專書
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專書論文
Duverger, Maurice, 1986. “Duverger’s Law: Forty Years Later,” in Bernard Grofman, & Arend Lijphart, eds., Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon Press. pp. 69-84.
Duverger, Maurice, 1992. “A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government,” in Arend Lijphart, ed., Parliamentary versus Presidential Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Elgie, Robert, 1999. “The Politics of Semi-Presidentialism,” in Robert Elgie ed., Semi-Presidentialism in Europe. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.. pp. 1-21.
Elster, Jon, 1997. “Afterword: The Making of Postcommunist Presidents,”
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Furman, Dimitrii, 2005. “The Regime in Kazakhstan,” in Boris Rumer ed., Central Asia at the End of the Transition. Armonk, New York:
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期刊論文
Anderson, John, 1997/9. “Constitutional Development in Central Asia,”
Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 301-320.
Babak, Vladimir, 2005/3. “Kazakhstan: How Its Multiparty System Came into Being,” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 2, No. 32, pp. 78-88.
Bahro, Horst H., 1999/3. “Virtues and Vices of Semi-presidential Gov-ernment,” Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy, Vol. 11, No.
1, pp. 1-35.
Borishpolets, Ksenia, 2006/1. “Elections in Central Asian States: Political Rivalry in a Transitional Society,” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 1, No. 37, pp. 25-36.
Brauer, Birgit & Eschment, Beate, 1999/3. “Presidential Elections in Kazakhstan: A Step Forward, a Step Backwards or Moving on the Wrong Track?” Central Asia Monitor, Vol. 2, pp. 8-14.
Bremmer, Ian & Cory Welt, 1996/6. “The Trouble with Democracy in Kazakhstan,” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 179-199.
Buluktaev, Yuri, 2002/11. “Elections in Kazakhstan as an Indicator of Democratization,” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 6, No. 18, pp. 47-54.
Buluktaev, Yuri, 2005/1. “2004 Elections in Kazakhstan: Strategy and Tactics of the Political Parties,” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 1, No. 31, pp. 14-22.
Diachenko, Sergei, 2001/9, “Political Parties of Kazakhstan in the Election Context,” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 5, No. 11, pp. 16-25.
Diachenko, Sergei, 2006/7. “Political Parties of Kazakhstan in the 2005 Election Campaign: Lessons, Conclusions, and Prospects,” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 4, No. 40, pp. 7-14.
Horowitz, D., 1990/Fall. “Comparing Democratic Systems,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 71-79.
Isaacs, Rico, 2008/1. “Managing Dissent, Limiting Risk and Consolidating Power: The Processes and Results of Constitutional Reform in Ka-zakhstan,” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 1, No. 49, pp. 16-25.
Karybaeva, Mira, 2005/3. “Development of a Multiparty System in Central Asia,” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 2, No. 32, pp.
41-49.
Kurtov, Azhdar, 2002/11. “Presidential Elections in Central Asia,” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 6, No. 18, pp. 25-32.
Linz, Juan J., 1990/Winter. “The Perils of Presidentialism,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 51-69.
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 1990/Summer. “The Centrality of Political Culture,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 48-60.
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Mcfaul, Michael, 2002/1. “The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in the Postcommunist World,” World Politics, Vol. 54, pp. 212-244.
Mcfaul, Michael, 2005/7. “Transitions from Postcommunism,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 5-19.
Riker, William H., 1982/12. “The Two-Party System and Duverger’s Law: An Essay on the History of Political Science,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 753-766.
Shaymergenov, Timur, 2006/1. “The 2005 Presidential Election in Ka-zakhstan: Problems and Prospects for Political Liberalization,”
Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 1, No. 37, pp. 44-54.
Shaymergenov, Timur, 2007/9. “On The Results of The Special Parliamentary Elections in Kazakhstan,” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 5, No. 47, pp. 7-18.
Shauenov, Erbol, 2001/7. “Democratic Institutions and Political Stability in Kazakhstan,” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 4, No. 10, pp. 115-122.
網際網路
Cohen, Ariel, 2007/5/31. “Kazakhstan: President Nazarbayev Makes a Power Play,” EurasiaNet, <http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/
insight/articles/eav053107.shtml>.
Lillis, Joanna, 2007/2/26. “Kazakhstan Plans Political Reform,” EurasiaNet,
<http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav022607a.
shtml>.
Lillis, Joanna, 2007/6/20. “Kazakhstan’s Political Parties Gear up for Early Elections,” EurasiaNet, <http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/
insight/articles/eav062007a.shtml>.
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), 1999/1/1.
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OSCE/ODIHR Assessment Mission, Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe, <http://www.osce.org/odihr-elections/14474.
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Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), 2000/1/20.
“Republic of Kazakhstan Parliamentary Elections:10 and 24 October 1999 Final Report,” OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Report, Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe, <
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Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), 2006/2/21.
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Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), 2007/10/30.
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