77
未來研究方向
在這項研究中，克里蒙納名琴的楓木和雲杉以多種的分析方法進行了研究，並 證實了與現代及自然老化的木材有所不同。然而，仍有一些方面需要更多的研究來 證實，像是自然老化、化學處理和振動性質彼此複雜關係然需要更詳細的研究；另 外，其他分析方法，包括近紅外光譜和拉曼光譜將用於更進一步分析木材的特性；
對於纖維素微纖維的排列及截面積的變化也將藉由同步輻射中心 23a 的光束線進 行 X 光小角度散射來闡明。如果有更多的證據表明化學處理可以顯著影響木材的 振動及聲學特性，它可能可以激發現代製琴師嘗試新的木材處理工序進而再現出 克里蒙納名琴的音色；另外迄今建立的木材分析方法及經驗也將有助於研究歷經 了千年老化的中國古琴木材的變化，將能對木材老化的過程有更多的了解。
附錄
圖 S-1 現代雲杉及平均後的 multiCP NMR 光譜
79
圖 S-2 古建築及現代雲杉平均的 multiCP NMR 光譜
圖 S-3 現代雲杉（SM1）的繞射圖譜
圖 S-4 現代雲杉（SM2）的繞射圖譜
81
圖 S-5 現代雲杉（SM3）的繞射圖譜
圖 S-6 現代雲杉（SM4）的繞射圖譜
圖 S-7 現代雲杉（SM5）的繞射圖譜
圖 S-8 古建築雲杉 1704（SO1-1）的繞射圖譜
83
圖 S-9 古建築雲杉 1704（SO1-2）的繞射圖譜
圖 S-10 古建築雲杉 1708（SO2-1）的繞射圖譜
圖 S-11 古建築雲杉 1708（SO2-2）的繞射圖譜
圖 S-12 古建築雲杉 1719（SO3）的繞射圖譜
85
圖 S-13 阿瑪蒂雲杉 1619（SC1）的繞射圖譜
圖 S-14 史特拉底瓦里雲杉 1701（SC2）的繞射圖譜
圖 S-15 史特拉底瓦里雲杉 1709（SC3）的繞射圖譜
圖 S-16 史特拉底瓦里雲杉 1720（SC4）的繞射圖譜
87
圖 S-17 史特拉底瓦里雲杉 1730（SC5）的繞射圖譜
圖 S-18 瓜奈里雲杉 1740（SC6）的繞射圖譜
圖 S-19 現代雲杉的（200）X 光繞射峰
圖 S-20 歷史建築和現代雲杉的（200）X 光繞射峰
89
圖 S-21 現代雲杉的（004）X 光繞射峰
圖 S-22 歷史建築和現代雲杉的（004）X 光繞射峰
圖 S-23 現代雲杉及平均後的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
圖 S-24 古建築及現代雲杉平均的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
91
圖 S-25 現代楓木及平均後的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
圖 S-26 現代雲杉（SM2）重複量測的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
圖 S-27 現代雲杉（SM5）重複量測的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
圖 S-28 阿瑪蒂雲杉 1619（SC1）重複量測的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
93
圖 S-29 史特拉底瓦里雲杉 1709（SC3）重複量測的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
圖 S-30 瓜奈里雲杉 1740（SC6）重複量測的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
圖 S-31 現代楓木（MM1）重複量測的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
圖 S-32 現代楓木（MM3）重複量測的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
95
圖 S-33 阿瑪蒂楓木 1619（MC1）重複量測的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
圖 S-34 史特拉底瓦里楓木 1717（MC3）重複量測的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
圖 S-35 瓜奈里楓木 1741（MC6）重複量測的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
圖 S-36 克里蒙納名琴及加熱處理後現代雲杉的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
97
圖 S-37 克里蒙納名琴及加熱處理後現代楓木的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
圖 S-38 克里蒙納名琴及光氧化後現代雲杉的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
圖 S-39 克里蒙納名琴及光氧化後現代楓木的 ATR-FTIR 光譜
99
表 S-2 現代及古建築雲杉的 ICP-MS 量測結果
101
表 S-4 現代楓木的 ICP-MS 量測結果
103
表 S-6 1575A 標準品的 ICP-MS 量測結果
105
表 S-8 人為處理楓木的 ICP-MS 量測結果
107
參考資料
1. Nagyvary, J., DiVerdi, J.A., Owen, N.L., & Tolley, H.D.J.N. (2006). Wood used by Stradivari and Guarneri. Nature, 444, 565.
2. Nagyvary, J., Guillemette, R.N., & Spiegelman, C.H.J.P.o. (2009). Mineral preservatives in the wood of Stradivari and Guarneri. PLoS ONE, 4, e4245.
3. Schwarze, F.W., Spycher, M., & Fink, S.J.N.P. (2008). Superior wood for violins–
wood decay fungi as a substitute for cold climate. New Phytol., 179, 1095-1104.
4. Doring, E.N., Bein, R., & Fushi, G. (1999). How Many Strads?: Our Heritage from the Master. Chicago: Bein & Fushi.
5. Hill, W. H., Hill, A. F. & Hill, A. E. (1963) Antonio Stradivari: His Life and Work (1644-1737) (2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
6. Wali, K.C. (2010). Cremona violins: A physicist's quest for the secrets of Stradivari. Singapore: World Scientific.
7. Tai, H.-C., & Chung, D.-T. (2012). Stradivari violins exhibit formant frequencies resembling vowels produced by females. Savart Journal, 1(2), 1-14.
8. Nagyvary, J. (1988). The chemistry of a Stradivarius. Chem. Eng. News, 66, 24-31.
9. Barlow, C., & Woodhouse, J. (1990). Bordered pits in spruce from old Italian violins. J. Microsc., 160, 203-211.
10. Boyden, D.D., Schwarz, B., Woodward, A.M., Marx, K., & Slatford, R. (1989).
The Violin Family. London: Pan Macmillan.
11. Hutchins, C.M. (1981). The acoustics of violin plates, Scientific American 245(4), 170–186.
12. Grissino-Mayer, H.D., Sheppard, P.R., & Cleaveland, M.K. (2004). A dendroarchaeological re-examination of the “Messiah” violin and other instruments attributed to Antonio Stradivari. J. Archaeol. Sci., 31, 167-174.
13. Burckle, L., & Grissino-Mayer, H.D. (2003). Stradivari, violins, tree rings, and the Maunder Minimum: a hypothesis. Dendrochronologia, 21, 41-45.
14. Stoel, B.C., & Borman, T.M. (2008). A comparison of wood density between classical Cremonese and modern violins. PLoS ONE, 3, e2554.
15. Stoel, B.C., Borman, T.M., & de Jongh, R.J. (2012). Wood densitometry in 17th and 18th century Dutch, German, Austrian and French violins, compared to classical Cremonese and modern violins. PLoS ONE, 7, e46629.
16. Faber, T. (2011). Stradivarius: Five violins, one cello and a genius. London: Pan Macmillan.
17. Tai, H. (2007). Stradivari's Varnish: A Review of Scientific Findings, Part 1. J.
Violin Soc. Am.: VSA Papers, 21, 119-144.
18. Tai, H. (2009). Stradivari's Varnish: A Review of Scientific Findings, Part 2. J.
Violin Soc. Am.:VSA Papers, 22, 60-90.
19. Sacconi S.F. (1979). The Secrets of Stradivari, trans Dipper A, Rivaroli C.
Cremona: Libreria del Convegno.
20. Barlow, C.Y., Edwards, P.P., Millward, G.R., Raphael, R., & Rubio, D.J. (1988).
Wood treatment used in Cremonese instruments. Nature, 332, 313-313.
21. Schwanninger, M., Rodrigues, J., Pereira, H., & Hinterstoisser, B. (2004). Effects of short-time vibratory ball milling on the shape of FT-IR spectra of wood and cellulose. Vib. Spectrosc., 36(1), 23-40.
109
22. Mukhopadhyay, R. (2007). How Stradivari and Guarneri got their music. Anal.
Chem., 79, 819-820.
23. Schwarze, F., Lonsdale, D., & Mattheck, C. (1995). Detectability of wood decay caused by Ustulina deusta in comparison with other tree‐decay fungi. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 25, 327-341.
24. Postek, M.T., Vladár, A., Dagata, J., Farkas, N., Ming, B., Wagner, R., Raman, A., Moon, R.J., Sabo, R., Wegner, T.H., et al. (2010). Development of the metrology and imaging of cellulose nanocrystals. Meas. Sci. Technol., 22, 024005.
25. Nilsson, T., & Rowell, R. (2012). Historical wood–structure and properties. J.Cult.
Herit., 13, S5-S9.
26. Gibson, L.J. (2012). The hierarchical structure and mechanics of plant materials.
J. R. Soc. Interface, 9, 2749-2766.
27. Kránitz, K. (2014). Effect of natural aging on wood. (Doctoral dissertation, ETH-Zurich, 2014). ETH Zurich Research Collection, 21661.
28. Mohan, D., Pittman Jr, C.U., & Steele, P.H., (2006). Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review. Energy Fuels, 20, 848-889.
29. 李國乾 (2018)。 史特拉底瓦里小提琴木材性質的化學研究(博士論文，台灣 大學，2018)。台灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。
30. Gil, A., & Neto, C.P. (1999). Solid-state NMR studies of wood and other lignocellulosic materials. Annu. rep. NMR spectrosc., 37, 75-117.
31. Pettersen, R.C. (1984). The chemical composition of wood. Vol 207. (pp. 57-126).
Madison, Wisconsin: American Chemical Society.
32. Brandt, A., Gräsvik, J., Hallett, J.P., & Welton, T. (2013). Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids. Green Chem., 15, 550-583.
33. Barnett, J.R., & Bonham, V.A.J.B.r. (2004). Cellulose microfibril angle in the cell wall of wood fibres. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc., 79(2), 461-472.
34. Moon, R.J., Martini, A., Nairn, J., Simonsen, J., & Youngblood, J. (2011).
Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites. Chem.
Soc. Rev., 40, 3941-3994.
35. Fernandes, A.N., Thomas, L.H., Altaner, C.M., Callow, P., Forsyth, V.T., Apperley, D.C., Kennedy, C.J., & Jarvis, M.C. (2011). Nanostructure of cellulose microfibrils in spruce wood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108, E1195-E1203.
36. Okano, T., & Koyanagi, A. (1986). Structural variation of native cellulose related to its source. Biopolymers, 25, 851-861.
37. Kim, S.H., Lee, C.M., & Kafle, K. (2013). Characterization of crystalline cellulose in biomass: Basic principles, applications, and limitations of XRD, NMR, IR, Raman, and SFG. Korean J. Chem. Eng., 30, 2127-2141.
38. Yoshiharu, N., Shigenori, K., Masahisa, W., & Takeshi, O.J.M. (1997). Cellulose microcrystal film of high uniaxial orientation. Macromolecules, 30, 6395-6397.
39. Chandrasekaran, R. (1997). Molecular architecture of polysaccharide helices in oriented fibers. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 52, 311-439.
40. Thygesen, A., Oddershede, J., Lilholt, H., Thomsen, A.B., & Ståhl, K. (2005). On the determination of crystallinity and cellulose content in plant fibres. Cellulose, 12, 563.
111
41. Apperley, D.C., Harris, R.K., & Hodgkinson, P. (2012). Solid-state NMR: Basic principles and practice. New York: Momentum Press.
42. Kono, H., Yunoki, S., Shikano, T., Fujiwara, M., Erata, T., & Takai, M. (2002).
CP/MAS 13C NMR study of cellulose and cellulose derivatives. 1. Complete assignment of the CP/MAS 13C NMR spectrum of the native cellulose. J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 124, 7506-7511.
43. Wikberg, H. (2005). Advanced solid state NMR spectroscopic techniques in the study of thermally modified wood. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Helsinki, 2005). E-thesis / Helsingin yliopisto.
44. Park, S., Baker, J.O., Himmel, M.E., Parilla, P.A., & Johnson, D.K. (2010).
Cellulose crystallinity index: measurement techniques and their impact on interpreting cellulase performance. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 3, 10.
45. Haw, J.F., Maciel, G.E., & Schroeder, H.A. (1984). Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometric study of wood and wood pulping with cross polarization and magic-angle spinning. Anal. Chem., 56, 1323-1329.
46. Teeäär, R., Serimaa, R., & Paakkarl, T.J. (1987). Crystallinity of cellulose, as determined by CP/MAS NMR and XRD methods. Polym. Bull. (Berl.), 17, 231-237.
47. Love, G., Snape, C., & Jarvis, M. (1992). Determination of the aromatic lignin content in oak wood by quantitative solid state 13C‐NMR. Biopolymers, 32, 1187-1192.
48. Renard, C.M., & Jarvis, M.C.(1999). A cross-polarization, magic-angle-spinning, 13C-nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of polysaccharides in sugar beet cell walls.
Plant Physiol., 119, 1315-1322.
49. Johnson, R.L., & Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2014). Quantitative solid-state 13C NMR with signal enhancement by multiple cross polarization. J. Magn. Reson., 239, 44-49.
50. Scheller, H.V., & Ulvskov, P. (2010). Hemicelluloses. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 61, 262-289.
51. Fengel, D., & Wegener, G. (2011). Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions.
New York: Walter de Gruyter.
52. Sjöström, E. (1993). Wood chemistry: fundamentals and applications. San Diego:
Gulf Professional Publishing.
53. Zhou, X., Li, W., Mabon, R., & Broadbelt, L.J. (2017). A critical review on hemicellulose pyrolysis. Energy Technol. (Weinh.), 5, 52-79.
54. Zavarin, E., Cool, L.G., & Jones, S.J. (1991). Analysis of solid wood surfaces by internal reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-IRS). J. Wood Chem. Tech., 11, 41-56.
55. Bootten, T.J., Harris, P.J., Melton, L.D., & Newman, R.H. (2011). Using solid-state 13 C NMR spectroscopy to study the molecular organisation of primary plant cell walls. Methods Mol. Biol., 715, 179-196.
56. Newman, R.H., Davies, L.M., & Harris, P.J. (1996). Solid-State 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization of Cellulose in the Cell Walls of Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves. Plant Physiol., 111, 475-485.
113
57. Özgenç, Ö., Durmaz, S., Boyaci, I.H., & Eksi-Kocak, H. (2017). Determination of chemical changes in heat-treated wood using ATR-FTIR and FT Raman spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta. A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 171, 395-400.
58. Pandey, K.K. (1999). A study of chemical structure of soft and hardwood and wood polymers by FTIR spectroscopy. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Symp., 71, 1969-1975.
59. Hobro, A.J., Kuligowski, J., Döll, M., & Lendl, B. (2010). Differentiation of walnut wood species and steam treatment using ATR-FTIR and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 398, 2713-2722.
60. Ganne-Chédeville, C., Jääskeläinen, A.-S., Froidevaux, J., Hughes, M., & Navi, P. (2012). Natural and artificial ageing of spruce wood as observed by FTIR-ATR and UVRR spectroscopy. Holzforschung, 66, 163-170.
61. Faix, O. (1991). Classification of lignins from different botanical origins by FT-IR spectroscopy. Holzforschung, 45, 21-28.
62. Faix, O. (1992). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. In Lin S.Y., Dence C.W.
(Eds.), Methods in Lignin Chemistry (pp.83-109). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
63. Pandey, K.K., & Pitman, A.J. (2003). FTIR studies of the changes in wood chemistry following decay by brown-rot and white-rot fungi. Int. Biodeterior.
Biodegradation, 52, 151-160.
64. Müller, G.S. (2008). FTIR-ATR spectroscopic and FTIR-FPA microscopic investigations on panel board production processes using Grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). (Doctoral dissertation, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 2008) Dissertationen der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen.
65. Reale, S., Di Tullio, A., Spreti, N., & De Angelis, F. (2004). Mass spectrometry in the biosynthetic and structural investigation of lignins. Mass Spectrom. Rev., 23, 87-126.
66. Pandey, M.P., & Kim, C.S. (2011). Lignin depolymerization and conversion: a review of thermochemical methods. Chem. Eng. Technol., 34, 29-41.
67. Dorrestijn, E., Laarhoven, L.J., Arends, I.W., & Mulder, P. (2000). The occurrence and reactivity of phenoxyl linkages in lignin and low rank coal. J. Anal. Appl.
Pyrolysis, 54, 153-192.
68. McDonough, T.J. (1993). The chemistry of organosolv delignification. Tappi J., 76(8), 186-193.
69. Mackey, E.A., Becker, D.A., Oflaz, R.D., Greenberg, R.R., Lindstrom, R.M., Lee, L.Y., Wood, L.J., Long, S.E., Kelly, W.R., & Mann, J.L. (2004). Certification of NIST standard reference material 1575a pine needles and results of an international laboratory comparison. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., 260-156.
70. BRUKER OPTIK GmbH. (2006). OPUS Spectroscopy Software User Manual QUANT (6th ed.).
71. Pizzo, B., Pecoraro, E., Alves, A., Macchioni, N., & Rodrigues, J.C. (2015).
Quantitative evaluation by attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy of the chemical composition of decayed wood preserved in waterlogged conditions. Talanta, 131, 14-20.
72. Kong, F., Engler, C.R., & Soltes, E.J.J.A.b. (1992). Effects of cell-wall acetate, xylan backbone, and lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis of aspen wood. Appl.
Biochem. Biotechnol., 34, 23-35.
115
73. Zanuttini, M., Marzocchi, V., Citroni, M., & Mocchiutti, P. (2003). Alkali impregnation of hardwoods. Part I: Moderate treatment of poplar wood. JPPS, 29, 313-317.
74. Zanuttini, M., Marzocchi, V., Mocchiutti, P., & Inalbon, M. (2005). Deacetylation consequences in pulping processes. Holz Roh Werkst, 63, 149-153.
75. Popescu, C.-M., Dobele, G., Rossinskaja, G., Dizhbite, T., & Vasile, C. (2007).
Degradation of lime wood painting supports: evaluation of changes in the structure of aged lime wood by different physico-chemical methods. J. Anal. Appl.
Pyrolysis, 79, 71-77.
76. Delbecq, F., Wang, Y., Muralidhara, A., El Ouardi, K., Marlair, G., & Len, C.
(2018). Hydrolysis of hemicellulose and derivatives—A review of recent advances in the production of furfural. Front. Chem., 6, 146.
77. Tai, H.C., Li, G.C., Huang, S.J., Jhu, C.R., Chung, J.H., Wang, B.Y., Hsu, C.S., Brandmair, B., Chung, D.T., Chen, H.M., et al. (2017). Chemical distinctions between Stradivari’s maple and modern tonewood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 114, 27-32.
78. Bhardwaj, N.K., Dang, V.Q., & Nguyen, K.L. (2006). Determination of carboxyl content in high-yield kraft pulps using photoacoustic rapid-scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. Res., 78, 6818-6825.
79. Müller, U., Rätzsch, M., Schwanninger, M., Steiner, M., & Zöbl, H. (2003).
Yellowing and IR-changes of spruce wood as result of UV-irradiation. J.
Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol., 69, 97-105.
80. Richardson, B.A. (2003). Wood preservation (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
81. Fleurat-Lessard, P., Dédaldéchamp, F., Thibault, F., Béré, E., & Roblin, G. (2011).
Antifungal effects of iron sulfate on grapevine fungal pathogens. Sci. Hortic., 130, 517-523.
82. Siriwardana, H., Abeywickrama, K., Kannangara, S., & Jayawardena, B. (2017).
Control of Postharvest Crown Rot Disease in Cavendish Banana with Aluminium Sulfate and Vacuum Packaging. J. Agric. Sci. (Belihuloya), 12.
83. Rowe, J.W. (1979). Extractives in eastern hardwoods: a review. Gen. Tech. Rep.
USDA FPL-18., 1-67.
84. Bendtsen, B. (1966). Sorption and swelling characteristics of salt-treated wood.
US Forest Service Research Paper FPL-60, 1-44.
85. Nagyvary, J. (1978). The history and interpretation of chemical knowledge available to violin makers. J. Violin Soc. Am., 4, 147-176.
86. Wang, X., Wang, C., & Zhao, H. (2012). Errors in the Calculation of 27Al Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Chemical Shifts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 13, 15420-15446.
87. Zhao, Z., Xu, S., Hu, M.Y., Bao, X., Peden, C.H., & Hu, J. (2014). Investigation of Aluminum Site Changes of Dehydrated Zeolite H-Beta during a Rehydration Process by High-Field Solid-State NMR. J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 1410-1417.
88. Haouas, M., Taulelle, F., & Martineau, C. (2016). Recent advances in application of 27Al NMR spectroscopy to materials science. Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson.
Spectrosc., 94, 11-36.
89. Kránitz, K., Sonderegger, W., Bues, C.-T., & Niemz, P. (2016). Effects of aging on wood: a literature review. WoodSci. Tech., 50, 7-22.
117
90. Balakshin, M., Capanema, E., Gracz, H., Chang, H.-m., & Jameel, H. (2011).
Quantification of lignin–carbohydrate linkages with high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Planta, 233, 1097-1110.
91. Esteves, B., Velez Marques, A., Domingos, I., & Pereira, H. (2013). Chemical changes of heat treated pine and eucalypt wood monitored by FTIR. Maderas.
Ciencia y tecnología, 15(2), 245-258.
92. Li, J., Li, B., & Zhang, X. (2002). Comparative studies of thermal degradation between larch lignin and manchurian ash lignin. Polymer degradation and stability.
Polym. Degrad. Stab., 78, 279-285.