本研究主要欲探討都市貨運駕駛特性與影響油耗因素分析,討論該貨運業者不同的 操作、路線與駕駛特性,並利用一以速度為基礎建構的油耗模式討論不同操作環境、氣 候下的速度行為與油耗,並假設數個簡單情境簡述模式之應用性,方便貨運管理業者能 夠以加減速與不同速度分配教育駕駛員,減少燃油消耗。綜合前述各章節之討論,歸納 出以下之結論與建議。
7.1 結論
1. 在投遞的操作模式下,由於受到貨運投遞點需求頻繁,以及行駛路線多彎繞巷弄,
受行人與車輛干擾大,駕駛週期的型態多為加速過程緩慢,導致加速段的油耗表現 較支局與契戶型態來的好,但是這類週期的行駛周期都不長且無法如支局與契戶型 態較多時候能夠長時間保持中高速行駛,低速對於油耗也有較大的影響。
2. 雨天受地面潮濕摩擦力下降影響,對於油耗影響主要在車輛加速時。
3. 透過加減速與速度分配油耗模式呈現,單位距離下在加速度時的油耗量明顯大於其 他速度時候,表示車輛在一開始加速度時必須保持平穩,也就是避免重踩油門行為,
而且進入巡航階段後也要避免反覆降低速度又重新加速的行為。
4. 油耗模式中,各巡航速度區間係數顯示隨著速度提升行車燃油效率有逐漸提升的趨 勢,表示若車輛能夠維持中高速穩定行駛將對燃油效率有幫助,然而在都市地區多 為較短暫且速度不高的駕駛週期,因此駕駛責任區域內地非密集收投地區時能夠選 擇車流干擾與號誌影響較小的路段行駛,進入密集收投區域後應預期干擾增多速度 會降低,也應避免劇烈加減速。
5. 透過加減速與各階段速度的分配,駕駛者能夠很快又直觀的調整自己的行為模式,
對於業者在施行教育訓練下也能夠簡單的操作與實行,對於行車環境的選擇、排班 路線調度上能夠規劃讓駕駛在作業過程中能夠有較好的速度分配,達到較佳的油耗 表現。
68
7.2 建議
1. 本研究資料有 OBD II 讀取的數據與行車紀錄器畫面兩種資料,由於資料為各別記錄,
在時間軸上偶有些許誤差,在資料處理過程同一時間軸發生的事件必須手動對照數 據與畫面,建議未來能以資料庫形式同步處理行車影像資料、車輛運行數據,建立 在相同時間軸基準點上,提供即時同步行車資料。
2. 本研究在同一作業型態下的駕駛者資訊僅收集一位,並盡量將駕駛者間的差異消弭,
後續研究可以增加收集的駕駛者樣本,研究不同類型駕駛者特性與操作型態間是否 存在特殊關係以及對油耗的影響。
3. 本研究僅使用加減速與各速度區間距離作為油耗模式的變數,駕駛踏板位置、檔位 變化時機與引擎關係並未討論,未來能夠加強這部分與速度結合,以利更完整的油 耗作動機制表現模式建構。
4. 由於郵政公司在收投作業過程時,並無記錄當下貨物重量的機制,因此在本研究中 無法得知整個過程整體貨物重量變化作為可能影響油耗的變因,或許在研究中使用 的小型車輛能裝載貨物不多導致油耗影響不大,但未來研究若探討使用大型車種裝 載量龐大的操作型態,勢必將貨物載重作為重要的影響因素討論。
69
[7] Ahn, K., Rakha, H., Trani, A., and Van Aerde, M. (2002), “Estimating vehicle fuel
consumption and emission based on instantaneous speed and acceleration levels,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, vol.128, iss.2, pp.182-190
[8] Alessandrini, A., Filippi1, F., Orecchini, F., and Ortenzi1, F. (2006), “A new method for collecting vehicle behaviour in daily use for energy and environmental analysis”,
Proceedings of the institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D, vol.220, iss.11, pp.1527-1537
[9] Ang, B. W. and Fwa, T. F. (1989), “A study on the fuel-consumption characteristics of public buses,” Energy, vol.14, iss.12, pp. 797-803
[10] Biggs, D. C. and Akcelik, R. (1987), “Estimating effect of vehicle Characteristics on fuel consumption,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, vol.113, iss.1, pp.101-106
[11] Brundell-Freij and Ericsson, E. (2005), “Influence of street characteristics, driver
category and car performance on urban driving patterns,” Transportation Research Part D, vol.10, iss.3, pp.213-229
[12] Browne, G. (2008), “Design of Experiments to Determine Factors Contributing to Fuel Economy,” Working Paper
[13] Cherrett, T., Allen, J., McLeod, F., Maynard, S., Hickford, A. and Browne, M. (2012),
“Understanding Urban Freight Activity – Key issues for Freight Planning,” Journal of Transport Geography, vol.24, pp.22-32
[14] De Vlieger, I., De Keukeleere, M. and G Kretzschmar, M. (2000), “Environmental Effects of driving behavior and Congestion Related to Passenger Cars,” Atmospheric Environment, vol.34, iss.27, pp.4649-4655
[15] Ericsson, E. (2000), “Variability in Urban Driving Patterns,” Transportation Research Part D, vol.5, iss.5, pp.337-354
70
[16] Ericsson, E. (2001), “Independent Driving Pattern Factors and Their Influence on Fuel-use and Exhaust Emission Factors,” Transportation Research Part D, vol.6, iss.5, pp.325-345
[17] Evans, L., Robert, H., and Tanny, L. (1976), “Multivariate Analysis of Traffic Factors Related to Fuel Consumption in Urban Driving,” Transportation Science, vol.10, iss.2, pp.205-215
[18] EPA (1995), Fuel Economy Impact Analysis of RFG, EPA 420-F-95-003, United States Environmental Protection Agency
[19] Fwa, T. F. Ang, and B.W. (1992), “Estimating Automobile fuel consumption in urban traffic,” Transportation Research Record 1366
[20] Gaines, L., Vyas, A. and Anderson, J. L. (2006), “Estimation of Fuel Use by Idling Commercial Trucks,” Transportation Research Record 1983, pp.91-98
[21] Guo, P., Li, Z., Zhang, Z., Chi, J., Lu, S., Lin, Y., Shi, Z. and Shi, J. (2013) “Improve Fuel Economy of Commercial Vehicles Through the Correct Driving,” Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress Lecture Notes in Electrical
Engineering, vol.195, iss.7, pp. 87-96
[22] Hung, W.T., Tong, H.Y. and Cheung, C.S. (2005), “A model approach to vehicle emissions and fuel consumption model development,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol.55, iss.1, pp.1431-1440
[23] Larsson, H. and Ericsson, E. (2009), “The Effects of an Acceleration Advisory Tool in Vehicles for Reduced Fuel Consumption and Emissions,” Transportation Research Part D, vol.14, iss.2, pp.141-146
[24] Lee, M. G., Park, Y.K., Jung, K.K. and Yoo, J.J. (2011), “Estimation of fuel
consumption using in-vehicle parameters,” International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology, vol.4, iss.4, pp.37-46
[25] Newman, P.W., Alimoradian, G.B. and Lyons, T.J. (1989), “Estimating Fleet Fuel Consumption for Vans and small Trucks,” Transportation Science, vol.23, iss.1, pp.46-50 [26] Protopapas, A., Chatterjee, A., Miller, T. and Everett, J. (2006), “Travel Characteristics
of Urban Freight Vehicles and Their Effects on Emission Factors,” Transportation Research Record 1941, pp.89-98
[27] Rakha, H., ASCE, M. and Ding, Y. (2003), “Impact of stops on Vehicle Fuel Consumption an Emissions,” Transportation Engineering, vol.129, iss.1, pp.23-32 [28] Rosqvist, L. S. (2000), “Vehicular Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Street
Characteristics in Residential areas,”Lund University, Sweden
[29] Wang, H., Fu, L., Zhou, Y. and Li, H. (2008), “Modelling of the Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars Regarding Driving Characteristics,” Transportation Research Part D, vol.13, iss.7, pp.479-482