本文的目的是探討水-聚丙醯胺黏彈性流體其黏滯係數、熱傳導係數隨水溶 液濃度、流體溫度、剪切率的變化,以作為未來研究流力及熱傳分析時的重要參 考數據。經由實驗的方式,可以歸納出下面幾個結果:
(1)黏滯係數:
1.在相同的流體溫度下,當聚丙醯胺水溶液的濃度為 2000 和 1500wppm 時,
水溶液將具有輕剪力流體的特性,且當水溶液的濃度越高,其輕剪力流體 的特性越明顯,黏滯係數隨剪切率的增加而下降的趨勢更為顯著;但當水 溶液的濃度為 1000wppm 時,其水溶液的特性則近似為牛頓流體,無輕剪 力流體的特性。
2.在不同的流體溫度下,當流體溫度升高,聚丙醯胺水溶液的輕剪力流體特 性將逐漸消失,且趨近於牛頓流體。
3.在相同的流體溫度下,聚丙醯胺水溶液的黏滯係數會隨水溶液濃度的增加 而提高。
4.在不同的流體溫度下,當流體溫度上升,聚丙醯胺水溶液的黏滯係數將隨 之下降。
5.當聚丙醯胺水溶液的濃度為 1000wppm 時,將使用的流體溫度、剪切率代 入(4-1)式,可計算出水溶液的黏滯係數;而當聚丙醯胺水溶液的濃度為 1500 及 2000wppm 時,則可利用(4-2)式計算出水溶液的黏滯係數。(4-1)
式與(4-2)式的誤差皆在 3﹪以內,故可信任。
(2)熱傳導係數:
1.在相同的流體溫度下,當聚丙醯胺水溶液的濃度降低時,其熱傳導係數隨 剪切率增加而上升的趨勢較明顯,且熱傳導係數將隨水溶液濃度的下降而 增加。
2.在不同的流體溫度下,當流體溫度上升時,其熱傳導係數隨剪切率的上升
而增加的趨勢較為顯著,且水溶液的熱傳導係數將隨流體溫度的上升而提 高。
3.當聚丙醯胺水溶液的濃度為 1000、1500 及 2000wppm 時,將使用的流體 溫度、剪切率代入(4-3)式,可計算出水溶液的熱傳導係數。由於(4-3)
式的誤差在 5﹪以內,尚在可容許範圍中,故可信任。
經由上述的討論可以得知,當聚丙醯胺水溶液的濃度越高時,其黏滯係數越 高,輕剪力流體特性較明顯,但熱傳導係數較低,且隨剪切率增加而上升的幅度 較小;當聚丙醯胺水溶液的濃度越低時,雖然輕剪力流體特性較不顯著,但黏滯 係數較小,熱傳導係數較高,且熱傳導係數隨剪切率增加而上升的幅度較大。因 此,若要將聚丙醯胺水溶液使用於熱傳增強上,又不想增加流動時的壓力差降的 話,應使用濃度較低的聚丙醯胺水溶液。
【參考文獻】
[1]Jamieson, A., 2002, “Rheology and Nano-rheology 會議講義”, National Chung Hsing University.
[2]ASME Pressure Viscosity Report, Vol I ASME, New York, 1953.
[3]ASME Pressure Viscosity Report, Vol II ASME, New York, 1953.
[4]Bridgman, P. W., 1926, “Effect of Pressure on the Viscosity of 43 Pure Liquids”, Proc. Amm. Acad. Arts Sci., 61, p.57-91.
[5]Bridgman, P. W., 1949, “Viscosity to 30,000 kg/cm2” Proc. Amm. Acad. Arts Sci., 77, No. 4, , p.115-128.
[6]Wilson, D. R., 1972, “Exploratory Development of Advanced Fluids and Lubricants in Extreme Enviroments by Mechanical Characterization, “Midwest Research Institute (AFML-TR-70-32-Pt. 3; AD-891509L).
[7]Appeldoom, J. K., Okrent, E. H., and Philippoff, W., 1962, “Viscosity and Elasticity at High Shear Rates”, Proc. Am. Pet. Inst., 42, No 3, p.163-172.
[8]Philippoff, W., 1963, “Viscoelasticity of Polymer Solutions at High Pressures and Ultrasonic Frequencies”, J. Appl. Phys., 34, No. 5, p.1507-1511.
[9]Yoo, S. S., Jeon, C. Y., and Cho, Y. I., 1994, “Determination of the Characteristic and Diffusion Times of Polyacrylamide Solutions Using Falling Balls and Needles”,
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 39, p.113-122.
[10]Tiu, C., Zhou, J., Nicolae, G., Fang, T. N., and Chhabra, P., 1997, “Flow of Viscoelastic Polymer Solutions in Mixed Beds of Particles”, Can. J. of Chem. Eng.
75, p.843-850.
[11]Cocci, A. A., and Picot, J. J. C., 1973, “Rate of Strain Effect on the Thermal Conductivity of a Polymer Liquid”, Polym. Eng. Sci. 13, p.337-341.
[12]Wallace, D. J., Moreland, C., and Picot, J. J. C., 1985, “Shear Dependence of Thermal Conductivity in Polyethylene Melts”, Polym. Eng. Sci. 25, p.70-74.
[13]Loulou, T., Peerhossaini, H., and Bardon, J. P., 1992, “Etude Experimental de la Conductivity Thermique de Fluides Non-Newtonians Sous Cisaillement
Application aux Solutions de Carbopol 940”, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 35, p.2557-2562.
[14]Chaliche, M., Delaunay, D., and Bardon, J. P., 1994 ,“Transfer de Chaleur Dans une Configuration Cone-Plateau et Measure de la Conductivity Thermique en Presence dune Vitesse de Cisaillement”, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 37, p.2381-2389.
[15]Lee, D. Y., Irvine, T. F., 1997, “Shear Rate Dependent Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Non-Newtonian Fluids”, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 15, p.16-24.
[16]Xie, C., Hartnett, J. P., 1992, “Influence of Rheology on Laminar Heat Transfer to Viscoelastic Fluids in a Rectangular Duct”, Ind. Eng. Chen. Res. 31, p.727-732.
[17]Xie, C., 1991, “Laminar Heat Transfer of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids in a 2:1 Rectangular Duct”, Ph.D.. Dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago.
[18]Kline, S. J., 1985, “The Purpose of Uncertainty Analysis”, J. Fluids Engineering, v.107, p.153-160.
[19]White, F. M., 1991, “Viscous Fluid Flow”, McGraw-Hill, New York, p.108.
[20]Eckert, E. R. G., and Drake, R., Jr., 1972, “Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer”, McGraw-Hill, New York, p.541.
[21]Bejan, A., 1995, “Convection Hear Transfer”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p.243.
[22]Sinevic, V., Kuboi, R., and Nienow, A. W., 1986, “Power Numbers, Taylor Numbers and Taylor Vortices in Viscous Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids”,
Chem. Eng. Sci. 41, 2915-2923.
[23]Xie, C., Hartnett, J. P., 1992, “Influence of Variable Viscosity of Mineral Oil on Laminar Heat Transfer in a 2:1 Rectangular Duct”, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 35, 641-648.
【附錄 A】
2
將絕熱區的尺寸代入再使用(A-1)式可得