicidal activity 1.Diaphania hyalinata,larvae (I) 2.Laphygma frugiperda,larvae (I) 3.Plutella maculipennis, larvae (I)

(70)

Hemagglutinin activity Rbc (I)

seed (Mexico)

Trypsin inhibition (A)

(71)

Insecticide activity Serotoma ruficornis, adults (I) Entada

polystachya

stem (Puerto Rico)

Larvicidal activity 1.Diaphania hyalinata,larvae (I) 2.Laphygma frugiperda,larvae (I) 3.Plutella maculipennis, larvae (I)

(70)

Analgesic activity (I)

Antibacterial activity 1.Bacillus subtilis (I) 2. Escherichia coli (I) 3.Salmonella typhosa (I) 4.Staphylococcus aureus(I) 5. Agrobacterium tumefaciens (I) Entada scandens aerial parts (India)

Anticonvulsant activity (I)

(72)

Antifungal activity 1. Microsporum canis (I)

2. Trichophyton mentagrophytes (I) 3.Aspergillus niger (I)

Antiinflammatory activity (I)

Antispasmodic activity(unspecified type) Ileum (I)

Antitumor activity Leuk-p388 (I)

Antiviral activity Virus-vaccinia (I) Antiyeast activity Candida albicans (I) Antiyeast activity Ryptococcus neoformans (I)

Barbiturate potentiation (I)

Diuretic activity (I)

Hypoglycemic activity (I)

Hypothermic activity (I)

Semen coagulation Sperm (I)

Spermicidal effect Sperm (I)

aerial parts (India)

Toxicity assessment(quantitative) ip mouse Ld50 0.5 gm/kg

Fish poison (A)

dried fruit

Molluscicidal activity Tubifex species (A)

(76)

Antibacterial activity 1.Sarcina lutea(A) 2.Staphylococcus aureus (I) Antifungal activity(plant pathogens) Aspergillus niger (I)

Antimycobacterial activity Mycobacterium phlei (I) dried rootbark

(Nigeria)

Antiyeast activity Saccharomyces cerevisiae (I) (73)

seed Antitumor activity Sarcoma-wm256(im) (A) (74)

seed (Australia) Uterine relaxation effect Uterus(unspec.cond) (A) (32) seed (India) Angiotensin -converting enzyme inhibition (A) (75)

Hypotensive activity (I)

dried seed (Malaysia)

Uterine stimulant effect Uterus(preg) (I)

(49)

Antibacterial activity 1.Sarcina lutea (A) 2.Staphylococcus aureus (A) Antifungal activity(plant pathogens) Aspergillus niger (I)

Antimycobacterial activity Mycobacterium phlei (I) dried stembark

(Nigeria)

Antiyeast activity Saccharomyces cerevisiae (I) (73)

seed (Malaysia) Hemagglutinin activity (A) (77)

Hypotensive activity (A)

Entada spiralis

dried seed (Malaysia)

Uterine stimulant effect (I)

(49)

Entada sudanica leaf (Sudan) Fish poison (W) (36)

Toxic effect(general) (I)

Table 2-3 化學成分(Presense of Compound)

學名 化合物 主結構 用部 地區 文獻

Trans-communic acid Diterpene Type stembark Ethiopia (78) Entada abyssinica

Iso-kolavenol Diterpene Type rootbark Tanzania (57)

Sulfur compound Type flowers Thailand (88)

Entadamide A-β-D-glucoside

Sulfur compound Type

Methyl

Dioleolinolein Entadamide A Sulfur compound Type kernel Thailand (87) kernel Thailand (3) Entadamide B Sulfur compound Type kernel Thailand (88)

kernel Thailand (87)

seed India (89)

Entagenic acid Triterpene Type

kernel India (82)

Entanin Triterpene Type seed India (79)

seed oil Bangladesh (86) Linoleic acid Lipid Type

seed oil India (85)

Linolenic acid Lipid Type seed oil India (85)

Lupeol Triterpene Type seed India (79)

Myristic acid Lipid Type seed oil India (85)

seed oil Bangladesh (86) Oleic acid Lipid Type

seed oil India (85)

Oleodilinolein Lipid Type seed oil India (85)

Oleolinolein Lipid Type seed oil India (85)

Palmitic acid Lipid Type seed oil India (85)

Phaseoloidin Benzenoid Type seed India (89)

β-Sitosterol Steroid Type seed India (79)

在文檔中 榼藤之化學成分研究; Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Entada phaseoloides (LINNE) MERRILL (頁 22-36)