本研究利用培養嗜熱菌 Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株與嗜溫菌 Desulfovibrio gigas 進行代謝反應物的多重硫同位素測量，並配合硫酸鹽異化還 原的分化模型和質量流計算，探討溫度如何影響硫酸還原菌的生理代謝，並進而 影響硫同位素的分化程度。獲得下述結果：
1. Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株在 34 到 79 oC 的生長溫度範圍內 產生8.2 到 31.6 ‰ 之間的硫同位素分化；Desulfovibrio gigas 在 10 到 41 oC 的生長溫度範圍內產生10.3 到 29.7 ‰ 之間的硫同位素分化。兩菌株所產 生的同位素分化雖與一般硫酸還原菌可產生的分化大小無異，但與同屬菌株 相比則皆大於前人研究結果，顯然菌株種類的微小差異和培養的條件不同會 造成同位素分化程度的不同。
2. 溫度會影響微生物硫酸還原作用所產生的硫同位素分化程度，並且硫同位素 分化程度隨溫度的變化具有不同的趨勢。本研究中嗜溫菌 Desulfovibrio gigas 產生的硫同位素分化之最小分化出現在中間溫度培養，較大分化則出 現在最高溫與最低溫培養，嗜熱菌 Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近 株產生的硫同位素分化隨溫度則無特定變化趨勢。
3. 前人根據微生物硫酸還原作用的連串反應步驟模型所建立的多重硫同位素 分化網格，無法包絡本研究的多重硫同位素分析結果，顯然已建立的多重硫 同位素分化網格須被重新檢討。推測可加以修正的部分包括所使用的模型無 法充分描述細胞內部進行的新陳代謝過程，或是模型中所使用的分化係數有 一個或多個是不正確的，也有可能兩個問題皆存在。
69
參考文獻
Akagi, J., 1995, Respiratory sulfate reduction: Biotechnology Handbooks, v. 8, p.
89-89.
Berner, R.A., 1989, Biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur and their effect on atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time: Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 75, p. 97-122.
Bradley, A., Leavitt, W., and Johnston, D., 2011, Revisiting the dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway: Geobiology, v. 9, p. 446-457.
Brandt, K., Vester, F., Jensen, A., and Ingvorsen, K., 2001, Sulfate reduction dynamics and enumeration of sulfate-reducing bacteria in hypersaline sediments of the Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA): Microbial Ecology, v. 41, p. 1-11.
Brunner, B., Bernasconi, S.M., Kleikemper, J., and Schroth, M.H., 2005, A model for oxygen and sulfur fractionation in sulfate during bacterial sulfate reduction processes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, p. 4773-4785.
Canfield, D.E., 2001a, Biogeochemistry of sulfur isotopes: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 43, p. 607-636.
Canfield, D.E., 2001b, Isotope fractionation by natural populations of sulfate-reducing bacteria: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, p. 1117-1124.
Canfield, D.E., 2004, The evolution of the Earth surface sulfur reservoir: American Journal of Science, v. 304, p. 839-861.
Canfield, D.E., Olesen, C.A., and Cox, R.P., 2006, Temperature and its control of isotope fractionation by a sulfate-reducing bacterium: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 70, p. 548-561.
Canfield, D.E., and Teske, A., 1996, Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur-isotope studies: Nature, v. 382, p. 127-132.
Canfield, D.E., and Thamdrup, B., 1994, The production of 34S-depleted sulfide during bacterial disproportionation of elemental sulfur: Science, v. 266, p.
1973-1975.
Cypionka, H., 1995, Solute transport and cell energetics: Biotechnology Handbooks, v.
8, p. 151-184.
Detmers, J., Brüchert, V., Habicht, K.S., and Kuever, J., 2001, Diversity of sulfur isotope fractionations by sulfate-reducing prokaryotes: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 67, p. 888-894.
Farquhar, J., Canfield, D.E., Masterson, A., Bao, H., and Johnston, D., 2008, Sulfur and oxygen isotope study of sulfate reduction in experiments with natural
70
populations from Fællestrand, Denmark: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v.
72, p. 2805-2821.
Farquhar, J., Johnston, D.T., Wing, B.A., Habicht, K.S., Canfield, D.E., Airieau, S., and Thiemens, M.H., 2003, Multiple sulphur isotopic interpretations of biosynthetic pathways: implications for biological signatures in the sulphur isotope record: Geobiology, v. 1, p. 27-36.
Farquhar, J., and Wing, B.A., 2003, Multiple sulfur isotopes and the evolution of the atmosphere: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 213, p. 1-13.
Gall, J.L., 1963, A new species of Desulfovibrio: Journal of Bacteriology, v. 86, p.
1120.
Habicht, K.S., Gade, M., Thamdrup, B., Berg, P., and Canfield, D.E., 2002, Calibration of sulfate levels in the Archean ocean: Science, v. 298, p.
2372-2374.
Harrison, A., and Thode, H., 1958, Mechanism of the bacterial reduction of sulphate from isotope fractionation studies: Transactions of the Faraday Society, v. 54, p. 84-92.
Hoek, J., and Canfield, D.E., 2008, Controls on isotope fractionation during
dissimilatory sulfate reduction: Microbial sulfur metabolism. Springer, New York, p. 273-284.
Hoek, J., Reysenbach, A.L., Habicht, K.S., and Canfield, D.E., 2006, Effect of hydrogen limitation and temperature on the fractionation of sulfur isotopes by a deep-sea hydrothermal vent sulfate-reducing bacterium: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 70, p. 5831-5841.
Holland, M.M., Bitz, C.M., and Tremblay, B., 2006, Future abrupt reductions in the summer Arctic sea ice: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, L23503
Jørgensen, B., and Fenchel, T., 1974, The sulfur cycle of a marine sediment model system: Marine Biology, v. 24, p. 189-201.
Jørgensen, B.B., 1982, Mineralization of organic matter in the sea bed—the role of sulphate reduction: Nature, v. 296, p. 643-645.
Jørgensen, B.B., Isaksen, M.F., and Jannasch, H.W., 1992, Bacterial sulfate reduction above 100 oC in deep-sea hydrothermal vent sediments: Science, v. 258, p.
1756-1757.
Johnston, D.T., Farquhar, J., and Canfield, D.E., 2007, Sulfur isotope insights into microbial sulfate reduction: When microbes meet models: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 71, p. 3929-3947.
Johnston, D.T., Farquhar, J., Wing, B.A., Kaufman, A.J., Canfield, D.E., and Habicht, K.S., 2005, Multiple sulfur isotope fractionations in biological systems: a case study with sulfate reducers and sulfur disproportionators: American Journal of
71
Science, v. 305, p. 645-660.
Kaplan, I., and Rittenberg, S., 1964, Microbiological fractionation of sulphur isotopes:
Journal of General Microbiology, v. 34, p. 195-212.
Laanbroek, H.J., Abee, T., and Voogd, I.L., 1982, Alcohol conversion by
Desulfobulbus propionicus Lindhorst in the presence and absence of sulfate and hydrogen: Archives of Microbiology, v. 133, p. 178-184.
McCready, R., 1975, Sulphur isotope fractionation by Desulfovibrio and
Desulfotomaculum species: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 39, p.
1395-1401.
Mitchell, K., Heyer, A., Canfield, D.E., Hoek, J., and Habicht, K.S., 2009,
Temperature effect on the sulfur isotope fractionation during sulfate reduction by two strains of the hyperthermophilic Archaeoglobus fulgidus:
Environmental Microbiology, v. 11, p. 2998-3006.
Rabus, R., Hansen, T.A., and Widdel, F., 2006, Dissimilatory sulfate-and sulfur-reducing prokaryotes: The prokaryotes, v. 2, p. 659-768.
Rees, C.E., 1973, Steady-state model for sulfur isotope fractionation bacterial reduction processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 37(5), p.
1141-1162.
Rudnicki, M.D., Elderfield, H., and Spiro, B., 2001, Fractionation of sulfur isotopes during bacterial sulfate reduction in deep ocean sediments at elevated temperatures: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, p. 777-789.
Scherer, S., and Neuhaus, K., 2006, Life at low temperatures: The prokaryotes, v. 2, p.
210-262.
Shen, Y., Buick, R., and Canfield, D.E., 2001, Isotopic evidence for microbial sulphate reduction in the early Archaean era: Nature, v. 410, p. 77-81.
Sim, M.S., Bosak, T., and Ono, S., 2011, Large sulfur isotope fractionation does not require disproportionation: Science, v. 333, p. 74-77.
Sim, M.S., Ono, S., Donovan, K., Templer, S.P., and Bosak, T., 2011, Effect of electron donors on the fractionation of sulfur isotopes by a marine
Desulfovibrio sp: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 75, p. 4244-4259 Thode, H., Kleerekoper, H., and Mcelcheran, D., 1951, Isotope fractionation in the
bacterial reduction of sulphate: Research, v. 4, p. 581-582.
Thode, H., Monster, J., and Dunford, H., 1961, Sulphur isotope geochemistry:
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 25, p. 159-174.
Zeikus, J., Dawson, M., Thompson, T., Ingvorsen, K., and Hatchikian, E., 1983, Microbial ecology of volcanic sulphidogenesis: isolation and characterization of Thermodesulfobacterium commune gen. nov. and sp. nov: Journal of General Microbiology, v. 129, p. 1159-1169.
72
14.5 0.1499 1.7E+07 26.0±0.2 23.5 0.2866 3.1E+07 24.1±0.9 30.5 0.3915 4.1E+07 21.3±1.1 37.5 0.4492 4.7E+07 18.4±0.0 47.5 0.4808 5.3E+07 18.0±0.0 56.5 0.4354 4.8E+07 18.0±0.1 84.5 0.3854 4.3E+07 18.0±0.1 細胞濃度的誤差為±10％；同位素分析取樣時間為 30.5 小時73
Desulfovibrio gigas － 36oC 培養時間
(hrs)
光學吸光值 細胞濃度
(cells/ml)
硫酸鹽濃度 (mmol/L)
0 0.0253 4.8E+06 24.5±0.5 5 0.0284 5.1E+06 24.0±0.2 10 0.0748 1.2E+07 23.0±0.3 13 0.1772 2.7E+07 22.0±0.2 15 0.3290 5.5E+07 21.5±0.4 17 0.3480 5.7E+07 21.1±0.4 19 0.3660 5.9E+07 20.5±1.0 21 0.3710 5.9E+07 21.0±0.1 24 0.4090 6.3E+07 19.5±0.0 29.5 0.5090 7.3E+07 16.9±0.0 35.5 0.6630 8.9E+07 15.6±0.1 43.5 0.7760 9.9E+07 13.4±0.3 53.5 0.7970 1.0E+08 13.2±0.4 65.5 0.7550 9.8E+07 13.1±0.1 76.5 0.8280 1.1E+08 12.2±0.0 92 0.9240 1.1E+08 11.8±0.1 102.5 0.5880 8.1E+07 11.1±0.3 細胞濃度的誤差為±10％；同位素分析取樣時間為 24 小時
74
Desulfovibrio gigas － 33oC 培養時間
(hrs)
光學吸光值 細胞濃度
(cells/ml)
硫酸鹽濃度 (mmol/L)
0 0.0253 4.8E+06 24.4±0.2 5 0.0234 4.6E+06 24.5±0.8 10 0.0554 1.0E+07 23.2±0.1 13 0.1284 2.2E+07 22.9±0.0
15 0.2600 4.8E+07 22.6±0.1 17 0.2710 4.9E+07 22.1±0.1
19 0.3160 5.4E+07 22.7±1.1 21 0.2430 4.7E+07 21.3±0.0 25.5 0.3510 5.7E+07 20.5±0.2 29.5 0.4640 6.9E+07 18.8±0.1
35.5 0.5090 7.3E+07 17.4±0.1 43.5 0.7340 9.6E+07 15.4±0.0 53.5 0.7160 9.4E+07 14.4±0.0 65.5 0.7240 9.5E+07 14.4±0.1 76.5 0.8300 1.1E+08 14.2±0.2 92 0.9420 1.17E+08 14.0±0.3 102.5 0.5610 7.84E+07 14.2±0.5 細胞濃度的誤差為±10％；同位素分析取樣時間為 29.5 小時
75
Desulfovibrio gigas － 30oC 培養時間
(hrs)
光學吸光值 細胞濃度
(cells/ml)
硫酸鹽濃度 (mmol/L)
0 0.0253 4.8E+06 24.1±0.5 5 0.0241 4.6E+06 23.5±0.2 10 0.0500 9.5E+06 22.9±1.1 13 0.0968 1.9E+07 22.6±0.0
15 0.1780 4.0E+07 22.4±0.4 17 0.2020 4.3E+07 21.8±0.6 19 0.2400 4.6E+07 21.1±0.4 21 0.1720 4.0E+07 21.9±0.2 25.5 0.2690 4.9E+07 21.3±0.4 29.5 0.3580 5.8E+07 19.1±0.2 35.5 0.4220 6.5E+07 18.6±0.1 43.5 0.4800 7.0E+07 16.9±0.0
53.5 0.5850 8.1E+07 14.7±0.1 65.5 0.8080 1.0E+08 13.9±0.1 76.5 0.7650 9.9E+07 11.6±0.0 92 0.9880 1.2E+08 10.8±0.2 102.5 0.5760 8.0E+07 9.8±0.2 細胞濃度的誤差為±10％；同位素分析取樣時間為 29.5 小時
76
Desulfovibrio gigas － 27oC 培養時間
(hrs)
光學吸光值 細胞濃度
(cells/ml)
硫酸鹽濃度 (mmol/L) 0 0.0253 4.8E+06 24.4±0.5 5 0.0257 4.8E+06 24.2±0.3 10 0.0498 9.4E+06 23.4±0.1 13 0.0824 1.7E+07 23.6±0.1 15 0.1900 4.1E+07 23.1±0.2 17 0.2050 4.3E+07 22.8±0.1 19 0.1790 4.0E+07 23.8±1.1 21 0.1820 4.1E+07 22.7±0.2 25.5 0.2520 4.8E+07 21.8±0.3 29.5 0.3310 5.5E+07 21.4±0.3 35.5 0.3890 6.1E+07 20.8±0.1 43.5 0.4000 6.2E+07 18.9±0.7 53.5 0.5320 7.6E+07 18.3±0.2
65.5 － － 15.2±0.1
76.5 0.7490 9.7E+07 12.8±0.1
92 1.0290 1.3E+08 11.0±0.1 102.5 0.5980 8.2E+07 9.4±0.2
細胞濃度的誤差為±10％；同位素分析取樣時間為 29.5 小時
77
21.5 0.0812 1.7E+07 23.2±0.929 0.1348 2.2E+07 22.9±0.3 37 0.1470 3.7E+07 22.5±0.2 45 0.2830 5.1E+07 21.5±0.3 57 0.3430 5.7E+07 20.8±0.5
74 0.3860 6.1E+07 －
97.5 0.3780 6.0E+07 15.2±0.1
109 － － 14.5±0.0
120 － － 14.0±0.0
127 0.3140 5.4E+07 14.5±0.1 148.5 0.3380 5.6E+07 14.1±0.2 細胞濃度的誤差為±10％；同位素分析取樣時間為 74 小時
21.5 0.0432 1.3E+07 24.8±0.7 32 0.0900 1.8E+07 23.6±0.6 45 0.1396 2.3E+07 23.5±0.7 56 0.1600 3.8E+07 22.3±0.0 76 0.3080 5.3E+07 20.6±0.2 97.5 0.2950 5.2E+07 19.0±0.0
109 － － 18.0±0.1
120 － － 16.6±0.2
127 0.3030 5.3E+07 15.1±0.1 148.5 0.4820 7.1E+07 12.8±0.4 細胞濃度的誤差為±10％；同位素分析取樣時間為 76.5 小時
78
21.5 0.0576 1.5E+07 22.0±0.232 0.094 1.8E+07 22.5±0.1 148.5 0.276 5.0E+07 15.7±0.1
176 0.309 5.3E+07 －
79
130.5 0.0266 6.6E+07 28.3±0.1154 0.0362 7.9E+07 26.2±0.5 174.5 0.0387 8.2E+07 25.1±0.5
193 0.0369 8.0E+07 －
271.5 0.0340 7.6E+07 26.0±0.3 536.5 0.0613 1.1E+08 －
599 0.0676 1.2E+08 20.7±0.3 727 0.1500 2.3E+08 －
細胞濃度的誤差為±10％；同位素分析取樣時間為 536.5 小時 說明：硫酸鹽濃度測量為二重覆平均；〝－〞表示未測量或資料缺失。
80
附表二、T. commune 接近株在不同溫度下之細胞濃度與硫酸鹽濃度
變化
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 － 79oC 培養時間
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 － 77oC 培養時間
81
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 － 72oC 培養時間
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 － 68oC 培養時間
82
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 － 64oC 培養時間
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 － 60oC 培養時間
83
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 － 55oC 培養時間
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 － 51oC 培養時間
15.5 0.0228 4.8E+07 21.5±0.4 23 0.0276 6.3E+07 21.4±0.2 32.5 0.0465 1.2E+08 19.4±0.0
39 0.0612 1.6E+08 20.4±0.3 46.5 0.0864 2.2E+08 19.4±0.3 57.5 0.1128 3.0E+08 18.2±0.3 65.5 0.1272 3.4E+08 16.6±0.1 73.5 0.1772 4.5E+08 13.5±0.0 細胞濃度的誤差為±10％；同位素分析取樣時間為 39.5 小時
84
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 － 47oC 培養時間
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 － 45oC 培養時間 120.5 0.0167 3.0E+07 27.5±0.1 171.5 0.0193 3.8E+07 26.9±0.3 290 0.0226 4.8E+07 27.3±0.2
85
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 － 40oC 培養時間
120.5 0.0146 2.4E+07 27.5±0.1 171.5 0.0157 2.7E+07 27.8±0.0 377 0.0199 4.0E+07 26.8±0.3 574 0.0203 4.1E+07 28.0±0.0 762 0.0181 3.4E+07 28.5±0.5 957 0.0153 2.6E+07 27.9±0.1 1098 0.0232 5.0E+07 29.8±0.4 1361 0.0211 4.3E+07 28.3±0.2 細胞濃度的誤差為±10％；同位素分析取樣時間為 957 小時
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 － 35oC 培養時間
171.5 0.0135 2.1E+07 28.5±0.5 377 0.0191 3.7E+07 28.8±0.3 574 0.0170 3.1E+07 29.2±0.6 957 0.0170 3.1E+07 29.0±0.2 1098 0.0172 3.2E+07 27.6±0.4 1361 0.0168 3.0E+07 28.2±0.6 細胞濃度的誤差為±10％；同位素分析取樣時間為 1098 小時
說明：硫酸鹽濃度測量為二重覆平均；〝－〞表示未測量或資料缺失；
BDL 表示低於偵測極限。
86
附表三、兩菌株之細胞生長速率與硫酸還原速率
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株 溫度
Desulfovibrio gigas 溫度
87
附表四、兩菌株之硫同位素分析資料
Desulfovibrio gigas
溫度 (oC) δ33S δ33STo δ34S δ34STo
41 (a)8.06±0.02
(b)7.70±0.01 5.08±0.21 (a)15.75±0.02
(b)15.05±0.01 9.87±0.39 39 (a)8.35±0.01
(b)7.57±0.10 5.68±0.18 (a)16.35±0.01
(b)14.85±0.01 11.03±0.38 36 (a)7.31±0.02
(b)7.16±0.01 5.56±0.21 (a)14.28±0.02
(b)13.94±0.01 10.81±0.41 33 (a)7.27±0.02
(b)7.22±0.02 5.56±0.21 (a)14.15±0.01
(b)14.08±0.01 10.81±0.41 30 (a)6.38±0.01
(b)6.01±0.01 5.56±0.21 (a)12.40±0.01
(b)11.82±0.01 10.81±0.41 27 (a)6.54±0.01
(b)5.86±0.01 5.56±0.21 (a)12.73±0.00
(b)11.40±0.01 10.81±0.41 24 (a)7.27±0.01
(b) － 5.68±0.18 (a)14.17±0.01
(b)－ 11.03±0.38 21 (a)6.57±0.01
(b)7.51±0.01 5.68±0.18 (a)12.79±0.01
(b)14.66±0.00 11.03±0.38 19 (a)7.75±0.01
(b)7.98±0.00 5.68±0.18 (a)15.17±0.01
(b)15.60±0.01 11.03±0.38 16 (a)6.47±0.01
(b)6.34±0.01 5.08±0.21 (a)12.60±0.01
(b)12.32±0.00 9.87±0.39 13 (a)6.19±0.01
(b)6.58±0.02 5.08±0.21 (a)12.07±0.01
(b)12.80±0.01 9.87±0.39 10 (a)7.59±0.02
(b)7.41±0.00 5.08±0.21 (a)14.80±0.01
(b)14.43±0.01 9.87±0.39 說明：不同溫度培養之硫同位素組成 (δ33S 和 δ34S) 為四重複測量之平均，To 為同樣表示初始硫同位素組成的兩個樣本測量結果之平均。〝－〞表示未測量或 資料缺失。
88
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株
溫度 (oC) δ33S δ33STo δ34S δ34STo
79 (a)6.05±0.01
(b)7.00±0.00 5.57±0.11 (a)11.76±0.02
(b)13.64±0.01 10.82±0.23 77 (a)8.01±0.01
(b)7.97±0.01 5.96±0.26 (a)15.64±0.01
(b)15.57±0.00 11.61±0.52 72 (a)7.76±0.01
(b)7.13±0.01 5.96±0.26 (a)15.20±0.01
(b)13.88±0.01 11.61±0.52 68 (a)10.19±0.02
(b)－ 5.72±0.05 (a)19.89±0.00
(b) － 11.13±0.12 64 (a)9.20±0.01
(b) 8.34±0.02 5.72±0.05 (a)17.93±0.01
(b)16.24±0.01 11.13±0.12 60 (a)7.88±0.01
(b) 8.28±0.02 5.72±0.05 (a)15.35±0.01
(b)16.15±0.00 11.13±0.12 55 (a)8.11±0.02
(b)8.13±0.01 5.72±0.05 (a)15.80±0.01
(b)15.86±0.01 11.13±0.12 51 (a)6.38±0.01
(b)7.16±0.01 5.96±0.26 (a)12.42±0.01
(b)13.95±0.00 11.61±0.52 47 (a)7.03±0.01
(b)7.92±0.01 5.96±0.26 (a)13.64±0.01
(b)15.43±0.01 11.61±0.52 說明：不同溫度培養之硫同位素組成 (δ33S 和 δ34S) 為四重複測量之平均，To 為同樣表示初始硫同位素組成的兩個樣本測量結果之平均。〝－〞表示未測量或 資料缺失。
89
附表五、兩菌株之硫同位素分化計算結果
Desulfovibrio gigas
溫度 (oC) 33ε 34ε 33α 34α Δ33S
41 10.5±0.7 20.7±1.0 0.9895±0.0007 0.9793±0.0010 0.2488 ±0.0006 39 8.5±1.7 17.1±1.0 0.9915±0.0017 0.9829±0.0010 0.3179±0.0010 36 8.5±0.4 16.8±1.5 0.9915±0.0004 0.9832±0.0015 0.1437 ±0.0008 33 7.4±0.4 14.6±1.3 0.9926±0.0004 0.9854±0.0013 0.0991 ±0.0007 30 8.1±1.3 15.8±4.0 0.9919±0.0013 0.9842±0.0040 0.1204 ±0.0021 27 5.3±1.0 10.3±2.4 0.9947±0.0010 0.9897±0.0024 0.0508 ±0.0013 24 6.6±1.3 13.1±0.8 0.9934±0.0013 0.9869±0.0008 0.1157 ±0.0008 21 7.1±2.6 14.0±1.4 0.9929±0.0026 0.9860±0.0014 0.1483 ±0.0015 19 7.6±1.5 15.2±1.0 0.9924±0.0015 0.9848±0.0010 0.2415 ±0.0009 16 10.6±2.1 20.9±2.2 0.9894±0.0021 0.9791±0.0022 0.1848 ±0.0015 13 15.1±3.0 29.7±3.2 0.9849±0.0030 0.9703±0.0032 0.3217 ±0.0022 10 12.6±1.1 24.8±1.5 0.9874±0.0011 0.9752±0.0015 0.2278 ±0.0009 說明：硫同位素分化計算為二重複測量之平均。
90
Thermodesulfobacterium commune 接近株
溫度 (oC) 33ε 34ε 33α 34α Δ33S 79 4.2±0.7 8.2±0.7 0.9958±0.0007 0.9918±0.0007 0.0735±0.0005 77 5.6±1.0 11.1±1.0 0.9944±0.0010 0.9889±0.0010 0.0848±0.0007 72 5.5±0.3 10.9±1.4 0.9945±0.0003 0.9891±0.0014 0.1085±0.0007 68 16.1±0.2 31.6±0.4 0.9839±0.0002 0.9684±0.0004 0.2916±0.0002 64 8.4±0.2 16.4±0.2 0.9916±0.0002 0.9836±0.0004 0.0920±0.0002 60 8.3±0.3 16.2±0.3 0.9917±0.0003 0.9838±0.0002 0.1037±0.0002 55 9.7±0.3 19.0±0.3 0.9903±0.0003 0.9811±0.0003 0.1413±0.0002 51 5.2±2.4 10.0±2.8 0.9948±0.0024 0.9900±0.0028 -0.0015±0.0018 47 5.5±1.3 10.7±1.3 0.9945±0.0013 0.9893±0.0013 0.0174±0.0009 說明：硫同位素分化計算為二重複測量之平均。