• 沒有找到結果。

300 350 400 450 500

0.0

Intensity Normalization

Temperature(K)

倍頻訊號並未恢復,此証明了一件事,膠原蛋白的二倍頻訊號是由結

Arrhenius Equation 來估計此數據。(上述方程式常被用來分析此相 關問題)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Intensty Normalization

430K 能量,如此反應才會產生,這種能量被稱之為 Activation Energy。

再者,Arrhenius 更提出方程式以計算出 Activation Energy E∆ 。 計算方法如下:

1

1 EKT

t

= e

−∆ (4.2)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Intensity Normalization

Time(Min)

圖 4.3 將圖 4.2 做數學的一階指數擬合(420K 和 440K 除外) 其中 K 為波茲曼常數,T 為各曲線所使用之溫度,將不用曲線擬合出t 代入(4.2)式之中,便可得到個別曲線之 E1 ∆ ,再將此平均之後得 到的數值為:

0.16 0.04

E eV

∆ = ±

故由此實驗可以計算出膠原蛋白的活化能。由此活化能,讓我們更了 解膠原蛋白的化學特性。

接 下 來 我 們 來 回 顧 一 些 之 前 對 膠 原 蛋 白 的 實 驗 結 果 , Theodossiou 等人利用倍頻光學方式所得量測結果如圖 4.4 所示,其 倍頻訊號於 40°C 時便開始衰減(Theodossiou et al.,2002)。而 Rochdi 等人利用差分掃瞄熱量儀 DSC 所得結果,也顯示出以 40°C 進 行預熱的程序之後,其膠原蛋白熱穩定性有降低趨勢(Rochdi et al.,1999)。將本實驗結果,與先前之結果比較,可以發現在真空環 境下,膠原蛋白結構熱穩定點約為 67°C(340K),而在較高水分子濃

度環境之下,其熱穩定點為 40°C,此相差大約 27°C,其結果很容易 說明。

圖 4.4 在一般環境下,膠原蛋白倍頻訊號強度與溫度關係圖 在 Rochdi 等人研究結果顯示,環境中的水分子濃度越高,膠原 蛋白結構的熱穩定性(Td)也會相對地下降,如圖 4.5 所示(Rochdi et al.,1999)。此乃由於組成膠原蛋白的基本結構三重螺旋(Triple helix)中的α helix 內部氫氧鍵結被打斷,導致整個三重螺旋結構受 到破壞,而受到溫度破壞的膠原蛋白便無法產生非線性光學倍頻的條 件。至於影響膠原蛋白結構的熱穩定性不僅只有環境中水分子濃度這 個變數,還包括了環境介質中的酸鹼度和結構交互結合程度等(Alina 2005)。

圖 4.5 環境中的水分子濃度與熱穩定點 Td(○)關係圖

第五章 結論

藉由此光學倍頻顯微術的架設,讓我們更進一步地了解到膠原蛋 白之特性。透過溫度和時間的改變,使我們能夠以即時的方式來監測 結構上的改變。再經由更進一步地量測方式,量測在不同溫度之下,

倍頻光強度隨時間的衰減速度,讓我們發現在什麼溫度條件下,結構 上破壞的速度會加快。不僅如此,再經過一些數學上的曲線擬合和 Activation Energy 的計算,將此一結果與化學相關領域連上了關 係。由於本實驗所採用的膠原蛋白為 Type I 型式,是在動物體上最 為常見的,讓此研究的結果更具普遍性。

比較以往的實驗結果,其結果與本研究結果不同之處在於,本實 驗將膠原蛋白放置於真空的環境,而之前研究進行方式是將膠原蛋白 直接放置於水中加熱一段時間,因此膠原蛋白結構的熱穩定點也不相 同,水分子濃度與結構的熱穩定性有著很緊密的關係也再一次被証實 出。

參考文獻

Allan J. Tobin, Jennie Dusheck, 2004, Asking about life, Third edition.

Bloembergen, N., 1965. Nonlinear Optics. New York.

Bottomley, D.J., Mito, A., Niki, S., Yamada, A., 1996. Second-harmonic generation from chalcopyrite-structure semiconductor thin films. Optics Letters 21, 254-257.

Bouevitch, O., Lewis, A., Pinevsky, I., Wuskell, J.P., Loew, L.M., 1993. Probing membrane potential with nonlinear optics. Biophysical Journal 65, 672-679.

Boyd Robert W., 2003, Nonlinear Optics, second edition.

Dolino, G., 1973. Direct observation of ferroelectric domains in TGS with second-harmonic light. Applied Physics Letters 22, 123-124.

Dolino, G., Bachheimer, J.P., Vallade, M., 1973. Direct observation of Dauphine twins in quartz with second-harmonic light. Applied Physics Letters 22,623-625.

Franken, P.A., Hill, A.E., Peter, C.W., Weinreich, G., 1961. Generation of optical harmonics. Physics Letters 22, 123-124.

Fraser RDB, Macrae TP. 1979, The crystalline structure of collagen fibrils in tendon.

Journal Mol Biol 127, 129–33.

Freund, I., Deutsch, M., Sprecher, A., 1986. Connective tissue polarity optical second harmonic microscopy, crossed-beam summation and small-angle scattering in rat-tail tendon. Biophysical Journal 50, 693-712.

Gannaway, J., Sheppard, C.J.R., 1978. Second-harmonic imaging in the scanning optical microscope. Optical and Quantum Electronics 10, 435-439.

Gauderon, R., Lukins P.B., Sheppard C.J.R., 1998, Second-hamonic generation imaging using femtosecond laser pulses. Optics Letters 23, 1209-1212.

Gauderon, R., Lukins P.B., Sheppard C.J.R., 2001, Optimization of second-harmonic generation microscopy. Micron 32, 691-700.

Guo, Y., Ho, P.P., Savage, H., Harris, D., Sacks, P., Schantz, S., Liu, F., Zhadin, N., Alfano, R.R., 1997. Second-harmonic tomography of tissues. Optics Letters 22, 1323-1325.

Guo, Y., Ho, P.P., Tirksliunas, A., Liu, F., Alfano, R.R., 1996. Optical harmonic generation from animal tissues by the use of picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses. Applied Optics 35, 6810-6813.

Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, S. Lawrence Zipursky, Paul Matsudaira, David

Baltimore, JamesDarnell, 2002, Molecular Cell Biology, Fourth edition.

Hellwarth, R., Christiansen, P., 1974. Nonlinear optical microscopic examination of structure in polycrystalline ZnSe. Optics Communications 12, 318-322.

Janz, S., Pedersen, K., van Driel, H.M., 1991. Dispersion and anisotropy of the optical second-harmonic response of single-crystal Al surfaces. Physical Review B 44, 3943-3946.

Jentsch, T., Jupner, H.J., Ashworth, S.H., Elsaesser, T., 1996. Second-order nonlinearities of polycrystalline molecular films studied on a 20-fs time scale.

Optics Letters 21, 492-494.

Lewis, A., Khatchatouriants, A., Treinin, M., Chen, Z., Peleg, G., Friedman, N., Bouevitch, O., Rothman, Z., Loew, L. Sheres, M., 1999. Second-harmonic generation of biological interfaces: probing the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin and imaging membrane potential around GFP molecules at specific sites in neuronal cells of C. elegans. Chemical Physics 245, 133-144.

Miles CA, Burjanadez TV, Bailey AJ., 1995, The kinetics of the thermal denaturation of collagen in unrestrained rat tail tendon determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal Mol Biol 245, 437–46.

Moustaizis, S.D., Papadogiannis, N.A., Fotakis, C., Farkas, G., Toth, C., 1995.

Generation and tuning of second-harmonic radiation produced by ultrashort dye laser pulses from a gold surface. Applied Physics Letters 67, 3239-3242.

Rochdi A, Foucat L, Renou JP., 1999, Effect of thermal denaturation on water collagen interactions: NMR relaxation and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Biopolymers 50, 690–696.

Shnyrov VL, Lubsandirzhieva VC, Zhadan GG, Permyakov EA., 1992, Multi-stage nature of the thermal denaturation process in collagen. Biochem Int 26, 211–17.

Theodossiou T., Rapti G.S., Hovhannisyan V., Georgiou E., Politopoulos K., D. Yova, 2002, Thermally induced irreversible conformational changes in collagen probed by optical second harmonic generation and laser-induced fluorescence. Lasers Med Sci 17, 34-41.

Tiktopulo EI, Kajava AV.,1998, Denaturation of type I collagen fibrils is an

endothermic process accompanied by a noticeable change in the partial heat capacity. Biochemistry 37, 8147–52.

Vydra, J., Eich, M., 1998. Mapping of the lateral polar orientation distribution in second-order nonlinear thin films by scanning second-harmonic microscopy.

Applied Physics Letters 72, 275-277.

相關文件