• 沒有找到結果。

本研究之目的主要在探討活性助銲劑對鎳基超合金 Inconel 718 銲道熔 深之影響,以自行調配單一與混合型之活性助銲劑,進行一系列之實驗來 探討活銲劑對銲道形態、銲道微觀組織及銲道機械性質之影響,並以田口 方法來最佳化銲接參數,以獲得最佳之銲道深寬比與熔深,根據第四章之 實驗結果與討論,可獲得以下之結論:

1. 使用甲醇溶劑當做助銲劑的載體,改善了傳統用丙酮溶劑當載體所造成 之塗敷均勻性不佳之問題。因甲醇極性較大,故能將助銲劑粉末均勻地 分散到銲道表面上。

2. 當添加單一型之活性助銲劑 SiO2、NiO、MoS2與 MoO3時,可成功改善 銲道之深寬比,在 170 A 的銲接電流下,銲道之深寬比提升比例可達 57%~125%,其中以活性助銲劑 SiO2能提升銲道深寬比 125% 最為顯 著,其次為 NiO 的 96%與 MoS2 的 77%;此外,銲道熔深也可增加 15%~63%,其中以活性助銲劑 SiO2能提升銲道熔深 63% 最為顯著,

其次為 NiO 的 50%與 MoS2的 32%。

3. 當 添 加 混 合 型之 活性 助 銲 劑 SiO2-MoO3、 SiO2-NiO、 MoO3-NiO 與 SiO2-MoS2時,在 170 A 的銲接電流下,銲道之深寬比可提升 84%~123%

,其中以活性助銲劑 SiO2-MoO3可提升銲道深寬比 123%最為顯著,其 次為 SiO2-NiO 與 MoO3-NiO 的 106%;此外,銲道熔深也可增加 31%~63%,其中以活性助銲劑 SiO2-MoO3能提升銲道熔深 63%最為顯 著,其次為 SiO2-NiO 的 56%與 MoO3-NiO 的 51%。

4. 在 TIG-Flux 銲接過程中,可明顯發現陽極斑點產生緊縮現象。使用助 銲劑 SiO2-MoO3時,其陽極斑點縮減的比例最大,達 53.0%。陽極斑點 緊縮會造成電流密度提高,故能增加銲道深寬比及熔深。而造成陽極斑 點緊縮之原因更可能是因氧化型助銲劑的效用為在熔池的外圍區域增 加一層高電子阻抗區,在陽極的表面形成絕緣層,故造成陽極斑點緊縮 之現象。此外,因微量活性元素 Si 及 S 等,能使熔池的表面張力梯度 由負轉正,由於表面張力梯度造成熱毛細對流,使靠近熔池邊緣表面張 力及溫度皆較低的液態金屬,被靠近熔池中央表面張力及溫度皆較高的 液態金屬往內拉,因此造成銲道熔深增加,而使深寬比提高。

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5. 銲接電流的增加,會導致熱輸入量變大,故會直接使銲道熔融面積變大

。增加 40 A 的電流大約可使銲道熔融面積增加 41%,但過大的電流對 銲道深寬比及熔深的增加並無助益。所測詴的活性助銲劑中,僅 SiO2

、NiO 及 MoO3能少量的提升銲道熔融面積 5%~8%。

6. 田口方法中之 A 因子(電弧長度)的 F 值為 14.17,大於 F0.95;1,6=5.99;E 因子(鎢棒角度)及 F 因子(助銲劑混合比例)的 F 值分別為 25.28 及 7.29

,皆大於 F0.95;2,6=5.14,故因子 A、E、F 改善銲道深寬比的效果相當大

,其中以 E 因子(鎢棒角度)的貢獻百分比 53.18%最大。這是因為電極尖 端角度較大時,電磁力往下的分量減小了,造成陽極斑點的結構較為緊 縮,故功率密度的分佈也較為集中,所以銲道的深寬比及熔深也隨之增 加。

7. 運用田口方法來最佳化銲接製程參數,可大幅改善銲道深寬比及熔深。

田口確認實驗組之平均銲道深寬比為 1.11,相較於未塗助銲劑之對照組

, 其 銲 道 深 寬 比 提 升 的 比 例 達 284% ; 對 照 於 運 用 混 合 型 助 銲 劑 SiO2-MoO3之銲道深寬比,運用田口方法最佳參數後,可再改善銲道深 寬比達 72%;田口確認實驗組之平均銲道熔深為 6.18 mm,相較於未塗 助銲劑之對照組,其銲道熔深提升的比例達 135%;對照於混合型助銲 劑 SiO2-MoO3之銲道熔深,運用田口方法最佳參數後,可再改善銲道熔 深 44%。

8. 田口確認實驗之 SN 比分別為 1.22 與 0.36,皆落在 95%信賴區間 -1.61~1.32 dB 之範圍內,表示我們所選取的最佳銲接參數 A1B2C3D2E3F2

,即電弧長度 2.0 mm、銲槍走速 160 mm、氰氣流量 14 ℓ/min、銲接電 流 180 A、鎢棒角度 75°及助銲劑 SiO2:MoO3混合比例 50%:50%,是 恰當的,且其再現性良好。

9. 本次實驗中所測詴的助銲劑,其銲道線內的硬度平均值皆大於銲件硬度 總平均值;且銲件硬度總平均值又大於銲道線外的硬度平均值,這是因 為銲道中 Laves 偏析相為較硬之脆性相,而基地為較軟之等軸晶粒所造 成之現象;而在靠近銲道熔融線附近,因晶粒粗化之故,更硬度下降之 情形。

10. 在使用不同助劑的情形下,銲件除了銲道中以樹枝狀晶結構為主,而熱 影響區中更明顯晶粒粗大的共同現象外,因銲件並無經過銲後熱處理,

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故未產生顯著的微觀結構變化。所以銲件之微觀結構並不因使用不同的 助銲劑而更顯著的差異,即使因使用不同助銲劑而使熱影響區晶粒大小 略更不同,但以硬度測詴值來看,其差異性並不大,約在 10~20 Hv 之 間。田口確認實驗之銲道中,樹枝狀晶結構之紋理分佈較水平,這是因 為銲道深寬比較大、較為垂直之故;此外,田口確認實驗之銲件熱影響 區範圍及晶粒皆較其它塗敷助銲劑的組別為大,這可能是因為銲接電流 提高,使熱輸入量變大所造成。

11. 當 FB-TIG 的間隙值為 1.2 mm 時,其整體之深寬比為最高,平均深寬 比之值為 1.23,較運用田口方法確認實驗所得之深寬比 1.11 略高。因 FB-TIG 在銲道的中央間隙上未塗上電子阻抗性高的助銲劑,故銲道中 央的導電性較外側佳,提供良好的電子流動通道,故不需額外的能量來 熔化銲道間隙中央的助銲劑;而銲道外圍電子阻抗性佳的助銲劑,因尚 未被熔化,其對電子的阻抗性相對較高,能迫使陽極斑點集中,提高電 流的密度。故在此雙重效應下,會造成熔深及深寬比較一般的 TIG-Flux 高。

本研究提出下列建議,作為後續研究之參考:

1. 應用田口方法配合 FB-TIG 時,在適當的間隙寬度下,可再改善銲道深 寬比及熔深,故可將 FB-TIG 的間隙寬度列入田口方法的控制因子中,

以期達到最佳銲道形態。

2. 本研究在 Bead-on-plate 實驗中所獲得之最佳銲接參數,可應用於實際 718 超合金的對接上,或進行 718 超合金與異種金屬之銲接研究,並探 討助銲劑及最佳銲接參數,對 718 超合金高溫機械性質之影響。

3. 可利用實驗計劃法之混合型實驗(Mixture experiments),來調配 3 種以上 之混合型活性助銲劑,利用各種不同助銲劑之特性,來調配出最佳的助 銲劑配方,以期達到最佳之銲道形態、外觀與機械性質。

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