第二章、 材料方法
第二節、 實驗方法
1. 蛋白質含量測定
CCT GCG G-3’) (Blossom Biotechnologies Inc., Taipei, Taiwan) ( Liu,2009),1 μl 的 1 μM ITS 4 引 子 (5’-TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC-3’) (Blossom Biotechnologies Inc., Taipei, Taiwan) (Liu, 2009),0.01 μl 的 TaqPlusprecisionTM 聚 合酶酵素 (Violet Bioscience, Taipei, Taiwan),最後添加無菌水,使其最終體積為 30 μl。PCR 反應器的設定如下:預熱反應為 94 ℃ 加熱 5 分鐘,循環反應為 94
℃,60 秒;58 ℃,45 秒;72 ℃,45 秒。此條件循環 30 次,最後再以 72 ℃ 反應 10 分鐘。將所得到 PCR 產物注入於由 0.5 倍的 Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) 緩衝溶液與洋菜凝膠粉 (agarose-LE 1200) (Taiwan Agar-Agar, Chiayi, Taiwan) 配 製的 1 % 洋菜凝膠。以 16.67 v cm-1 條件進行電泳分離。待 DNA 電泳分離後, (Whatman International, England) 過濾。準備 6.25、3.13、1.56、0.78、0.39 及 0.2 μg μl-1 的小牛血清蛋白 (bovine serum albumin, BSA) 溶液作為標準蛋白溶液。各 取 1 μl 不同濃度的標準蛋白溶液或待偵測蛋白質溶液,分別與 200 μl 的染色試 劑溶液均勻混合,靜置反應 7 分鐘,取出混合液偵測吸光值 (O.D.595)。把標準 蛋白溶液的吸光值對蛋白質濃度作圖,計算出回歸直線公式,再將待偵測蛋白質 溶液的吸光值代入,以內插法算出其蛋白質溶液濃度。
13 搖晃 5 分鐘。將二次抗體 (Peroxidase conjugated affinity purified anti-rabbit IgG [Goat]) (Rockland Immunochemicals,Gilbertsville,USA) 以 1,000 倍稀釋於 1 % 阻圔試劑 (Blocking reagent) 緩衝液,再將轉印膜浸泡於此溶液中並搖晃 60 分 鐘。以磷酸鹽洗滌 (PBS-Tween 20, PBST) 緩衝液清洗 3 次,每次搖晃 5 分鐘。
3. 冷光呈色
將已轉印蛋白的轉印膜利用 Western LightningTM Chemiluminescence Reagent Plus Kit (PerkinElmer, USA), 將 1 ml Western Bright ECL Luminol / enhancer solution 和 1 ml Western Bright Peroxide Chemiluminescent peroxide solution 混 合 均 勻,添 加 至 轉印膜靜置 1 分鐘,利用 Kodak X-Omat Blue Autoradiography Film (Kodak, USA),覆蓋於轉印膜呈色 1 分鐘,取出浸泡 於 4.5 稀釋的顯影劑 (Kodak, USA) 1 分鐘,取出浸泡於 4.5 稀釋的定影劑
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菌絲塊,放置於馬鈴薯培養,根據真菌的生長速率不同,將培養於 LB 培養基 的芽孢桿菌 HS1 和 HS2 加到距離菌絲塊 1.5-2.5 cm 處,進行芽孢桿菌的對峙 培養,其他液態藥劑則以 10 μl 的體積,添加到濾紙錠之方式進行測試,以 8、
12、16 和 24 小時為相異的時間間距,紀錄真菌生長情形。
2. 孢子接種
利用炭疽病菌培養於 1/5 PDA 斜面培養基 28 ℃ 30 天後,以無菌水清洗 獲得孢子後,使用血球計數器計算孢子濃度,以無菌水稀釋,接種於以 75 % 酒 精表面消毒後,使用 0.0025 % 界面活性劑 (Silwet L-77) 破壞葉面角質層的番 荔枝葉片,保濕培養觀察,以感染面積將接種後葉片分級,感染面積 0 % 為 0 級、
10 % 以下感染面積為 1 級、30 % 以下為 2 級、50 % 以下為 3 級和感染面 積達 50 % 以上為 4 級 (附錄 13)。
陸、 田間病害調查
以病害感染面積將田間葉片分級,感染面積 0 % 為 0 級、25 % 以下感染 面積為 1 級、50 % 以下為 2 級、75 % 以下為 3 級和感染面積達 75 % 以上 為 4 級 (附錄 14)。
16 Botryosphaeria sp.) 真菌相似度達到 99-100 %,編號分別為:L-1 (BR-2-2)、L-2 (BR-2-4)、L-3 (BR-2-7) 與 L-4 (BR-5-3) (附錄 6),綜合上述研究結果顯示,在本
17 Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB)、Ampicillin (Amp)、Rifamycin (Rif) 等藥劑來發 展具有選擇性的培養基,實驗結果發現這 5 株病原菌在含有 5ppm PCNB、100
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21 (1-36-2)、C. g-2 (1-39-1)、C. g-3 (7-g 3-3)、黑潰瘍病菌 P-1 (1-33-1)、P-2 (5-2-4)、
黑腐病菌分離株 L-1 (BR-2-2)、L-2 (BR-2-4)、L-3 (BR-2-7) 與 L-4 (BR-5-3) 沒
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黑潰瘍病菌 P-1 (1-33-1)、P-2 (5-2-4)、黑腐病菌 L-1 (BR-2-2)、L-2 (BR-2-4)、L-3 (BR-2-7) 與 L-4 (BR-5-3) 則均沒有明顯抑制菌絲生長的作用 (圖 17、附錄 11)。
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29 小叢殼屬 (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) 病原菌、兩株形成黑潰瘍病害的擬莖 點黴屬 (Phomopsis sp.) 真菌與四株引起黑腐病害的毛球雙孢菌屬
芒果、柑橘、酪梨、香蕉和辣椒等多年生作物 (Marulanda, Lopez, Isaza, & Lopez, 2014; Than et al., 2008),炭疽病菌也對採收後 (postharvest) 作物造成嚴重危害 同的感染能力 (Barcelos, Pinto, Vaillancourt, & Souza, 2014)。
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Damm, 2012)。在抗生素抑制菌絲生長測試結果,發現 PCNB、Ampicillin 和 Rifamycillin 抗生素對這五株真菌皆無抑制作用,根據之前研究的結果發現 PCNB 主要是用來抑制木黴菌屬 (Trichoderma sp) 的真菌 (Williams, Clarkson, Mills, & Cooper, 2003),而 Ampicillin 和 Rifamycillin 多數是用來抑制葛蘭氏陰 性細菌 (Akova, 2008; Campbell et al., 2001),因此對炭疽病菌沒有抑制菌絲生長 的效果,但是可以藉由 Ampicillin 和 Rifamycillin 的效果去除多數的細菌性微
31 究結果相同 (李惠鈴,1998)。而在本研究中還有發現黑腐病菌 (Lasiodiplodia sp.),
可以造成番荔枝葉部與其他植物莖部的感染,在前人的研究中,也發現這個菌屬 的病原菌可以造成不同的植物部位,如:芽點、莖部和果實的傷害 (Abdollahzadeh, Javadi, Mohammadi Goltapeh, Zare, & Phillips, 2010),且宿主範圍也非常廣泛,如:
龍舌蘭、薔薇、懸鉤子、桃樹、芒果、葡萄、莓果、白蠟樹、鐵木、胡楊、橄欖、
雲杉、柳樹、紫檀、苦参和櫟樹 (Phillips et al., 2013)、相思樹 (Slippers et al., 2014)、
柑橘、桃、酪梨、松木 (Burgess, Mohali & Wingfield, 2005) 等作物。在菌絲生長 溫度測試的結果發現這四株黑腐病菌生長在 PDA 培養基的溫度範圍是 22-37
℃,而在高溫環境 L-1 (BR-2-2) 和 L-4 (BR-5-3) 受到的抑制影響較小於 L-2 (BR-2-4) 和 L-3 (BR-2-7),此結果與前人對 Lasiodiplodia sp. 的研究結果相似,
在該研究結果顯示 Lasiodiplodia sp. 的生長溫度範圍可在 5-35 ℃ 之間
(Slippers et al., 2014),在菌絲生長方面的結果顯示 Lasiodiplodia sp. 的生長速率 非常快速,在 28 ℃ 黑暗培養時,兩天即可長滿 9 cm 培養皿,此結果與番荔 枝黑腐病菌的研究結果相似 (李惠鈴,1998)。
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其他在本實驗尚未發現的病害有:細菌型病害的青枯病 (Ralstonia
solanacearum)、主要發生於冬季低溫的番荔枝輪斑病(Cristulariella sp.)、在果 實為害的疫病 (Phytopthora sp.) 和在根莖部感染的赤衣病 (Corticium
salmonicolor)、褐根病 (Phellinus noxius) 和根朽病 (Ganoderma applanatum) (黃,
2012),雖然在實驗過程中未分離到上述病害的病原菌,但在番荔枝田間病害年
33 子是具有傳遞訊號與加厚細胞壁的能力 (Waldmann, Jeblick, & Kauss, 1988),以 促進番荔枝提升離子滲漏率,這代表植物的過敏性反應被啟動,是與之前的研究 中發現的現象相似,當植物感受到逆境時,會產生過敏性反應,利用鬆散細胞膜,
促使部分細胞死亡導致離子滲漏率被高度提升 (Programmed cell death, PCD) (Choi & Hwang, 2015),有研究發現出現離子滲漏率提升的訊號是可以誘導植物 產生過氧化物 (Ngo, Vogler, Lituiev, Nestorova, & Grossniklaus, 2014)。但本實驗 發現鈣離子對番荔枝體內的過氧化氫含量沒有促進的效果,也導致 POD 活性不
34 (Kim, Li, & Kolattukudy, 1998),因此複合性的植物保護添加劑,才無法具有抑制 孢子發芽的效果。因此將兩種植物保護添加劑處理番荔枝葉錠後,提升番荔枝的 抗性反應來抑制炭疽病菌的孢子感染,NTTU 001 可以降低 41 % 的感染率、
NTTU 002 則可以降低 64 %,兩種植物保護添加劑的效果相較之下,以 NTTU 002 效果好於 NTTU 001。
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圖 1、5 株炭疽病菌 C. gloeosporioides 分離株之菌絲外觀。採摘於台東地區第 1、
7 和 53 號番荔枝園區之罹病葉片,分離培養於水培養基、在 28 ℃培養 2 天 後,移至馬鈴薯培養基、在 28 ℃培養 2 天後,拍照觀察,(A) C. g-1 (1-36-2)、
(B) C. g-2 (1-39-1)、(C) C. g-3 (7-g 3-3)、(D) C. g-4 (53-1-2) 和(E) C. g-5 (53-3-5) 。 每組處理 5 重複 (n = 5) 。
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圖 2、溫度對 5 株炭疽病菌 C. gloeosporioides 分離株之影響。將病原菌株培養 於 PDA 培養基 28 ℃ 2 天後,取(A) C. g-1 (1-36-2)、(B) C. g-2 (1-39-1)、(C) C.
g-3 (7-g3-3)、(D) C. g-4 (53-1-2) 和 (E) C. g-5 (53-3-5) 分離株之直徑 0.8 cm 菌 絲塊放置於 PDA 培養基,將培養基置於 22、28 和 37 ℃培養箱,每隔 12 小 時記錄其菌絲生長速度,每處理 4 重複(n=4),利用 SPSS 軟體經由 Duncan 氏 檢定法分析(p<0.05),星號(*) 代表現統計分析具顯著差異。
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圖 3、4 株炭疽病菌 C. gloeosporioides 分離株之孢子外觀型態。將炭疽病菌分離 株(A) C.g-1 (1-36-2)、(B) C.g-3 ( 7-g3-3)、(C) C.g-4 (53-1-2) 和(D) C.g-5 (53-3-5) 培養於 1/5 倍馬鈴薯培養基,在 28 ℃培養 30 天後,利用無菌水處理獲得孢
圖 3、4 株炭疽病菌 C. gloeosporioides 分離株之孢子外觀型態。將炭疽病菌分離 株(A) C.g-1 (1-36-2)、(B) C.g-3 ( 7-g3-3)、(C) C.g-4 (53-1-2) 和(D) C.g-5 (53-3-5) 培養於 1/5 倍馬鈴薯培養基,在 28 ℃培養 30 天後,利用無菌水處理獲得孢