3.1 西南海域驗證實驗
3.1.2 西南海域音傳實驗簡介
與東北海域之實驗相似,西南海域實驗同樣也選擇了三條測線,分別為測線 A:淺水區(約 500M 等深線);測線 B:斜坡區,高屏峽谷;測線 C:峽谷區,越 過枋寮狹谷,如圖 3-1。藉由上述三種地型比較音傳之間的差異性。在規劃三條 不同類型的測線上,利用一高頻聲源發射固定的聲波,同時逐漸沿測線駛近接收 船然後再行進至下一條預定的測站,三條測線的交點 R 為接收船的位置,在接收 船上的聲納陣列接受由聲源傳遞過來的聲波訊號,並由台大水下聲學實驗室自製 組裝的後續接收系統完成整個記錄。此外,三條測線上分別有標示圈的點位為發 射聲波的船在行進的同時,沿途每隔一定的距離以 XBT 量測當時之海水溫度,
作為理論模型中輸入聲速的參考值。
在此實驗中以 DAQ 卡,進行每個頻道 72kHz 的取樣點及 24bits 的解析度,
並於聲納陣列的最下方處放置一個量測深度與溫度的儀器(SeaBird 39),實驗配置 如圖 3-2;在聲源的部分,頻率也改為更高頻的聲源(約 24kHz),頻寬為 100 Hz,
脈衝(Pulse)訊號長度 0.08 秒,訊號間格為 15 秒,深度 5 公尺。
圖 3-2 台灣西南海域實驗配置圖 3.1.3 實驗結果與訊號分析
原實驗規劃海域及點位如圖 3-1,實驗分別在 10/5、10/18 及 10/25 三個實驗 日重複執行。其中 O 點為接收點,聲源則按照 A、B 及 C 測線移動。
聲源實際行進路線及接收載台飄移狀況如圖 3-3 所示。在圖 3-3 中,由左至 右((a)、(b)及(c))分別為 10/5、10/18 及 10/25 之行進路線及漂移情形,聲源測線執 行順序為測線 A(藍線)、測線 C(黑線)、測線 B(紅線),各測線執行時間約 3 小時。
此外,各圖中藍色、黑色及紅色圓圈標記代表接收載台於各測線執行時之漂移情 形。
(a) (b) (c) 圖 3-3、聲源實際行進路線及接收載台飄移狀況圖
在計算傳播損耗時,必須先處理接收訊號,計算接收器處之接收訊號強度(聲 強級,Sound Pressure Level),再以聲源強度扣除計算得之聲強級,即可得傳播損 耗。聲學資料之信號處理理論如下式:
實際處理過程如圖 3-4 之架構,將聲學資料以 160 毫秒之時間長度依序(50%
資料重疊)取出,並使用圖 3-4 紅色框架內的流程計算此時間序列之能量頻譜密度 (Power Spectrum Density),如圖 3-5 所示。將中心頻率 7.5 千赫茲之能量密度記錄 下來,並考慮 400 赫茲之頻寬,則可得此頻率範圍內之聲學資料。圖 3-6 為接收
Latitude A1
A2 120.1 120.2 120.3 120.4 120.5 22.1
120.1 120.2 120.3 120.4 120.5 22.1
120.1 120.2 120.3 120.4 120.5 22.1
2007/1/17 Underwater Acoustics Laboratory ESOE NTU
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Wide-band Signals
Window length 160ms
IFFT ^2
Sample at 7.5kHz 1/2
1/df
50% overlap
t1 t2
+ 10*log
10*log{1/(window length)}
Window-compensation ~7.98dB
….
Peak Chosen +
10*log{BW=400}
Amplify-Gain (-G)
+
Sentiv. -(-S)
2007/1/17 Underwater Acoustics Laboratory ESOE NTU
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Wide-band Signals
Window length 160ms
IFFT ^2
Sample at 7.5kHz 1/2
1/df
50% overlap
t1 t2
+ 10*log
10*log{1/(window length)}
Window-compensation ~7.98dB
….
Peak Chosen +
10*log{BW=400}
Amplify-Gain (-G)
+
Sentiv. -(-S)
2007/1/17 Underwater Acoustics Laboratory ESOE NTU
52
Wide-band Signals
Window length 160ms
IFFT ^2
Sample at 7.5kHz 1/2
1/df
50% overlap
t1 t2
+ 10*log
10*log{1/(window length)}
Window-compensation ~7.98dB
….
Peak Chosen +
10*log{BW=400}
SPL
ch1 ch2 ch3
2007/1/17 Underwater Acoustics Laboratory ESOE NTU
52
Wide-band Signals
Window length 160ms
IFFT ^2
Sample at 7.5kHz 1/2
1/df
50% overlap
t1 t2
+ 10*log
10*log{1/(window length)}
Window-compensation ~7.98dB
….
Peak Chosen +
10*log{BW=400}
Amplify-Gain (-G)
+
Sentiv. -(-S)
圖 3-4 訊號處理流程圖
圖 3-5 能量頻譜密度(Power Spectrum Density)圖
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (min) SPL(dBref1Pa)
SPL @ 20061005 11:33
圖 3-6 接收聲學訊號圖 (Noise Level)之時間長度,如圖 3-7 之紅色線段。
35 40 45 50 55 60 SPL(dBref1Pa)
Reverberation Curve
35 40 45 50 55 60 SPL(dBref1Pa)
Reverberation Curve
圖 3-7 迴響訊號圖 根據上述迴響長度之定義,資料分析步驟如下:
1. 先將聲學資料作移動平均(Moving Average),以濾掉高頻之訊號變動,方便 判斷訊號強弱。
2. 利用聲源訊號到達前之ㄧ分鐘,計算背景噪音強度。 需之海洋環境資料為 (1)水文資料;(2)精確水深資料(Bathymetric charts);(3)沉積 物採樣;(4)海底底質聲學性質,其中水文變化及海底底質對於聲波傳遞之影響,
台灣周邊海域,海底地形變化複雜,內波與內潮運動盛行。故再台灣周邊海 域進行海洋聲學研究,一定要考慮內波與內潮對其之影響。
本計畫配合總計畫執行三年,第一年著重於量測儀器之安裝設定,進行台灣 西南海域、巴士海峽之海床沉積物採樣與實驗分析;第二、三年繼續海床沉積物 採樣分析,並在研究海域佈放錨碇系統與海流儀,長期蒐集海流及水文資料,以 及利用研究船於研究海域蒐集海洋環境與海洋背景音響資料。
3.4.3 岩心資料分析成果
本計畫已經進行了 17 之岩心採樣並完成實驗室分析。這 17 支重力式沉積物 岩心,各岩心之水深為: K01 (1400m)、K02 (830m)、K03 (586m)、K05 (53m)、K06 (199m)、K07 (920m)、K08 (948m)、K09 (1918m)、K10 (1477m)、K11 (770m)、
K12 (724m)、K13 (329m)、K14 (238m)、K15 (440m)、K17 (712m)、K18 (1126m) 與 K20 (1231m)。各岩心皆以 1 cm 間隔量測一筆資料。岩心採樣位置從高雄至恆 春近岸之陸棚區向西南延伸至陸坡,水深範圍涵蓋 53~1918 m (圖 3-8)。量測得到 之初始數據,需經岩心管徑、採樣水深、鹽度與底水溫度修正後,換算成壓縮(P) 波速率、統體密度、磁感率、聲阻抗值與孔隙率,共各項聲學及物理參數。詳細 內容請參閱子計畫之成果報告。
圖 3-8 重力式岩心採樣位置圖 3.4.4 沉積環境探討
研究區底質之孔隙率與磁感率略呈正相關性(圖 3-9),深水區(1500~2000m) 底質之磁感率比最淺區高 3 倍,孔隙率也高出 30 %。圖 3-10 顯示航次
OR3-1057,OR3-1126 各岩心孔隙率與壓縮波速率之相關性。壓縮波速率明顯地隨 著孔隙率增加而減低。
另外,深水區之統體密度、壓縮波速率與聲阻抗值明顯較低。由陸棚過渡到 陸坡至深水區,底泥物理及聲學性質差異如此大,推測粒徑分佈與顆粒排列方式 可能是決定性因素。本研究區海底地形起伏大,沉積物來源相似,主要是高屏溪、
東港溪和枋山溪輸出之泥砂,受到海中生物殼屑以不同比例相混合。接近河口之 淺水區者可能粗顆粒比例較高,而愈往深水區,砂比例降低,使得底質聲學與物 理參數均隨水深增加而具規律性變化(陳儀清,1977)。此由孔隙率遞增與濕比重遞 減可推知。深水區有較高之磁感率,此現象與湄公河口外之選他陸棚坡相反,可 能因湄公河口外深水域較多生物殼屑稀釋效應,而降低磁感率。
圖 3-8 各岩心孔隙率與磁感率相關分析圖
圖 3-9 各岩心孔隙率與壓縮波速率相關性分析圖
除了粒徑之外,顆粒排列方式、沉積物碳酸鈣與有機質含量,均會影響 P 波 速度與其他參數。未來分析岩心之礦物組成、粒徑分佈型態,可以進一步探討彼 此之相關性。由於除了粒徑之外,顆粒排列方式、沉積物碳酸鈣與有機質含量,
均會影響 P 波速度與其他參數。本文提供一個檢視沉積環境與底質聲學性質相關 性之機會,可作為未來探討複雜沈積環境之基礎。
3.4.5 水文資料調查
本計畫配合總計畫之海研三號實驗航次,於 2007 年 9 月 27~20 日期間,利 用其船上的溫鹽深儀(Conductive-Temperature-Depth, CTD)於固定的航線上、在固 定的測站(如圖 3-10)進行重複的 CTD 量測,並以此測得的時間序列資料,估算 水文資料的潮汐變化。
圖 3-10 海研三號航線(黑線)圖與 CTD 水文測站(黑點)位置圖
在三天的觀測中,第一天進行 A4X-A2X-OX-C2X-C4X 航線觀測,第二天進 行 B4X-B2X-OX-D1-D2 航線觀測,第三天則是重複第一天的觀測。三天中,共 進行了 95 次的 CTD 觀測。
利用調和分析方法分析全日、半日潮汐變化,首先資料要超過一天以上,再 者資料點分佈最好能平均分配在各時間點上。從 B2 與 D1 兩測站的分析結果得 知一天的資料已可大致分析出全日與半日變化;但是在 A4、B4、C4、D2 等四 端點測站,由於進行船測時因時間緊湊,無法進行時間延遲,以致造成端點測站 的固定觀測時差,無法滿足近似隨機的條件。所以,雖然各個時間點的分析非常 接近觀測資料,但是完全的估算整體變化趨勢,以致有多估的現象。除了此四個 端點測站外,本估算方法可大致估算出此海域的水文變化。於是,利用此方法估 算此海域聲速變化後,供其它子計畫使用。
3.5 子計畫二:海洋參數反算機制及到達時間之研究
3.5.1 研究目的
The project presents a method of passive localization for acoustic source in shallow water based on Ray acoustic theory. Ray acoustic theory is used to establish underwater coustic channel and to analyze physical quantities, arrival time and arrival angle, received by sensors. Then, mutual relationship of rays between sources and receivers is determined by using artificial neural network (ANN) for source localization.
3.5.2 研究要點
There are two approaches for the inverse computation of source localization. One is to measure the arrival time and arrival angle by using a hydrophone. The other is to evaluate sets of arrival angles by using array hydrophones. Both these inverse
approaches are established by ANN training to compute sound source location. In this study, the inverse computational method is not only used in shallow water, but it is also verified by using a non-trained source to proof its accuracy and reliability
In this present study, Ray theory is used to express propagation of sound wave in shallow water. The physical quantities such as: arrival time and arrival angle, are evaluated by use of ray theory to establish data basis and are used as inputs in artificial neural network. The network with input of ray physical quantities and output of source location is obtained. Therefore, when arrival time and arrival angle are measured or simulated as input, inversion of source location can be achieved by backward propagation network (BPN). The flowchart of the entire simulation and the practical experiment is shown as figure 3-11
Figure 3-11 Flowchart of simulation and experiment structure for source localization
3.5.3 模擬成果分析 Test cases
The range distance error shown in Eq. 11 defines as absolute value of actual sound source distance minus inverse computed distance from ANN divided by actual sound source distance in the horizontal direction. The depth distance error defines as absolute value of actual sound source distance minus inverse computed distance from ANN divided by actual sound source distance in vertical direction.
Case 1
The source is 18765m apart in range, and the hydrophone is 40m in depth. The acoustic rays that the sensor receives are analyzed to find the highest pick value of arrival angle and travel time of rays, and then replace the results as inputs of artificial neural network then the outputs (range and depth) are calculated by the network. There is 1m difference of the inverse calculation in the range distance, which is an error of 0.0053%. A difference of 2.85m of the inverse calculation in the depth of source is an error of 2.85%.
Case 2
Three sources are located at 26670m, 27002m, and 26000m apart in range respectively, and three hydrophone receivers are located at 30m, 45m, and 100m in depth respectively. The acoustic rays that the hydrophone receive are analyzed to find the highest pick value of arrival angles from VLA 16 pairs of rays and then replace the results as inputs of artificial neural network then the outputs are calculated by the network. There is 33m difference of the inverse calculation in the 26670m range distance, an error of 0.124%, and a difference of 0.329m of the inverse calculation in the depth of source is an error of 0.165%.
There is 55m difference of the inverse calculation in the 27002m range distance, an error of 0.204%, and a difference of 4.569m of the inverse calculation in the depth of source is an error of 2.285%. There is 27m difference of the inverse calculation in the 26000m range distance, an error of 0.104%, and a difference of 0.567m of the inverse calculation in the depth of source is an error of 0.284%.
Figure 3-12 presents the variation of the training error with respect to the number of hydrophone receivers. That result indicates the more numbers of hydrophone receivers for arrival angles increase, the fewer errors occur. The x axis means the number of hydrophone receiver. Each hydrophone receiver has 420 arrival angles, and the average value is calculated as the arrival angle at the hydrophone location. Those physical quantities are used as input data of BPN. The y axis presents the mean square error of training rate by ANN.
Figure 3-12 Comparison of ANN training error (Case 2)
Figure 3-13 shows the horizontal and vertical distance error with respect to
number of hydrophone receivers. The x axis means the number of hydrophone receiver.
Each hydrophone receiver has 420 arrival angles, and the average value is calculated to represent the arrival angle at the hydrophone location. Those physical quantities are used as input data of BPN. The y axis presents the distance error rate of inverse calculation by ANN. The black color means the range error rate and the gray color means the depth error rate. The horizontal distance error is less than 100m and vertical distance error is less than 10m. The distance error rates below 5% are acceptable.
Figure 3-13 Comparison of distance error (Case 2) 3.5.4 結論
This research is to develop a new inversion procedure for source localization in
This research is to develop a new inversion procedure for source localization in