According to results of analysis, description will be give based on research question.
Based on the first research question, we discovered the emotion transition in early group stage. According to Figure 1, it shown the significance of sequential analysis in emotion transition for affective behavior were P3→P3, N5→N5, N7→N7, N8→N8, N9→N9 and N7→P2. As Yalom’s theory explained the forming stage and storming stage took place in the early group stage, members were not familiar with each other in the beginning of group, they tended to felt anxious and stress in the new environment. Along with the guidance from leaders, members would felt more comfortable and join for the conversation in the journey for self-discovery. Following by the storming stage, as members felt anxious and uncertainty within the group, members begun to express themselves for define themselves and group norms, this will caused conflict between members. Through the group discussion, members experienced sadness in shared stories regarding their life difficulties and realized that they were hoped for the care and love from their parents.
Based on the second research question, we discovered the emotion transition in late group stage. From figure 2, it showed the significance of sequential analysis in emotion transition for affective behavior were P1→P1, P3→P3, P3→P4, N5→N5, N5→N7, N7→N5, N7→N7, N8→N6, N8→N8 and N9→P2. Based on Yalom’s theory, late group
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stage included norming stage, working stage and adjourning stage. At the norming stage, members resolved their conflict and formed group cohesiveness encouraged them to participate in group. In addition, members showed curiosity and support others after the adjustment in group. For the period of working stage, members engaged attentively in group and gained insight from the discussion. Through the working stage, members also would share their stories and express with negative emotion. Exploration on one’s behavior and thought brought awareness on how past experiences affected themselves.
Inspirations were inspired from the group discussion and this triggered the willingness to changes on behavior that based on the wished for cared and loved by their parents, to repair their relationship.
Based on the third research questions, comparison between early group stage and late group stage in emotion transition described the differences in z-score was shown at Table 5. Yalom’s therapeutic factors supported the presence of different emotion transition in different stages. Across early group stage to late group stage, results showed the increased in transition of P3 to P3 indicated the formation of group cohesiveness allowed members to be more open and share their personal experience. As the discussion continued, members realized the issues that faced in life were universal and they were not alone, this known as universality. The increased in transition of N8 to N8 indicated members felt anxious and stress on sharing their stories since they might be the first time
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to told people about their life difficulties.
Other than that, decreased in transition of N5 to N5 and N7 to N7 showed the effect of therapeutic factor in catharsis. As in the late group stage, members felt free to express their suppressed feeling from past experience and become aware on own thought and behavior. Also, the presence of transition in positive affective behaviors to positive behaviors such as P1→P1, P3→P3, P4→P2, P4→P4 were more frequently in late group stage compared with early group stage, it indicated the therapeutic factors of imitative behavior, interpersonal learning, developmental of socializing techniques and altruism whereby members will imitate leaders’ behavior in how to ask open questions and show empathy to others. This enhanced their interpersonal skills and helpful for their development on interpersonal relationship. Moreover, through the group discussion, members also gained self-confidence and worthiness when provided valuable ideas or information to others.
Furthermore, the occurrence of transition of negative affective behaviors to negative behaviors such as N5→N7, N7→N5, N7→N6, and N8→N6 indicated the therapeutic factors of catharsis too. In late group stage, members were not only expressed their suppressed feeling, but also become aware on their thought and behavior. This leaded that to gain self-control and take responsibilities on willingness to change their behavior.
Similarly, as the transition from N9→N9 and N9→P2 shown the feeling of guilty also
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guided members for take action to repair their relationship with their parent that based on the wishes of being loved and cared.
Conclusion
As conclusion, we discovered in the early group stage, member tended to felt anxious and dependence on the guidance from group leaders to adapt in new environment.
Moreover, conflict between members happened whenever member expressed themselves aggressively. Through the one’s sharing their story, member would felt sadness for their life difficulties and identified the wishes of interested by other afterward.
For the late group stage, as members felt sense of belonging and group cohesiveness formed, this encouraged them to build positive relationship with each other. In addition, pattern of negative transition of emotion indicated the possible interpersonal pattern among group member that chose to escape when feeling stress. The feeling of guilty played an important roles in member’s behaviour changes. When members become more self-aware on their situation, they can gain self-control in decision making for take action in repair relationship based on the wishes of being loved and cared.
Lastly, comparison on the differences of emotion transition between early group stage and late group stage was discussed. In the early group stages, members were more likely to take time in adapt new environment and focus of conversation topics was superficial. When comes to late group stages, safety group environment allowed members
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to imitate other’s behavior and practice new social skills to develop interpersonal relationship. In the late group stage, as the process of catharsis happened, members able to expressed suppressed emotion and felt sense of relief, this would beneficial for them on the gain of self-awareness and self-control.
Limitations
Although the findings showed the members’ emotion transition throughout the group process, but there were several limitation on this study. Even though single case study provided rich and detailed information regarding certain phenomenon, but still it was lack of validity and reliability that unable to concluded the finding on the population.
Moreover, the study was focused on the member’s emotion transition, but was not discovered the factors that evoked members’ emotion during the group session, further recommendation will be given for future researchers in exploring wider research topic on understanding the occurrence of emotion.
Furthermore, finding showed the transition of same emotion categories such as N5 to N5 referred to anger to anger, it explained the accumulation of emotion during the discussion on personal experience regarding dissatisfaction towards other, and eventually developed into catharsis that helped ones on relieved and released his anger. However, the method of sequential analysis was incapable in explore on the members’ emotional intensity, alternative methods for the discovery of emotional intensity emotion was
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recommended. Combinations of sequential analysis and FRAMES were time-consuming and labor-intensive method for research. Lastly, previous studies and researches that relevant with this topic was limited and there was research gap in between the identification of emotion in individual counseling and group counseling.
Recommendations
As this research revealed that there were patterns of transition in affective behavior in early group stage and late group stages. For the practical of group counseling, suggestion was given as the importance of the transition of negative affective behaviors occurred in the group process should be emphasize whereby emotion as a navigation for group process. In early group stage, group leaders can pay more attention on assist in members’ adaptation in new environment and this can reduce the level of anxiety. Other than that, group leaders can pay attention on member’s level of anxiety in the early group stage that allowed group leaders to take appropriate action to ease members’ anxiety. This could resulted in helped members to feel more comfortable in group and encourage the members’ commitment in group. For the late group stage, group leaders must be sensitive and aware on how emotion occurred in the group process. Training program regarding the detection in emotion and emotion recognition during group process for group leader are recommended. Since catharsis helped members to express their suppressed emotion from past experience, training regarding handling emotion should be emphasized for new
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trainee.
For the recommendation on researches, this study used single case study for the analysis, therefore it lacking of validity and reliability and cannot represent the population.
For further study, method for multiple case study can be considered as the increases of quantitative for cases would have better inference for the study. Beside, combination with qualitative analysis or other method such as interviews after the end of group session would have further finding on discover the possibilities of group counseling’s effectiveness. Lastly, measurement and coding for leaders’ intervention would bring clearer understanding on how leaders’ interventions influence on client’s emotion transition in the group process.
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