• 沒有找到結果。

一、 結論

本研究發現醫事放射師罹癌之相對風險雖比一般民眾高出

24%,但是並未達到統計學上之顯著意義;可能是因為近年來國內對 醫事放射師之輻射防護措施與規定,均已達到應有之水準與成效。但 是,在每十萬人年之整體癌症發生率計算結果中,卻發現醫事放射師 顯著高於一般民眾,顯示醫事放射師工作之職業罹癌風險仍然存在,

應持續予以關注。

女性醫事放射師的罹癌風險與男性放射師相比雖未達顯著差 異,但仍有相對較高(40%)之跡象。本研究發現執業放射師族群之年 齡分布,集中在女性罹癌風險高於男性之年齡區間(20~49 歲),也可 能是輻射暴露較易造成女性特定部位之癌症發生,如甲狀腺癌、乳 癌、卵巢癌等。另外,在罹癌者當中,放射師甲狀腺癌、肝癌、結腸 直腸癌、胃癌、卵巢癌、非何金森淋巴癌、膽囊癌及胰臟癌等,其發 生率均顯著高於一般民眾。尤其是非屬台灣 10 大癌症發生率的甲狀 腺癌,佔醫事放射師罹癌者 13.95%;而甲狀腺乃是許多文獻中指出 最容易受輻射影響之部位,這是值得重視之訊息。至於過去研究中指 出輻射暴露較容易引發之白血病,在本研究中並未有顯著情形發現。

此外,研究發現 B 型肝炎是造成醫事放射師罹患癌症之顯著危 險因子,其風險高達 4.82 倍。而慢性腎疾病、甲狀腺疾病、高血壓 及 C 型肝炎等,對於罹癌風險之影響雖未達顯著關係,但仍有 1.33~2.14 倍之風險趨勢。

在本研究之整體樣本分析中,發現多項疾病是罹癌之顯著風險因 素,包括慢性腎疾病、C 型肝炎、肺結核、甲狀腺疾病及 B 型肝炎,

51

這些族群分別有 1.55~3.44 倍之罹癌風險。

二、 建議

由分析結果得知醫事放射師罹癌之相對風險雖不顯著,但仍比一 般民眾高出 24%之風險;女性之罹癌風險亦高於男性,建議應介入臨 床工作流程進一步研究探討。

針對醫事放射師癌症種類發生率較高之部位,建議在執行醫學輻 射相關檢查時,應針對頸部及腹部之防護建立更完整之標準作業流 程,例如「鉛防護頸」及「包覆式鉛防護衣」之使用時機確實規範;

女性放射師更應加強甲狀腺、卵巢、乳房等定期防癌篩檢,及早預防 並降低罹癌風險。另外,有 B 型肝炎、C 型肝炎者、慢性腎疾病、甲 狀腺疾病、高血壓或是曾罹患肺結核者,應確實定期回診追蹤,並加 強預防保健及防癌之檢查項目。

三、 研究限制

由於本研究是以健保資料庫進行分析探討,屬於次級資料庫;僅 能以資料庫中病患之就醫資料推估其健康情形(共病症),投保金額亦 無法顯現其真實所得金額,投保地區亦可能並非其實際居住地區。過 去研究顯示生活型態(Life-style)是影響罹癌之風險因素,本研究之資 料庫中亦無法針對生活習慣、運動、抽菸、喝酒…健康促進及健康危 害因子等造成之影響納入評估分析。另外,在家族癌症病史之資料同 樣無法評估。

醫事放射師實際工作部門、工作時間、輻射暴露量(支援其他醫 院、工時延長、值班頻率、非輻射類工作…),並無法確實評估。首

次執業時間及實際執業年資,亦可能因執業登錄不確實或本人並非實 際於登錄之場所工作等因素,無法納入資料統計分析。而一般民眾雖 經配對並排除各類有執業登記之醫事人員,但無法得知是否於其他輻 射相關之場所工作(如核電廠、科技廠游離輻射作業員…等)。

53

參考文獻

英文文獻

Aoyama, T, Yoshinaga, S, Yamamoto, Y, Kato, H, Shimizu, Y, & Sugahara, T.(1998).

Mortality survey of Japanese radiological technologists during the period 1969-1993. Radiat Prot Dosim. 77(1-2),123-128

American cancer Society(2012). Radiation Exposure and Cancer. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/medicaltreatments/r adiation-exposure-and-cancer

Ahmedin, J., Strategic, Rebecca, S., Jiaquan, X., & Elizabeth, W.(2010). Cancer Statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 60(5), 277-300.

BRIR V(1990). Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation.

Nation Academy Press: Washington DC.

Berrington, A., Darby, S. C., Weiss, H. A., & Doll, R. (2001). 100 years of

observation on British radiologists: mortality from cancer and other causes 1897-1997. Br J Radiol, 74(882), 507-519.

Birkeland, S. A., Lokkegaard, H., & Storm, H.H. (2000). Cancer risk in patients on dialysis and after renal transplantation. Lancet, 355(9218), 1886-1887.

Cardis, E., Vrijheid, M., Blettner, M., Gilbert, E., Hakama, M., Hill, C., . . . Veress, K.

(2005). Risk of cancer after low doses of ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study in 15 countries. BMJ, 331(7508), 77.

Carstensen, J. M., Wingren, G., Hatschek, T., Fredriksson, M., Noorlind-Brage, H., &

Axelson, O. (1990). Occupational risks of thyroid cancer: data from the Swedish Cancer-Environment Register, 1961-1979. Am J Ind Med, 18(5), 535-540.

Cologne, J. B., Tokuoka, S, Beebe, G. W., Fukuhara, T, & Mabuchi, K.(1999). Effects of radiation on incidence of primary liver cancer among atomic bomb

survivors. Radiat Res, 152, 364-373.

Chen, C. J., Yu, M. W., & Liaw, Y. F. (1997). Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Gastroenterology and

Hepatology, 12(9-10), S294-S308.

Chuang, C. H., Lee, C. T., Tsai, T. L., Chen J. B., Hsu, K. T., Hsien, H. H.(2002).

Urological malignancy in chronic dialysis patients. Acta Nephrologica, 16(1), 19-24.

Doody, M. M., Mandel, J. S., Lubin, J. H., & Boice, J. D. (1998). Mortality among United States radiologic technologists, 1926-90. Cancer Causes Control, 9(1), 67-75.

Doody, M. M., Freedman, D. M., Alexander, B. H., Hauptmann, M., Miller, J. S., Rao,

R. S., . . . Linet, M. S. (2006). Breast cancer incidence in US radiologic technologists. Cancer, 106(12), 2707-2715.

Goldman, M. B. (1990). Thyroid diseases and breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev, 12, 16-28.

Huang, W. S., Kuo, S. W., Chen W. L., Wu, S. Y.(1996). Pathophysiological

considerations in the assessment of thyroid hormone metabolism. Ann Nucl Med Sci, 9,91-100.

James, L.T.(1995). Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection 2nd edition(pp.348-485). Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Mohan, A. K., Hauptmann, M., Freedman, D. M., Ron, E., Matanoski, G. M., Lubin, J.

H., . . . Linet, M. S. (2003). Cancer and other causes of mortality among radiologic technologists in the United States. International Journal of Cancer, 103(2), 259-267.

Pierce DA, Shimizu Y, Preston DL, Vaeth M, Mabuchi K.(1996) Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors, Report 14, 1950-2003: an overview of cancer and noncancer diseases. Radiat Res, 177(3), 229-243.

Penn I.(1998). Occurrence of cancers in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. Clin Transplant,147-158.

Rubin, P., & Casarett, G. W. (1968). Clinical radiation pathology as applied to curative radiotherapy. Cancer, 22(4), 767-778.

Rasmusson, B., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Hegedus, L., Perrild, H., Bech, K., &

Hoier-Madsen, M. (1987). Thyroid function in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol, 23(5), 553-556.

Ron, E., Curtis, R., Hoffman, D. A., & Flannery, J. T. (1984). Multiple primary breast and thyroid cancer. Br J Cancer, 49(1), 87-92.

Sheil , A. G. (1977). Cancer in renal allograft recipients in Australia and New Zealand.

Transplant Proc, 9(1), 1133-1136.

Sigurdson, A. J., Doody, M. M., Rao, R. S., Freedman, D. M., Alexander, B. H., Hauptmann, M., …Linet, M. S. (2003). Cancer incidence in the US radiologic technologists health study, 1983-1998. Cancer, 97(12), 3080-3089.

Suzuki, K., & Yamashita, S. (2012). Low-dose radiation exposure and carcinogenesis.

Jpn J Clin Oncol, 42(7), 563-568.

Schonfeld, S. J., Bhatti, P., Brown, E. E., Linet, M. S., Simon, S. L., Weinstock, R.

M., . . . Sigurdson, A. J. (2010). Polymorphisms in oxidative stress and inflammation pathway genes, low-dose ionizing radiation, and the risk of breast cancer among US radiologic technologists. Cancer Causes & Control, 21(11), 1857-1866.

Stengel, B. (2010). Chronic kidney disease and cancer: a troubling connection. J Nephrol, 23(3), 253-262.

Sharp, G. B., Mizuno, T., Cologne, J. B., Fukuhara, T., Fujiwara, S., Tokuoka, S., &

Mabuchi, K. (2003). Hepatocellular carcinoma among atomic bomb survivors:

significant interaction of radiation with hepatitis C virus infections. Int J Cancer, 103(4), 531-537.

Sont, W. N., Zielinski, J. M., Ashmore, J. P., Jiang, H., Krewski, D., Fair, M. E., . . . Letourneau, E. G. (2001). First analysis of cancer incidence and occupational

55

radiation exposure based on the National Dose Registry of Canada. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153(4), 309-318.

Shering, S. G., Zbar, A. P., Moriarty, M., McDermott, E. W., O'Higgins, N. J., &

Smyth, P. P. (1996). Thyroid disorders and breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev, 5(6), 504-506.

Thompson, D. E., Mabuchi, K., Ron, E., Soda, M., Tokunaga, M., Ochikubo, S., . . . et al. (1994). Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part II: Solid tumors, 1958-1987. Radiat Res, 137(2 Suppl), S17-67.

Turken, O., NarIn, Y., DemIrbas, S., Onde, M. E., Sayan, O., KandemIr, E. G., . . . Ozturk, A. (2003). Breast cancer in association with thyroid disorders. Breast Cancer Res, 5(5), R110-113.

Wang, J.X., Inskip, P.D.,Boic Jr, J.D., Li, B.X., Zhang, J.Y., Joseph F, Fraumeni, J.F.(1990). Cancer incidence among medical diagnostic X-ray workers in China, 1950 to 1985. International Journal of Cancer, 45(5), 889-895

Wang, J. X., Zhang, L. A., Li, B. X., Zhao, Y. C., Wang, Z. Q., Zhang, J. Y., Aoyama, T. (2002). Cancer incidence and risk estimation among medical x-ray workers in China, 1950-1995. Health Physics, 82(4), 455-466.

Weiderpass, E. (2010). Lifestyle and cancer risk. J Prev Med Public Health, 43(6), 459-471.

World nuclear association(2013). Retrieved from http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf05.html

Wong, G., Hayen, A., Chapman, J. R., Webster, A. C., Wang, J. J., Mitchell, P., &

Craig, J. C. (2009). Association of CKD and cancer risk in older people. J Am Soc Nephrol, 20(6), 1341-1350.

Yoshinaga, S., Aoyama, T., Yoshimoto, Y., & Sugahara, T. (1999). Cancer mortality among radiological technologists in Japan: updated analysis of follow-up data from 1969 to 1993. J Epidemiol, 9(2), 61-72.

Yoshinaga, S., Mabuchi, K., Sigurdson, A. J., Doody, M. M., & Ron, E. (2004).

Cancer risks among radiologists and radiologic technologists: Review of epidemiologic studies. Radiology, 233(2), 313-321.

Yu, M. W., You, S. L., Chang, A. S., Lu, S. N., Liaw, Y. F., & Chen, C. J. (1991).

Association between Hepatitis-C Virus-Antibodies and

Hepatocellular-Carcinoma in Taiwan. Cancer Research, 51(20), 5621-5625.

Yu, Y. H., Liao, C. C., Hsu, W. H., Chen, H. J., Liao, W. C., Muo, C. H., Sung, F.C., Chen, C. Y.(2011). Increased Lung Cancer Risk among Patients with

Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Population Cohort Study. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 6(1), 32-37.

Zabel, E. W., Alexander, B. H., Mongin, S. J., Doody, M. M., Sigurdson, A. J., Linet, M. S., . . . Ron, E. (2006). Thyroid cancer and employment as a radiologic technologist. International Journal of Cancer, 119(8), 1940-1945.

中文文獻

取自 https://this-portal.doh.gov.tw/portal/dt

行政院衛生署(2012a)。歷年特定醫療技術檢查檢驗醫療儀器使用人次。取自 http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_p01.aspx?class_no=25&now_fod_l ist_no=9009&level_no=2&doc_no=72372

醫事放射師法(2000 年 2 月 3 日)。取自

http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_p01.aspx?class_no=45&now_fod_l ist_no=853&level_no=3&doc_no=2319

行政院原子能委員會(2011)。全國輻射工作人員劑量資料統計年報。取自

57

翁寶山(2003)。臺灣輻射防護史話(頁 244-245)。台北:行政院原子能委員會。

財團法人肝病防治學術基金會(2011) 。肝癌是怎麼發生的。取自

楊易達(2007)。長期低劑量率游離輻射暴露人群健康風險追蹤調查研究(碩士

1-22 。取自 http://140.112.114.62/handle/246246/176519。

簡淑娥(1999)。醫療院所人員和環境劑量評估(碩士論文)。 取自

http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?docid=U0011-0707200 816033004

附錄1:1981~2010年台灣全癌症年齡別發生率

年齡 (歲) 發生年代

1981-1985 14.58 8.10 7.46 10.43 13.93 20.68 37.02 61.75 98.65 161.85 257.21 367.88 512.53 648.91 660.34 638.69 634.63 481.61 48,930 100.24 131.73 1986-1990 14.72 7.82 7.66 11.16 15.49 21.33 41.08 69.51 120.17 188.15 297.92 428.96 558.71 733.54 968.63 919.88 782.00 640.22 67,741 131.22 158.37 1991-1995 17.83 9.29 11.41 13.40 17.12 26.91 48.52 84.91 140.44 225.79 347.25 517.69 714.65 895.38 1163.47 1437.49 1167.96 833.74 97,461 180.16 199.19 1996-2000 18.90 9.39 11.38 16.44 18.93 31.49 61.45 107.95 183.65 282.22 434.63 666.57 930.58 1245.46 1529.28 1830.92 2099.60 1610.14 147,072 261.80 265.99 2001-2005 21.44 10.26 11.92 16.84 21.97 34.90 70.19 127.65 213.34 336.75 475.83 702.52 1028.08 1414.49 1818.00 2083.77 2265.70 2227.49 189,841 329.89 302.10 2006-2010 21.00 11.09 12.12 17.12 24.08 34.47 70.36 141.98 243.78 366.06 546.75 752.90 1063.81 1515.36 1976.62 2434.64 2580.73 2546.64 235,857 405.96 331.12 1981-1985 11.85 5.23 6.14 9.43 14.46 28.07 48.40 91.97 152.00 215.66 274.19 341.40 374.15 425.31 381.24 337.68 305.71 261.93 37,758 83.78 114.39 1986-1990 11.84 6.62 7.24 10.71 16.30 29.20 58.01 94.98 150.41 218.04 281.97 350.05 421.97 476.43 554.98 487.94 361.18 300.69 49,377 102.61 126.87 1991-1995 13.82 8.03 9.43 11.50 20.91 38.94 72.88 124.57 184.80 248.05 335.31 420.68 514.11 643.81 716.15 855.55 649.66 434.05 73,660 144.88 162.92 1996-2000 15.87 7.39 10.11 15.77 24.58 45.66 85.14 149.15 229.56 308.33 385.40 519.98 649.75 816.42 983.48 1136.92 1267.15 954.30 110,537 207.04 209.82 2001-2005 16.71 7.84 9.56 15.92 24.41 44.40 88.70 151.16 240.90 338.64 418.33 519.55 685.54 866.32 1071.41 1254.70 1412.98 1428.22 139,606 251.80 225.20 2006-2010 17.53 8.42 10.99 14.32 26.16 49.55 90.26 160.16 271.30 389.84 485.68 589.68 725.39 934.07 1124.88 1334.93 1554.12 1660.01 180,295 316.00 247.12 N:癌症個案數 CR:粗發生率(每十萬人口) ADJR:年齡標準化發生率(每十萬人口),使用2000年世界標準人口

自96年癌症登記報告起,淋巴瘤個案從各部位獨立出來計算發生率,並納入排名。

資料來源:台灣癌症登記中心,2013,http://tcr.cph.ntu.edu.tw/main.php?Page=A5B2

55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 85+ N CR ADJR

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 0

附錄2:1979~2010年台灣全癌症標準化發生率之長期趨勢(依性別)

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 N 7,413 9,030 9,272 8,624 9,881 10,234 10,919 11,322 13,615 13,041 15,630 14,133 17,196 18,811 19,609 20,395 21,450 24,617 26,691 29,712 32,275 33,777 34,599 36,705 36,590 40,885 41,062 43,334 45,378 46,287 49,966 50,892 CR 80.93 96.89 97.81 89.50 101.14 103.32 108.94 111.94 133.25 126.27 149.94 134.08 161.61 175.24 181.16 186.99 195.17 222.46 239.09 264.26 285.30 296.50 302.40 319.58 317.76 354.24 355.13 373.84 390.89 398.12 429.38 437.40 ADJR 106.48 127.34 130.09 118.28 133.79 134.35 139.51 140.15 161.98 150.95 178.96 157.50 185.67 196.96 200.21 203.09 208.67 233.61 247.42 269.10 284.25 290.65 290.00 300.38 291.48 316.71 310.96 319.36 326.76 325.02 342.68 340.66 N 5,565 6,516 6,713 6,677 7,922 7,967 8,479 8,218 9,793 9,650 11,355 10,361 13,001 14,399 14,893 15,284 16,083 18,520 20,500 22,265 24,108 25,144 25,625 26,456 26,767 30,075 30,683 32,272 33,926 35,486 38,854 39,757 CR 66.39 76.25 77.03 75.20 87.82 86.93 91.27 87.48 103.00 100.25 116.67 105.07 130.46 143.02 146.42 148.81 155.14 177.06 193.78 208.37 223.64 231.00 233.72 239.74 241.37 269.79 273.76 285.98 298.92 310.99 338.36 344.91 ADJR 93.79 106.74 107.74 103.46 121.11 117.10 120.92 112.46 129.68 124.18 140.66 125.97 152.91 163.74 164.84 164.24 167.83 187.58 201.35 211.43 221.34 223.83 220.62 220.71 216.12 235.02 232.43 236.15 240.19 243.47 258.01 256.23

台灣全癌症年齡標準化發生率之長期趨勢,依性別分,1979-2010年

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

附錄3:台灣甲狀腺癌年齡標準化發生率長期趨勢

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

N 35 48 61 83 63 82 78 77 95 78 89 114 135 196 201 185 181 202 196 238 224 291 273 367 312 356 377 422 437 427 546 571

CR 0.38 0.52 0.64 0.86 0.64 0.83 0.78 0.76 0.93 0.76 0.85 1.08 1.27 1.83 1.86 1.70 1.65 1.83 1.76 2.12 1.98 2.55 2.39 3.20 2.71 3.08 3.26 3.64 3.76 3.67 4.69 4.91

ADJR 0.46 0.61 0.90 1.10 0.76 0.94 0.91 0.87 1.05 0.87 0.99 1.20 1.27 1.94 1.97 1.73 1.67 1.83 1.75 2.04 1.92 2.42 2.27 2.98 2.49 2.77 2.87 3.21 3.23 3.09 3.90 4.02

N 117 178 161 170 202 226 281 243 314 288 354 343 476 597 667 593 630 704 775 902 1,004 978 1,012 1,097 1,012 1,200 1,179 1,273 1,445 1,548 1,859 1,838

CR 1.40 2.08 1.85 1.91 2.24 2.47 3.02 2.59 3.30 2.99 3.64 3.48 4.78 5.93 6.56 5.77 6.08 6.73 7.33 8.44 9.31 8.99 9.23 9.94 9.13 10.76 10.52 11.28 12.73 13.57 16.19 15.95

ADJR 1.73 2.64 2.34 2.32 2.66 2.85 3.53 2.91 3.66 3.29 3.88 3.69 4.96 6.00 6.62 5.79 6.03 6.61 7.06 8.04 8.68 8.31 8.46 8.99 8.10 9.40 9.12 9.58 10.69 11.26 13.26 12.91

N:新發癌症個案數 CR:粗發生率(每十萬人口) ADJR:年齡標準化發生率(每十萬人口),使用2000年世界標準人口

自96年癌症登記報告起,淋巴瘤個案從各部位獨立出來計算發生率,並納入排名。

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

附錄4 都市化程度分級表

附錄4 都市化程度分級表

附錄4 都市化程度分級表

相關文件