• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論與建議

第二節 研究限制及未來建議

由於本研究依 WTO 取得 1995-2015 年之間世界各國來台旅客人次之統計資 料,但在 1995-2007 年之間未有中國來台旅行的記錄,因此,依此數據的紀錄,嚴 格來說,可以將 1995-2007 年及 2008-2015 年視為兩個不同的結構,可以採用適當 的結構性方式處理。故未來相關的研究可利用結構性改變的分析方法來進行實證 分析。此外,1995-2015 年各國來台旅客由於沒有詳細對應之消費支出金額,在短 期間無法得到更精準之各國旅客來台消費支出資料,故依交通部觀光局每年於各 機場所做抽樣的消費及動向統計資料來計算各國旅客來台實際消費金額,但部份

國家未有來台支出統計資料而以當年度來台全部旅客之平均消費支出金額計算之,

若未來能有更精準各國旅客來台消費支出金額,則能計算出更精準的各國旅客實 際來台消費支出。

另一方面,在中國旅客不斷倍增之下,著名旅遊地點擁入大量中國旅客對台灣 人民的生活品質產生許多負面的的影響。例如花東居民因為觀光客買不到火車票 而怨聲載道、日月潭在地居民生活受影響、花蓮慕谷慕魚原住民族封山禁止旅客進 入、阿里山森林遊樂區生態對自然生態環境衝擊,幽靜山林變成吵雜的菜市場等。

台灣最珍貴的觀光資源就是自然地景,當這些自然資源遭到破壞時,造成觀光品質 降低,台灣人的生活、環境、土地資源受到剝奪,觀光旅遊產業將大受影響。雖中 國旅客來台人次增加,根據交通部觀光局的統計顯示至 2015 年已突破 400 百萬人 次,隨著中國來台旅客人次增加在觀光收益上看似增加,但事實上卻有許多台灣旅 遊業者並未實際從旅遊上賺取利益,反而因為中港資一條龍經營模式而歇業;另一 方面當開放中國旅客愈多,對台灣旅遊、環境的破壞進而影響居住品質,因此台灣 本地觀光產業實質獲利反而減少。因此中國旅客來台旅行同時衝擊生態環境、降低 旅遊品質、影響台灣居民的生活,並對其他國家來台的旅客產生排擠效應。假使能 將這些相關的問題結合,便能提供未來相關研究更多的選擇。

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附錄

TTCI 主要分為四大類,再細分為 14 項框架,以下再細分為 142 個細項評估 旅遊地。其中 142 個細項是由 WEF 出版 2007 年至 2017 年觀光旅遊競爭力報告 整理說明如下:

一、觀光環境:主要分為五個框架經商環境、安全程度、健康醫療、人資市場及 ICT 成熟度。

1. 經商環境:主要是從 2015 年開始重視的部分其中包含有規則對外國直接投 資的影響(impact of rules on FDI)、論解決糾紛的法律框架效率(efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes)、法律框架在挑戰規則中的有效性

(efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations)、處理建築許可證 所需時間(time required to deal with construction permits)、處理建築許可證 的費用(cost to deal with construction permits)、市場支配的程度(extent of market dominance)、稅收激勵工作的範圍與作用(extent and effect of taxation on incentives to work)、稅收激勵投資的範圍與作用(extent and effect of taxation on incentives to invest)、總稅率(total tax rate)。

2. 安全程度自 2007 年起至 2017 年均重視犯罪和暴力的商業成本(business costs of crime and violence)、警務服務的可靠性(reliability of police services)、 恐怖主義的商業費用(business costs of terrorism),而有關恐怖主義發生指 數(index of terrorism incidence)及兇殺率(homicide rate)則是至 2015 年 開始重視的問題。

3. 健康醫療自 2007 年開始至 2017 年一直以來重視醫師密度(physician density)、獲得改善的衛生環境(access to improved sanitation)、獲得改善 的飲用水(access to improved drinking water)、病床(hospital beds)。

4. 人資市場自 2007 年至 2017 年重視小學入學率(primary education enrolment rate)、中等教育入學率(secondary education enrollment rate)、員工培訓的 程度(extent of staff training)、招聘和開除的做法(hiring and firing practices)、 容易僱用外勞(ease of hiring foreign labor),自 2015 年起開始重視顧客的

待遇(treatment of customers)、薪水和生產力(pay and productivity)及女 性勞動力參與(female labor force participation)。

5. ICT 成熟度自 2008 年起重視固定寬頻互聯網訂閱(fixedbroadband Internet subscriptions)、移動蜂窩電話訂閱(mobilecellular telephone subscriptions),

2012 年起 開 始重視 信 息 通 信 技 術 用 於 商 業 交 易 ( ICT use for biztobiz transactions ) 、 互 聯 網 用 於 商 戶 交 易 ( internet use for biztoconsumer transactions)移動寬頻訂閱(mobilebroadband subscriptions),而至 2015 起 開始重視移動網絡覆蓋(mobile network coverage)及電力供應品量(quality of electricity supply)。

二、觀光政策:主要分為四個框架政策優先度、國際開放度、價格競爭力及環境 永續。

1. 政策優先度自 2007 年政治策略和條例於 2015 年區分為經商環境及國際開 放度,而 2007 年時政治策略和條例屬觀光政策指標至 2015 年區分後經商 環境則歸屬觀光環境;而國際開放度則仍屬於觀光政策。

2. 價格競爭力自 2007 年至 2017 年一直重視購買力平價(purchasing power parity)、燃料價格水平(fuel price levels)、酒店價格指數(hotel price index)。 3. 環 境 永 續 自 2007 重 視 嚴 格 的 環 境 監 管 ( stringency of environmental regulation)、2008 年起重視執行環境法規(enforcement of environmental regulations)、旅遊和旅遊業發展的可持續性(sustainability of travel and tourism industry development)、顆粒物(2.5)濃度(particulate matter (2.5) concentration)、受威脅的物種(threatened species);2015 年開始重視森林 覆蓋的變化(forest cover change)、廢水處理(wastewater treatment)、沿 海擱淺捕魚壓力(coastal shelf fishing pressure)。

三、基礎建設:主要分為三個框架空中運輸、公路港口、服務設施。

1. 空中運輸自 2007 年起至 2017 年均關注空運基礎設施的品質(quality of air transport infrastructure ) 、 可 用 座 位 公 里 國 內 ( available seat kilometers ,domestic ) 、 可 用 座 位 公 里 國 際 ( available seat kilometers, international)、機場密度(airport density)及經營航空公司的數量(number of operating airlines)。

2. 公 路 港 口 上 自 2007 年 起 重 視 港 口 基 礎 設 施 的 品 質 ( quality of port infrastructure);自 2008 年加入道路品質(quality of roads)及鐵路基礎設 施的品質(quality of railroad infrastructure);而 2017 年新增加兩個因子分 別是鋪路密度(paved road density)及地面運輸效率(ground transport efficiency)。

3. 服務設施方面從 2007 年開始重視飯店客房(hotel rooms)、主要汽車租賃 公司的存在(presence of major car rental companies);自 2015 年加入旅遊 基礎設施的品質(quality of tourism infrastructure)及自動取款機(automated teller machines)兩個新的因子。

四、自然文化:主要分為二個框架自然環境及文化商務。2007 年自然和文化資源 於 2008 年區分為自然資源及文化商務。

1. 自然環境自 2007 年起重視海洋保護區(marine protected areas)、已知物種 總數(total known species);文化商務部分則為世界遺產數量(number of world heritage sites)、世界遺產文化遺址數量(number of world heritage cultural sites) 、體育場館的數量(number of sports stadiums)。到 2015 年 則增加了 6 個新的因子自然環境部分為全面保護區(total protected areas) 、 自然旅遊數字化需求(natural tourism digital demand) 、自然資產的吸引力

(attractiveness of natural assets)。

2. 文化商務:區分為口頭和非物質文化遺產表達的數量(number of oral and

2. 文化商務:區分為口頭和非物質文化遺產表達的數量(number of oral and

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