As Duarte (2017) said counseling was a process that involved with counsellor and client, counsellor played a role as assisted clients to enhance his relationships with others, and even had improvement on their well-being. Guidance from counsellor helped clients recognized the similarity and differentiation between peoples (Duarte, 2017). Throughout the counseling process, clients were able to build up with new perspectives and it will be beneficial to his future well-being (Duarte, 2017).
Likewise, when clients were more likely to seek help from counsellor when overwhelmed with distressed experience that caused negative influences on their psychological health (Rose et al., 2005). Their goals for participating in therapy were mainly focused on overcome their personal issues through learning and change in new perspectives (Rose et al., 2005). Rose et al. (2005) pointed out the learning process within the therapy provided clients in reworking on their distortion with experienced the learning experience. It helped client for the discovery in their unconscious and bring it up into the surface that leaded to consciously aware on his own issues.
Finding suggested that the measurement on the change in the clients during the psychotherapy process should be observable and measurable (Strang, 1947). The primary evaluation was clients who succeed in life adaption should not return back to therapy
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again (Strang, 1947). Next, clients who did not return to therapy showed great adjustment in his working life such as able to get a job (Strang, 1947). Reduction in certain symptoms was a good sign that indicated the effectiveness of psychotherapy (Strang, 1947). Also, the tracking on client’s expressed feeling during the therapy provided information about their progress in psychotherapy (Strang, 1947). Equally, adjustment to life revealed that clients were able to deal with his personal issues by himself without relied on therapist (Strang, 1947).
Besides, Frey and Raming (1979) conducted research on taxonomy of counseling methods and goals, it indicated certain ways and processes in assisting clients within counseling process. Based on the counseling process that he mentioned, acceptance from counsellor with non-judgmental listening encouraged clients to talk about themselves as clients might be rejected in his daily interpersonal relationship (Frey & Raming, 1979).
During the counseling session, questions asked by the counsellors were important, and this information collection was for the understanding in client’s thought, behavior or feeling (Frey & Raming, 1979). Next, counsellors helped clients to aware on their unconscious thought or emotion and directed to assisted clients on recognition for accept his internal experiences (Frey & Raming, 1979). Counsellors will presented with the foundation of emotion to clients for the identification of distressed emotion and teach them about specific ways to gain control over his emotions (Frey & Raming, 1979). Lastly,
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encouragement on clients’ autonomy to showed support for allowed client to take his own time on dealing with his issues (Frey & Raming, 1979).
No distinction between effectiveness of different counseling approaches or methods such as cognitive behavioral therapy, family therapy or group counseling (Erford, 2015).
Saman and Bakhtiar (2020) examined the application of behavioral rehearsal technique in group counseling that aimed to assists students who experience social anxiety.
Comparison between experimental group and control group for before and after the implementation were examined, and as results, both group showed reduction in anxious level (Saman & Bakhtiar, 2020).
Toren and Shechtman (2010) conducted an investigation about the group counseling outcome with personal and process variable for student population. Also, as the result indicated participants gained improvement on their interpersonal relationship after the group counseling, as this was affected by the members’ willingness of disclosure and impression of the therapy (Toren & Shechtman, 2010). Across group counseling session, people who had higher intention to disclose tended to involved more in group and formed bonding with group member, and this contributed to the outcome for his interpersonal relationship experience (Toren & Shechtman, 2010). Correspondingly, good impression on therapy also predicted on positive interpersonal relationship. Equally, another findings discovered that members who had higher level of bonding with other, showed behavioral
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changes with reduction in substances uses after 3 months of termination (Valeria et al., 2018).
As Hsu and Woo (2010) mentioned about the group process, that early stage of group counseling was mainly focused on individual, such as facilitates in sharing, showing support and empathy, and helped members to acceptance emotion. As group formation continued, members will felt secure and form bonding with each other and clarified with their ambiguous comminution (Hsu & Woo, 2010). After that, encouragement from leader helped members to aware on their situation as feedbacks will be provided by both leader and members (Hsu & Woo, 2010). Moreover, interpersonal skill was learn within this process as expansion on new perspective throughout group process (Hsu & Woo, 2010).
As conclusion, counseling is a process that helped clients to aware on his unconscious thought or emotion and re-learn on his perspective of views with the assistant from counsellor. Researches regarding effectiveness of the psychotherapy implementation have been discussed, as it showed the no significant different between methods or approach, all of them also contributed positive effects on client’s changes in coping with personal issues. However, there are still lack of research finding on the process within the counseling process, as what happened in counseling, what was client experience in their emotion or internal experience throughout the process, and even how changes take place. Therefore, future research on related study needed to be discussed.
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