表4-5-1
相關分析描述資料
個數 平均數 標準差 最大值 最小值
1RM 蹲舉重 量(kg)
29 109.83 29.95 170.00 50.00
垂直跳前測 (cm)
29
44.58 6.94 53.82 31.03
表4-5-2
垂直跳與蹲舉1RM之相關
垂直跳 蹲舉重量
垂直跳 1.000 .620**
蹲舉1RM .620** 1.000
**p<.001
以皮爾遜積差相關分析垂直跳與蹲舉1 RM 之相關性，結果如表所示，可看出垂直 跳與蹲舉1 RM 呈現顯著正相關 (r=.620，p<.001) 。由結果顯示，增加半蹲舉能力能連 帶增加垂直跳表現。
第六節 討論
44.40±7.88 cm、3分鐘42.89±7.58 cm、7分鐘42.89±7.58 cm、10分鐘42.89±7.58 cm)，且在 3分鐘與7分鐘時間點跳躍高度顯著下降。垂直跳最大功率組間未達顯著，推蹬期30毫秒 發力率，在事後比較時，前測與其餘時間點之發力率雖有不同 (前測2185.83±1190.28 N/s vs. 立即2147.96±905.84 N/s、3分鐘1840.12±946.25 N/s、7分鐘1901.30±1074.29 N/s、10 分鐘2366.36±1364.80 N/s)，但並無統計上之意義。推蹬期衝量組間未達顯著。結果表明 四個參數在介入半蹲舉後，皆無法有效提升表現，可能原因有可能是預先活化的刺激太 少或太多的疲勞 (Koziris, 2012; Tillin & Bishop, 2009) ，若真是如此，則應該在四個時 間點呈現逐步下降的趨勢，而事實上垂直跳高度雖在3分鐘與7分鐘的時間點顯著下降，但在蹲舉後立即與10分鐘的時間點，跳躍高度並沒有統計上的顯著，而垂直跳最大功率、
推蹬期30毫秒發力率與衝量與前測值相比也無統計上的顯著，因此在此無法過度推論將 不同組間休息時間運動表現測驗放在同一測驗日無法提升表現是因為疲勞因素或是3組
後蹲舉造成的活化不足造成的。文獻在 PAP 立即提升運動表現方面，呈現不一致的情 (repeated-sprint ability) 顯著優於未誘發活化後增意現象的反覆衝刺測驗成績。
上述文獻顯示出即使採用訓練有素選手，也不一定能藉由 PAP 現象提升運動表現。
若本研究以垂直跳高度來代表爆發力與肌力運動表現 (Wright et al, 2012; Kilduff et al, 2007; Carlock et al, 2004) 來說，結果顯示多數受試者無法藉由 PAP 提升表現，也有部 分受試者從中獲得效益 (27%受試者) ，如4位受試者 (15、17、18、21號在蹲舉後立即 與10分鐘皆有所提升) ，因此 PAP 現象是有矛盾的。
二、 蹲舉與垂直跳相關性
蹲舉重量與垂直跳呈現中度正相關 (r=.620) ，垂直跳是一個髖膝踝三關節伸展 (Triple extension) 的動作模式 (Movement pattern) ，與跑步、投擲、搶籃板等動作模式 相同，因此在正確技巧的情況下發展蹲舉重量能增進垂直跳表現，因為蹲舉動作在上升 時，也是利用臀部主導的關節伸展動作。專項訓練的步驟有二個，第一先模仿專項動作 發力模式 (例如利用蹲舉動作模仿起跳動作) ，第二是模仿專項動作 (例如單腳蹲舉、
垂直跳練習) 。因此蹲舉表現提升對垂直跳高度的增加是有必要且可行的，此與 Kilduff 等 (2007) 、 Carlock 等 (2004) 的研究中對於個人下肢肌力表現與垂直跳能力表現呈 正相關的結果相同。
第伍章 結論與應用建議
是具以個別差異的，但是對於活化關鍵肌群以達良好訓練品質這點貢獻是無庸置疑的。
圖5-2-1. 膝蓋不正常受力
圖5-2-2. 誘發臀中肌 PAP 圖5-2-3. 活化後的關節正常受力
參考文獻
Adams, K., O’Shea, J, P., O’Shea, K, L., & Climstein, M. (1992). The effect of six weeks of squat, plometrics and squat-plyometric training on power production. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 6(1), 36-41.
Babault, N., Maffiuletti, N., & Pousson, M. (2008). Postactivation potentiation in human knee extensors during dynamic passive movements. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(4), 735-743.
Baker, D, A. (2001). series of studies on training of high-intensity muscle power in rugby league football players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(2), 198-209.
Baudry, S., & Duchateau, J. (2007). Postactivation potentiation in a human muscle: effect on the rate of torque development of tetanic and voluntary isometric contractions.
European journal of Applied Physiology, 102(4), 1394-1401.
Behm, D, G., Bambury, A., Cahill, F., & Power, K. (2004). Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time, and movement time. Medicine & Science in Sports &
Exercise, 1397-1402.
Carlock, J, M., Smith, S, L., Hartman, M, J., Morris, R, T., Ciroslan, D, A., Pierce, K, C., Newton, R, U., Harman, E, A., Sands, W, A., & Stone, M, H. (2004). The relationship between vertical jump power estimates and weightlifting ability: A field-test approach.
Charilaos, T. (2012). Update Your Warm-Up Approach to Training and Competition. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine & Doping Studie, 2(1), 1000-1002.
Chatzopoulos, D, E., Michailidis, C, J., Giannakos, A, K., Alexiou, K, C., Patikas, D, A., Antonopoulos, C, B., & Kotzamanidis, C, M. (2007). Post-activation potentiation effects after heavy resistance exercise on running speed. Journal of Strength &
Conditioning Research, 21, 1278-1281.
Chiu, L, Z., Fry, A, C., & Weiss, L, W. (2003). Postactivation potentiation response in athletic and recreationally trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17(4), 671-677.
Docherty, D., & Hodgson, M. (2007). The application of postactivation potentiation to elite sport. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2(4), 439-444.
Ebben, W, P., & Watts, P. B. (1998). A review of combined weight training and plyometric training modes: Complex training. National Strength & Conditioning Association, 20, 18-27.
Fletcher, I. M. (2012). An Investigation into the Effect of a Pre-Performance Strategy on Jump Performance. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, PDF Only.
G¨uillich, A., & Schmidtbleicher, D. (1996). MVC-induced short-term poteniation of explosive force. New Studies in Athletics, 11(4), 67-81.
Gilbert, G., & Lees, A. (2005). Changes in the force development characteristics of muscle following repeated maximum force and power exercise. Ergonomics, 48, 1576-1584.
Gossen, E, R., & Sale, D, G. (2000). Effect of postactivation potentiation on dynamic knee extension performance. European journal of Applied Physiology, 83(6), 524-530.
Gullich, A., & Schmidtbleicher, D. (1996). MVC-induced short-term potentiation of explosive force. New Studies in Athletics, 11(4), 67-81.
Hamada, T., Sale, D, G., & MacDougall, J, D. (2000). Postactivation potentiation, fiber type, and twitch contraction time in human knee extensor muscles. European journal of Applied Physiology, 88(6), 2131-2137.
Hodgson, M., Docherty, D., & Robbins, D. (2005). Post-activation potentiation: underlying physiology and implications for motor performance. Sports Medicine, 35(7), 585-595.
Ioannis, G. F., Athanasios, Z. J., Leontsini, D., Kyriakos, T., Aggelousis, N., & Kostopoulos, N. (2000). Valuation of plyometric exercise training, weight training, and their
combination on vertical jumping performance and leg strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14(4), 470-476.
J. Strength Cond. Res. 18(3):534–539.
Jensen, R., L., & Ebben, W., P. (2003). Kinetic Analysis of Complex Training Rest Interval Effect on Vertical Jump Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17(2), 345-349.
Judge, L, W. (2010). The Application of Postactivation Potentiation to the Track and Field Thrower. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 24(7), 1804-1809.
Khamoui, A, V., Brown, L, E., Coburn, J, W., Judelson, D, A., Uribe, B, P., Nguyen, D., Tran, T., Eurich, A, D., Noffal, G, J. (2009). Effect of potentiating exercise volume on vertical jump parameters in recreationally trained men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), 1465-1469.
Kilduff, L., P., Bevan, H., R., Kingsley, M., I., Owen, N., J., Bennett, M., A., Bunce, P., J., Maw, J., R., & Cunningham, D, J. (2007). Postactivation potentiation in professional rugby players optimal recovery. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1134-1138.
Kitago, T., MazzoAChio, R., & Liuzzi, G. (2004). Modulation of H reflex excitability by tetanic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol, 115(4), 858-861.
Kloppenburg, S., Rehorst, J., & Beurskens, R. (2012). Complex training definitie en theoretische rationale. Spor tger icht n, 66, 11-16.
Koziris, P. (2012). Postactivation Potentiation: Sometimes More Fatigue Than Postactivation.
Strength & Conditioning Journal, 34(6), 75-76.
Magnus, B., C. Takahashi, M., Mercer, J., A. Holcomb,W, R., McWhorter, J., W., & Sanchez, R. (2006). Investigation of Vertical Jump Performance After Completing Heavy Squat Exercises. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(3), 597-600.
Moore, R, L., & Stull, J, T. (1984). Myosin light chain phosphorylation in fast and slow
skeletal muscles in situ. American Journal of Physiology-Cell, 247(5), C462-C471.
Newton, R, U., Murphy, A, J., Humphries, B, J., Wilson, G, J., Kraemer, W, J., & Häkkinen, K. (1997). Influence of load and stretch shortening cycle on the kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation that oACurs during explosive upper-body movements. European journal of Applied Physiology and OACupational Physiology, 75(4), 333-342.
Okuno, N, M., Tricoli, V., Silva, S, B., Bertuzzi, R., Moreira, A., & Kiss, M, A. (2013).
Postactivation potentiation on repeated-sprint ability in elite handball players. J Strength Cond Res 27(3), 662-668.
Robbins, D, W. (2005). Postactivation potentiation and its practical applicability: a brief review. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(2), 453-458.
Sale, D, G. (1998). Neural adaptation to resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20, 135-145.
Sale, D, G. (2002). Postactivation potentiation: role in human performance. Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews, 30(3), 138-143.
Sale, D, G. (2004). Postactivation potentiation: role in performance. British journal of sports medicine, 38(4), 386-387.
Schmidtbleicher, D. (1986). Neurophysiologische Aspektedes Sprungkrafttrainings:
Neurophsiological aspects of jump-training. In k. Carl & Schiffer(Eds.) Zur Praxis des
Sprungkraft training (pp. 56-72). Bundesinstitut for Sportwissen-schaft.
Shim, N., Rice, C, L., Ota, Y., & Yabe, K. (2006). The effect of postactivation potentiation on the mechanomyogram. European journal of Applied Physiology, 96, 17-23.
Smilios, I., Pilliandis, T., Sotiropoulos, K., Antonakis, M., & Tokmakidis, S, P. (2005).
Short-term effects of selected exercise and load in contrast training on vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(1), 135-139.
Sweeney, H, L., & Stull, J, T. (1990). Alterations of cross-bridge kinetics by myosin light chain phosphorylation in rabbit skeletal muscle: implications for regulation of
actin-myosin interaction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87, 414-418.
Terzis, G. K., G. Kyriazis, T. Kavouras, S, A., & Georgiadis, G. (2012). Acute Effects of Countermovement Jumping and Sprinting on Shot Put Performance. Journal of Strength
& Conditioning Research, 26(3), 684-690.
Tillin, N, A., & Bishop, D. (2009). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities. Journal of Sports Medicineicine, 39, 147-166.
Toumi, H., Best, T. M., Martin, A., & Poumarat, G. (2004). Muscle plasticity after weight and combined (weight + jump) training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(9), 1500-1588.
Trimble, M, H., & Harp, S, S., (1998). Postexercise potentiation of the H-reflex in humans.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(6), 933-941.
Tsolakis, C., Bogdanis, G, C. Nikolaou, A. (2011). Influence of type of muscle contraction and gender on postactivation potentiation of upper and lower limb explosive performance in elite fencers. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 10, 577-583.
Turki, O., Chaouachi, A., Behm, D. G., Chtara, H., Chtara, M., Bishop, D., & Amri, M.
(2012). The effect of warm-ups incorporating different volumes of dynamic stretching on 10- and 20-m sprint performance in highly trained male athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(1), 63-72.
Viru, A. (1995). Adaptation in sports training. Florida, Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Walker, S., Ahtiainen, J. P., & Hakkinen, K. (2010). Acute neuromuscular and hormonal responses during contrast loading: effect of 11 weeks of contrast training. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(2), 226-234.
Walshe, A, D., Wilson, G, J., & Ettema, G, J. (1998) Stretch-shorten cycle compared with isometric preload: contributions to enhanced muscular performance. Journal of Applied
Physiology, 84(1), 97-106.
Warren, Y., B , Andrew, J., & Kerrin, G. (1998). Acute Enhancement of Power Performance From Heavy Load Squats. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 12(2), 82-84.
Wilson, J, M., Duncan, N, M., Marin, P, J., Brown, L, E., Loenneke, J, P., Wilson, S, M, C., Edward, J., Lowery, R, P., & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2013). Metaanalysis of postactivation potentiation and power: Effects of conditioning activity, volume, gender, rest periods, and training status. J Strength Cond Res 27(3), 854-859.
Wright, G, A., Pustina, A, A., Mikat, R, P., & Kernozek, T, W. (2012). Predicting lower body power from vertical jump prediction equations for loaded jump squats at different intensities in men and women. J Strength Cond Res 26(3): 648–655.
附錄一、受試者基本資料
附錄二、受試者1 RM Squat
附錄三、垂直跳高度表(CM)
附錄四、垂直跳最大功率表/BW (W/BW)
附錄五、垂直跳推蹬期發力率 (N/S)
附錄六、垂直跳推蹬期衝量 (Ns/BW)