• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 討論與結論

第三節 研究限制與建議

售額(如:Tihanyi, Ellstr, Daily & Dalton, 2000)或海外資產佔總資產(如:Hermann &

Datta, 2005)的⽐比例去衡量,⽽而本研究使⽤用另⼀一種衡量⽅方式,以「投資⾦金額」作為國際 擴張程度之衡量依據,亦出現顯著結果,更進⼀一步證實了⾼高階經營團隊成員的背景確實 對企業存在著影響。︒。

在全球化的浪潮之下,國際擴張已成為⼤大時代下企業成⾧長的⼀一條必經之路,本研究 奠基在 Hambrick & Mason(1984)的⾼高層理論之下,以實證結果證實了⾼高階經營團隊 對於國際擴張策略制定的重要性。︒。根據本論⽂文的研究結果,國外經驗與國際擴張呈現正 向顯著關係,且與 Tihanyi, Ellstr, Daily & Dalton(2000)、︑、Hermann & Datta(2005)等

⼈人的研究結果⼀一致。︒。因此,若企業有往國際擴展的⽬目標,則應盡量聘⽤用擁有國外經驗的

體、︑、M2326 光電業、︑、M2328 電⼦子零組件與 M2329 電⼦子通路業等四個產業代碼中之公司,

雖不能說可以完全代表臺灣的電⼦子產業,但是亦有⾜足夠代表性。︒。不過仍建議後續研究者

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

可以選擇電⼦子產業中其他組合的公司,或是全部的電⼦子產業公司進⾏行相關研究,當然也 可以選擇研究其他產業,如製造業、︑、⾷食品業等,讓⾼高階經營團隊的理論研究能更加豐富。︒。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

參考資料

1. Blau, P.M. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure, New York: Free Press.

2. Brislin, R.W. (1983). Cross-Cultural Research in Psychology, Annual Review of

Psychology, 34, 363-400.

3. Bantel, K.A. & Jackson, S.E. (1989). Top Management and Innovations in Banking: Does the Composition of the Top Team Make a Difference?, Strategic Management Journal, 10, 107-124.

4. Barker III, V.L. & Muller, G.C. (2002). CEO Characteristics and Firm R&D Spending,

Management Science, 48(6), 782-801.

5. Cavusgil, S.T. & Naor, J. (1987). Firm and Management Characteristics as

Discriminators of Export Marketing Activity, Journal of Business Research, 15(3), 221–

235.

6. Chaganti, R. & Sambharya, R. (1987). Strategic Orientation and Characteristics of Upper Management, Strategic Management Journal, 8, 393-401.

7. Datta, D.K. & Rajagopalan, N. (1998). Industry Structure and CEO Characteristics: An Empirical Study of Succession events, Strategic Management Journal, 19, 833–852.

8. Dwyer, M.M. (2004). More Is Better: The Impact of Study Abroad Program Duration,

Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 5, 151-164.

9. Finkelstein, S. (1992). Power in Top Management Teams: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation, Academy of Management Journal, 35(3), 505-538.

10. Ghemawat, P. (2001). Distance Still Matters: The Hard Reality of Global Expansion,

Harvard Business Review, 79(8), 137-140, 142-147, 162.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

11. Gottesman, A.A. & Morey, M.R. (2006). Does A Better Education Make for Better Managers? An Empirical Examination of CEO Educational Quality and Firm Performance. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=564443.

12. Gottesman, A.A. & Morey, M.R. (2006). Manager Education and Mutual Fund Performance, Journal of Empirical Finance, 13(2), 145-182.

13. Hambrick, D.C. & Snow, C.C. (1977). A Contextual Model of Strategic Decision Making in Organizations, Academy of Management Proceedings, 109-112.

14. Harrigan, K.R. (1980). Strategies for Declining Industries, Journal of Business Strategy, 1(2), 20-34.

15. Hambrick, D.C., MacMillan, I.C. & Day, D.L. (1982). Strategic Attributes and Performance in The BCG Matrix- A PIMS-Based Analysis of Industrial Product Businesses, Academy of Management Journal, 25(3), 510-531.

16. Hambrick, D.C. & Mason, P.A. (1984). Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers, Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-206.

17. Hitt, M.A. & Tyler, B.B. (1991). Strategic Decision Models: Integrating Different Perspectives, Strategic Management Journal, 12(5), 327-351.

18. Hambrick, D.C., Cho, T.S. & Chen, M.J. (1996). The Influence of Top Management Team Heterogeneity on Firm’s Competitive Moves, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 659-684.

19. Herrmann, P. & Datta, D.K. (2005). Relationships between Top Management Team Characteristics and International Diversification: an Empirical Investigation, British

Journal of Management, 16, 69-78.

20. Hambrick, D.C. (2007). Upper Echelons Theory: An Update, Academy of Management

Review, 32(2), 334-343.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

21. Kimberly, J.R. & Evansiko, M.J. (1981). Organizational Innovation: The Influence of Individual, Organizational, and Contextual Factors on Hospital Adoption of Technical and Administrative Innovations, Academy of Management Journal, 24(4), 689-713.

22. Kim, Y.Y. (1991). Intercultural communication competence: A systems-theoretic view.

In S. Ting-Toomey & F. Korzenny (Eds.) Cross-cultural interpersonal communication (pp.

259-275). Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

23. March, J.G. & Simon, H.A. (1958). Organizations, New York: Wiley.

24. Michel, J.G. & Hambrick, D.C. (1992). Diversification Posture and Top Management Team Characteristics, Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 9-37.

25. Morris, S.S., Zhong, B. & Makhija, M. (2012). Going The Distance: The Pros and Cons of Expanding Employees’ Global Knowledge Reach, Journal of International Business

Studies, 46(5), 552-573.

26. Orahood, T., Kruze, L. & Pearson, D.E. (2004). The Impact of Study Abroad on Business Students’ Career Goals, Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 117-130.

27. Porter, M.E. (1980). Competitive strategy: techniques for analyzing industries and competitors: with a new introduction, New York: Free Press.

28. Scott, W.G. & Mitchell, T.R. (1972). Organization theory: A structural and behavioral analysis, Homewood: Irwin.

29. Schotter, A. & Beamish, P.W. (2011). The Hassle Factor: An Explanation for Managerial Location Shunning, Journal of International Business Studies, 44, 521-544.

30. Thomas, A.S., Litschert, R.J. & Ramaswamy, K. (1991). The Performance Impact of Strategy-Manager Coalignment: An Empirical Examination, Strategic Management

Journal, 12(7), 509-522.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

31. Tyler, B.B. & Steensma, H.K. (1998). The Effects of Executives’ Experiences and

Perceptions on Their Assessment of Potential Technical Alliances, Strategic Management

Journal, 19(10), 939-965.

32. Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating across cultures, New York: The Guilford Press.

33. Tihanyi, L., Ellstrand, A.E., Daily, C.M. & Dalton, D.R. (2000). Composition of the Top Management Team and Firm International Diversification, Journal of Management, 26(6), 1157-1177.

34. Wiersema, M.F. & Bantel, K.A. (1992). Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change, Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 91-121.

35. Wally, S. & Baum, J.R. (1994). Personal and Structural Determinants of the Pace of Strategic Decision Making, Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 932-956.

36. Williams, T. (2005). Impact of Study Abroad on Students’ Intercultural Communication Skills: Adaptability and Sensitivity, Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(4), 356-371.

37. Welbourne, T.M., Cycyota, C.S. & Ferrante, C.J. (2007). Wall Street Reaction to Women in IPOs: An Examination of Gender Diversity in Top Management Teams, Group

Organization Management, 32(5), 524-547.

相關文件