Research conducted 12-times low structured group counseling, and conversations converted into transcripts as observable data whereby total of 1404 codes were obtained after coding based on the Fundamental repetitive and maladaptive emotion structure coding scheme. According to Fundamental repetitive and maladaptive emotion structure coding scheme, Table 2 shown the categories of affective behavior with 9 different code as following:
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Table 2
Fundamental repetitive and maladaptive emotion structure coding scheme (FRAMES)
Codes Description Example
P1 Behavior that express positive active wishes as an individual show care for/support/love the other
“I would like to respond to A, I do think you are very brave in trying to take action.”
P2 Behavior that express positive passive wishes as an individual wanted to be interested by other
“I think I am needed to be needed, and I would take action for it.”
P3 Positive emotional state that feel passive satisfaction, such as feeling contentment
“I am happy with my current situation.”
P4 Positive emotional state that feel active satisfaction such as feeling joy
“I feel touched when my father willing to accompany me when I was sick.”
N5 Behavior that express negative active wishes as an individual hurt/ be hostile the other
“What do you want me to do? I am really upset about what you did.”
N6 Behavior that express negative passive wishes as an individual avoid/
get away from the other
“I will refuse to interact with her since she cannot give me what I want.”
N7 Negative emotional state that feel passive dissatisfaction, such as feeling sadness between passive dissatisfaction and active dissatisfaction such as guilty
“I feel guilty on what I have done to others”
Frequency of each affective behavior category immediately following another behavioral category were calculated as sequential analysis emphasized the observation in
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sequential approach of consecutive behaviors. Table 3 showed the transition frequency of affective behavior, each row represents the initial affective behavior, and each column represents the code of the affective behavior that follows immediately after a row affective behavior has happened. The numbers within Table 2 represented the total number of frequency of certain column affective behavior followed immediately after another certain affective behavior. For instance, the number 60 in row 5 and column 2 indicated that “N5 occurring immediately after P2” happened 3 times). Although previously showed there were 8 different categories in FRAMES, researchers discovered there were conversations that unable classified into those 8 categories. However, FRAMES provided alternative categorization on emotion that fall in between active or passive emotion, such as guilty that was unable categorized into either sadness or fear.
Therefore, conversation that reflected on the emotion of guilty categorized as N9 in coding schemes for further analysis. Table 3 data was used for further analysis, as sequential analysis performed to analyses the deduction on each sequential relationship and identify whether those data achieve statistical significance (Bakeman & Gottman, 1997).
Table 3 showed the result of sequential analysis. Indication of statistical significance (p < .05) for the degree of continuity was based on the z-value of a sequence, when it was larger than +1.96, it means it was statistical significance, and we deduced a behavioral
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transfer diagram based on this table (as shown in Figure 1).
Table 3
The transition frequency of affective behavior.
P1 P2 P3 P4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 Total Frequency
Sequential analysis for early stage of group (Session 2 to session 6).
P1 P2 P3 P4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9
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Figure 1
Sequential analysis for early stage of group (Session 2 to session 6).
Figure 1 included all sequences in Table 4 that have achieved a level of statistically significance. The values stated in the figure represented the z-value of each sequence, the thickness of the arrow stand for the level of significance, and each arrow points represented the direction of the transfer. Data shown in Table 3 and Figure 1 provided the pattern of affective behaviors that occurred in the early stages for group counseling. We analyzed and concluded the following pattern of behavioral transfer from the data.
The sequences that reached significance in early stages for group counseling are P3→P3, P4→P4, N5→N5, N7→N7, N8→N6, and N8→N8. Next, P3 (Positive emotional state that feel passive satisfaction) was the second higher followed by P3 (Positive emotional state that feel passive satisfaction). The third higher z-score was P4
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followed by P4 with 4.74.
The findings reflected on the Yalom’s (2015) theory of group as the group stages divided into 5 different phases which are forming, storming, norming, working and adjourning. Forming stage was an orientation stage that the leader took an important roles to lead members for the discussion in group norms such as confidentiality, attendance, and rules of communication and participation (Yalom & Leszcz, 2015). As the leaders leading the discussion, and member started to get familiar with each other, they tended to felt more relax and free to express themselves, and our finding also showed the transition of P3 to P3 reflected the occurrence of feeling in contentment or satisfaction throughout the early stage. Other than that, the transition of P4 to P4 indicated that the positive emotional state that feel active satisfaction such as feeling joy occurred during the early group stage where members discovered a new perspective and gained insight in group process.
Moreover, in the early stages of the group, N5 (behavior that express negative active wishes as an individual hurt/ be hostile the other) was most frequently followed by N5 (behavior that express negative active wishes as an individual hurt/ be hostile the other).
It indicated that the storming stage was a transition phase whereby members will felt anxious and uncertain in group, they were trying to test or express themselves in group to define themselves and the group norm (Yalom & Leszcz, 2015). Then, this will formed
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interpersonal conflict between members as they expressed themselves freely to disagree with each other. Somehow, this also fitted with the finding that N8 (Negative emotional state that feel active dissatisfaction) followed by N8 (Negative emotional state that feel active dissatisfaction) as members felt anxious and generated more anxious when experienced uncertainty in adjustment for new group environment. In addition, the transition from N9 to N9 revealed members felt guilty when disclosed their own personal experience and what they had done in the past, and it will deepen the feeling of guilt.
During the group discussion, as member shared their personal experience, they felt sad about the disappointment and loss that they had go through in life. In this case, members began to aware that their behavior was based the expectation and hoped to be interested by parent, and this fitted with the transition of feeling in N7 to P2.
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