結論

本研究所調查之室外道路上，比較不同車道之含碳物質(EC與OC)、金屬及 PAHs之濃度分佈。GDR總車輛數高於DDR。發現含碳物質與金屬濃度為GDR高 於DDR，而EC/OC比值則是DDR高於GDR。所有測站大氣中氣態PAHs濃度夏季 濃度高於春季。春季DDR與GDR其室外固態TPAHs濃度均高於夏季之濃度。

氣態 TPAHs 其濃度為 GDR 高於 DDR，而 Car-PAHs 與 BaPeq 之濃度春季 GDR 濃度高於 DDR，夏季則係 DDR 濃度為高。分析道路室外氣態 PAHs 與 CO 濃度之相關性，春季與夏季均呈現正相關性。另比較室外與室內氣態 PAHs 之差 異，受到移動污染源影響室外環境之 PAHs 濃度高於室內環境。

本研究調查發現台中地區大氣中固態TPAHs以PM_1-0.25 粒徑之懸浮微粒其 TPAHs含量為最高。各車道室內與室外空氣中固態TPAHs濃度比較，春季DDR室 內環境TPAHs濃度略高於室外環境，但GDR室外TPAHs濃度則明顯高於室內 TPAHs之濃度。汽油車道CO濃度亦明顯高於DDR，與PAHs之濃度呈現相同趨勢。

春夏兩季MePAHs/TPAHs百分比皆以DDR較GDR高。GDR室外大氣中固態 Car-PAHs與BaPeq濃度均高於DDR，尤其是PM_1-0.25粒徑其GDR高於DDR之程度 最為顯著。

室外塵土負荷量高於室內，使室外單位面積 TPAHs 濃度亦高於室內。室外 塵 土 中 HMW-PAHs/TPAHs 之 比 例 較 LMW-PAHs/TPAHs 之 比 例 高 ； 且 MePAHs/TPAHs 之比例皆高於室內。室外塵土之負荷量亦受車輛數影響，故使 GDR 之塵土負荷量較 DDR 之塵土負荷量為高；GDR 單位面積之 TPAHs 濃度 (mg / m² ) 較 DDR 為高。GDR 室外塵土中 HMW-PAHs/TPAHs 之比例較 DDR 為 高。究發現街塵中 DDR 其 MePAHs/TPAHs 之百分比較 GDR 為高。

另外，利用特徵比值判定 PAHs 污染來源，發現氣態 PAHs 主要由燃燒液態 石化燃料所貢獻，表示本研究調查之道路旁住宅其室內外氣態 PAHs 主要受道路 交通活動影響。

23

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圖 3.1-1 採樣地點相對地理位置圖

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表 3.2-1 採樣日期與樣品數量

道路 採樣日期 PAH 樣本 塵土樣本 含碳物質、金屬樣本

Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Outdoor Spring

DDRLG 2012/03/07, 03/08, 03/09 3 3 4 4 3

DDR_CI 2012/03/29, 03/30, 04/02 3 3 4 4 3

GDRTC 2012/03/21, 03/22, 03/23 中 3 3 4 4 3

GDRCZ 2012/02/13, 02/14, 2/15 3 3 4 4 3

BK 2012/01/07, 01/08, 01/09 3 3

Summer

DDRLG 2011/06/17, 06/18, 06/20 3 3 3

DDR_CI 2011/07/07, 07/08, 07/09, 07/10 4 4 4

DDRFS 2012/05/08, 05/09, 05/14, 05/15 4 4 4 4 4

GDRCN1 2011/04/23, 04/24, 04/25, 04/26 4 4 4

GDRTC 2011/07/02, 04/04, 07/05 3 3 3

GDR_CN2 2012/04/23, 04/24, 04/25 3 3 3 4 3

BK 2012/05/01, 05/02, 05/03 3 3

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表 4.1-1 各採樣期間基本資料

Road Sampling day WS(m/s) Temp(℃) Mean±SD Range Mean±SD Range Spring

DDR_LG(n=3) 2012/03/07, 03/08, 03/09 3.07±1.14 0.99-6.38 18±1.45 16-21 DDRCI(n=3) 2012/03/29, 03/30, 04/02 0.62±0.40 0-1.59 30±3.28 24-35 GDRTC(n=3) 2012/03/21, 03/22, 03/23 0.61±0.64 0-2.18 28±4.41 21-38 GDR_CZ(n=3) 2012/02/13, 02/14, 2/15 0.61±0.51 0-2.12 25±2.79 30-31 BK(n=3) 2012/01/07, 01/08, 01/09 2.10±0.99 0.35-4.89 22±3.14 16-27

Summer

DDRLG(n=3) 2011/06/17, 06/18, 06/20 1.65±1.08 0-3.64 34±2.40^* 28-38 DDRCI(n=4) 2011/07/07, 07/08, 07/09,

07/10 0.88±0.54 0-2.36 34±2.04^* 30-38 DDRFS(n=4) 2012/05/08, 05/09, 05/14,

05/15 0.45±0.43 0-1.42 32±3.41 21-37 GDRCN1(n=4) 2011/04/23, 04/24, 04/25,

04/26 0.92±0.52 0.15-2.55 28±2.08 24-36 GDRTC(n=3) 2011/07/02, 04/04, 07/05 0.85±0.46 0.04-1.79 34±1.66^* 31-38 GDRCN2(n=3) 2012/04/23, 04/24, 04/25 0.79±0.621 0-2.01 32±3.41 21-37 BK(n=3) 2012/05/01, 05/02, 05/03 0.72±0.70^* 0-1.99 34±2.65^* 28-38 Mean±SD

*Statistically significant (P<0.05); T test

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表 4.2-1 每日採樣其間各道路之車輛數(輛/10.5hr)

Road HDV^a LDV^b Motorcycle Total HDV/Total(%) DDRLG(n=6) 3662±434 2848±122 726±56 7236±462 50%

DDRCI(n=7) 1981±523 6436±526 2991±265 11406±438 17%

DDR_FS(n=4) 2630±593 9463±856 4165±131 14778±4164 18%

GDR_CN(n=7) 3510±683 23408±1846 20120±1288 47036±2506 7%

GDRTC(n=6) 2529±188 12156±1825 18415±2285 33100±3721 8%

GDRCZ(n=3) 2101±146 13868±344 17306±972 33274±1333 6%

a: HDV: Heavy-duty vehicles b: LDV: Light-duty vehicles Mean ± SD

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圖 4.3.1-1 春季與夏季各氣態 PAHs 之百分比 (NAP 與 MeNAP 為左邊主座標軸)

*Spring and summer are statistically significant (P < 0.05); Wilcoxon test 表 4.3.1-1 不同季節各車道其室內外氣態 TPAHs 濃度(ng/m³)

Spring Summer

Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor DDR 1257(681-2295) 1955(1275-3926) 4301(1123-18998) 7568(2037-26425) GDR 2603(1793-3839) 2966(1703-6044) 3666(1169-12136) 6715(2154-12236)^* BK - 175(153-224) - 2604(1704-3309) Geomean (minima-maxima)

DDR-indoor and DDR-outdoor in spring (n=6); GDR-indoor and GDR-outdoor in spring (n=6)

DDR-indoor in summer (n=12); DDR-outdoor in summer (n=11) GDR-indoor and GDR-outdoor in summer (n=10)

BK in spring and summer (n=3)

*Statistically significant (P<0.05); Wilcoxon test

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表 4.3.2-1 春季各車道其氣態 PAHs(ng/m³)之濃度

DDR GDR

Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor

TPAHs 1257(681-2295) 1955(1275-3926) 2603(1793-3839) 2966(1703-6044) MePAHs^a 167(81.9-286) 227(85.5-627) 1364(889-2616) 1254(656-2404) Car-PAHs^b 0.33(0.24-0.43) 0.30(0.12-0.63) 0.31(0.10-0.53) 0.53(0.34-0.87)^*

BaPeq^c 0.13(0.11-0.17) 0.12(0.01-0.26) 0.13(0.05-0.20) 0.24(0.17-0.38)^* a: MePAHs: Methyl-PAHs; b: Car-PAHs: Carcinogenic PAHs; c: BaPeq: BaP equivalent

Geomean (minima-maxima)

*Indoor and outdoor are statistically significant (P < 0.05); Wilcoxon test 表 4.3.2-2 夏季各車道其氣態 PAHs(ng/m³)之濃度

DDR GDR

Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor

TPAHs 4301(1123-18998) 7568(2037-26425) 3666(1169-12136) 6715(2154-12236)^* MePAHs^a 284(154-659) 624(131-2242)^* 1104(436-5269) 2345(364-10361) Car-PAHs^b 0.28(0.08-0.53) 0.67(0.33-1.91)^* 0.45(0.08-4.67) 0.63(0.12-4.01)

BaPeq^c 0.10(0.01-0.23) 0.27(0.07-0.57)^* 0.09(0.01-0.33) 0.10(0.01-0.35) a: MePAHs: Methyl-PAHs; b: Car-PAHs: Carcinogenic PAHs; c: BaPeq: BaP equivalent

Geomean (minima-maxima)

*Indoor and outdoor are statistically significant (P < 0.05); Wilcoxon test

34

Outdoor TPAHs(ng/m3)

CO(ppm)

Indoor TPAHs(ng/m3)

CO(ppm)

Spring

Summer

A

B

35

Outdoor TPAHs(ng/m3)

NOx(ppm)

Outdoor TPAHs(ng/m3)

Indoor TPAHs(ng/m³)

Spring

Summer

36

表 4.4.1-1 各採樣地點其大氣中懸浮微粒之濃度(μg/m³)

DDR GDR BK^c

Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Outdoor Spring^a

PM_10-2.5 20.9(15.2-28.7) 23.7(11.9-47.2) 12.8(10.8-15.1) 22.2(18.7-26.5) 9.81 PM_2.5-1 9.19(6.40-13.3) 9.14(6.60-12.7) 6.39(5.90-6.90) 9.07(8.10-10.1) 5.06 PM_1-0.25 16.5(14.9-18.4) 12.9(11.1-15.0) 13.7(13.3-14.1) 18.1(15.6-21.0) 9.33 PM_10-0.25 47.6(39.9-56.8) 47.1(29.6-74.9) 32.9(30.0-36.0) 50.0(49.8-50.2) 24.2 Summer^b

PM10-2.5 19.4 18.4 17.6 25.7 13.2

PM2.5-1 11.4 10.1 12.4 12.3 6.78

PM1-0.25 21.5 16.6 18.7 15.6 8.29

PM_10-0.25 52.3 45.2 48.7 53.5 28.3 a: Spring (n=2); b: Summer (n=1); c: BK (n=1)

Geomean (minima-maxima)

*Indoor and outdoor are statistically significant (P < 0.05); Wilcoxon test

37

Geomean (minima-maxima)

*DDR-outdoor, GDR-outdoor and BK-outdoor are statistically significant (P < 0.05);

Kurskal-Wallis test

38

M eP A H s / T P A H s (% )

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

DDR GDR

PM_10-2.5 PM_2.5-1 PM_1-0.25

Indoor Outdoor

PM_10-2.5 PM_2.5-1 PM_1-0.25

M eP A H s / T P A H s (% )

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

DDR GDR

PM_10-2.5 PM_2.5-1 PM_1-0.25

Indoor Outdoor

PM_10-2.5 PM_2.5-1 PM_1-0.25

圖 4.4.3-1 柴油車道與汽油車道各固態 MePAHs/TPAHs 之比例(%) A:春季 B:夏季

*DDR and GDR are statistically significant (P < 0.05); Wilcoxon test A

B

39

表 4.4.4-1 各車道其固態致癌性 PAHs 之濃度(ng/m³)

DDR GDR

Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Spring

Geomean (minima-maxima)

a: Car-PAHs: Carcinogenic PAHs; b: BaPeq: BaP equivalent

*Indoor and outdoor are statistically significant (P < 0.05); Wilcoxon test

40

Particle: PM10-0.25

Geomean (minima-maxima)

*Indoor and outdoor are statistically significant (P < 0.05); Wilcoxon test

表 4.5.1-1 各車道單位面積塵土負荷量 (g/m²)

I/O Ratio：Indoor / Outdoor Ratio

41

表 4.5.2-1 各車道室內及室外塵土中總 PAHs 之濃度與室內外塵土中 PAHs 之比值

GDRCZ(n=4) GDRTC(n=4) GDRCN(n=4) DDRLG(n=4) DDRCI(n=4) DDRFS(n=4)

Outdoor

TPAHs 16320 165403 5994 20103 49680 3718 ng / m² (5384-32931) (138107-186508) (3721-7935) (13826-23727) (10243-342729) (1422-4790)

TPAHs 954 1666 1698 913 2238 1198

ng / g (611-2019) (1618-1830) (512-2627) (655-968) (2032-2856) (837-1480)

Indoor

TPAHs 638 467 427 93 329 246

ng / m² (251-1258) (265-168) (78-771) (29-102) (198-450) (103-795)

TPAHs 26259 14281 4839 3559 6299 2538

ng / g (10743-33304) (7358-33480) (2482-8827) (2126-4498) (3426-10207) (1410-7125)

I/O Ratio

TPAHs^a 0.039 0.003 0.071 0.005 0.007 0.066

TPAHs^b 27.5 8.57 2.85 3.9 2.81 2.12

Geomean (minima-maxima) I/O Ratio：Indoor / Outdoor Ratio a: ng / m²; b: ng / g

42 0

20 40 60 80 100

LMW HMW GDR

_CZ

GDR

_TC

GDR

_CN

DDR

_LG

DDR

_CI

DDR

_FS

% A

0 20 40 60 80 100

LMW HMW

GDR

_CZ

GDR

_TC

GDR

_CN

DDR

_LG

DDR

_CI

DDR

_FS

% B

圖 4.5.3-1 各車道塵土中不同分子量 PAHs 之比例(%) (A)室外(B)室內

43 0

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

室內 M e- P A H s / T P A H s ( % ) 室外

GDR_CZ GDR_TC GDR_CN DDR_LG DDR_CI DDR_FS 圖 4.5.4 各車道其室內外塵土中 MePAHs / TPAHs 之比例 ( % )

44

車輛數 Dust TPAHs

*

圖 4.5.5-1 比較各車道總車輛數、室外塵土含量及總 PAHs 濃度之差異 表 4.5.6-1 各車道塵土中不同 PAHs 之比例 ( % ) 與特徵比值

GDR DDR

P Value Outdoor (n=12) Indoor(n=12)

LMW-PAHs /

*Statistically significant (P<0.05); Wilcoxon test

45

表 4.6.1-1 春季各車道大氣中 EC 與 OC 濃度(μg/m³)

DDR GDR BK P value

EC_10-2.5 1.66±0.76 1.87±0.47 0.52±0.04 0.030*

OC_10-2.5 2.65±0.96 3.27±1.38 2.05±0.70 0.236

EC10-2.5/OC10-2.5 0.63±0.18 0.61±0.14 0.27±0.09 0.049*

EC2.5 6.75±1.74 6.45±2.65 2.81±0.96 0.069 OC2.5 7.33±2.29 9.74±4.92 3.23±1.02 0.042*

EC_2.5/OC_2.5 1.01±0.44 0.72±0.26 0.62±0.04 0.509 Mean±SD

*Statistically significant (P<0.05); Kurskal Wallis test 表 4.6.1-2 夏季各車道大氣中 EC 與 OC 濃度(μg/m³)

DDR GDR BK P value

EC10-2.5 1.06±0.31 1.39±0.62 0.74±0.52 0.199

OC_10-2.5 1.17±0.58 2.89±0.80 1.13±0.07 <0.001*

EC_10-2.5/OC_10-2.5 1.16±0.66 0.51±0.22 0.39±0.02 0.01*

EC_2.5 4.21±1.48 6.01±2.39 2.48±0.53 0.096 OC2.5 4.03±1.32 9.26±2.98 3.69±0.12 <0.001*

EC2.5/OC2.5 1.14±0.47 0.71±0.38 0.67±0.12 0.066 Mean±SD

*Statistically significant (P<0.05); Kurskal Wallis test

46

*Statistically significant (P<0.05); Kurskal Wallis test 表 4.6.2-2 夏季各採樣地點大氣中金屬濃度(ng/m³)

*Statistically significant (P<0.05); Kurskal Wallis test

47

表 4.6.2-3 各車道其金屬濃度與比值(ng/m³)

DDR GDR P value

Spring

T-metals_10-2.5 748±678 820±335 0.345 T-metals10-2.5/PM10-2.5 0.03±0.01 0.04±0.02 0.138 T-metals2.5 587±305 802±207 0.028^* T-metals_2.5/PM_2.5 0.01±0.01 0.02±0.01 0.018^* Summer

T-metals_10-2.5 448±148 707±442 0.112 T-metals10-2.5/PM10-2.5 0.03±0.01 0.04±0.01 0.131 T-metals2.5 483±219 731±321 0.131 T-metals_2.5/PM_2.5 0.02±0.01 0.02±0.01 0.859 Mean±SD

*DDR and GDR are statistically significant (P < 0.05); Wilcoxon test

48

Liquid fossil fuel combustio

ANTHR / PHE+ANTHR

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

FLT / FLT+PYR

0.0

Liquid fossil fuel combustio 0.5

0.1

圖 4.7.1-1 春季氣態 PAHs 之特徵比值 A:室外 B:室內 B

49 ANTHR / PHE+ANTHR

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

FLT / FLT+PYR

0.0

Liquid fossil fuel combustio 0.5

0.1

Biomass&Wood

&Coal combustion

ANTHR / PHE+ANTHR

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

FLT / FLT+PYR

0.0

Liquid fossil fuel combustio

50 ANTHR / PHE+ANTHR

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

FLT / FLT+PYR

0.0

Liquid fossil fuel combustion

Liquid fossil fuel combustion

ANTHR / PHE+ANTHR

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

FLT / FLT+PYR

0.0

51 ANTHR / PHE+ANTHR

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

FLT / FLT+PYR

0.0

Liquid fossil fuel combustion

ANTHR / PHE+ANTHR

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

FLT / FLT+PYR

0.0

Liquid fossil fuel combustion

52 ANTHR / PHE+ANTHR

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

FLT / FLT+PYR

0.0

Liquid fossil fuel combustion

ANTHR / PHE+ANTHR

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

FLT / FLT+PYR

0.0

Liquid fossil fuel

combustion

國科會補助計畫衍生研發成果推廣資料表

日期:2013/10/30

國科會補助計畫

計畫名稱: 比較柴油車道與汽油車道其路旁及室內PAHs之分佈 計畫主持人: 郭崇義

計畫編號: 99-2111-M-040-001-MY3 學門領域: 大氣物理與大氣化學

無研發成果推廣資料

99 年度專題研究計畫研究成果彙整表

計畫主持人：郭崇義 計畫編號：99-2111-M-040-001-MY3 計畫名稱：比較柴油車道與汽油車道其路旁及室內 PAHs 之分佈

其他成果 (無法以量化表達之成 果如辦理學術活動、獲 得獎項、重要國際合 作、研究成果國際影響 力及其他協助產業技 術發展之具體效益事 項等，請以文字敘述填 列。)

無

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在文檔中 行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 期末報告 (頁 32-66)