Weighing all the conditions of each treatment and the overall efficacy gained in
the current study, it is advisable to adopt FonF framework in writing instruction in
terms of enhancing learners’ competence in applying specific linguistic form, which,
in the educational setting in Taiwan, has traditionally been treated with corrective
feedback. CF has its value in dealing with students’ misuses in writing, and it is also
widely considered by many (both teachers and students) to be of the crucial status in
writing instruction. As a high school teacher who has adopted CF in dealing with
students’ mistakes in writing as well, I have often witnessed the students’
improvement in writing. Yet the instructional reality, far too often, restricts the
improvements of the students if more opportunities of practicing writing are granted.
For idiosyncratic components of writing, much energy and devotion from the teacher
and the students alike should be demanded. However, for minor flaws in language use
that occur relatively frequently in students’ writing pieces, such as past tense or V-s in
third-person singular, there should be a more effective and more efficient treatment. If
a teacher is able to influence the students’ ability in using linguistic form by
conducting a series of pedagogical activities (as shown in PI), and thus does not have
to deal with each student’s mistakes individually and consecutively, with each single
piece of writing taking up the teacher 5 to 10 minutes to put down more or less the
same CF, more time and energy can be spared for other aspects in writing that require
individual treatment, such as the rhetoric. It was this last belief that motivated the
current study. Hopefully more research interest will follow in this field, and the
scenario of writing instruction will be gradually refined and improved in Taiwan.
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Appendix-A The consent form
Appendix-B Pretest 1 (multiple choice questions)
第一大題 第一大題
第一大題第一大題 1-16 題綜合測驗題綜合測驗題綜合測驗 請由四個選項中選出符合文意題綜合測驗 請由四個選項中選出符合文意請由四個選項中選出符合文意, 文法正確請由四個選項中選出符合文意 文法正確文法正確的答案文法正確的答案的答案。的答案。。 。 ( )1. Life in the mountains ___ quieter than life in big cities.
(A) are (B) is (C) to be (D) being
( )2. Sorry, but I didn’t hear the questions you ___. Could you please repeat it?
(A) ask (B) asking (C) asks (D) asked
( )3. Everyone ___ mistakes in his or her life. What’s important is not to repeat them.
(A) does (B) forgets (C) makes (D) takes
( )8. Jean is crazy about the color purple. The walls of her house are all ___ purple.
(A) built (B) dug (C) painted (D) shown
( )9. At dinner time, I often enjoy telling Mom everything that ___ at school.
(A) happened (B) happens (C) happening (D) happen ( )10. Marsha ___ her friends would do something special to celebrate her birthday, but
they just gave her a little card.
(A) thought (B) does not think (C) think (D) did not think ( )11. Betty ___ TV when her little brother fell off the chair.
(A) watched (B) was watching (C) has watched (D) will watch ( )12. The fishermen ___ little about the island when they arrived there.
(A) know (B) knows (C) knew (D) knowing
( )13. We can’t enter the house. I can’t find my key!
Is it possible that you ___ it in the car?
(A) leave (B) drop (C) places (D) left
( )14. Alex: What are you still here. It’s already eight o’clock.
Tom: Because I ___ my work. Don’t worry. It’s almost done.
(A) wasn’t finishing (B) wouldn’t finish
(C) haven’t finished (D) won’t finish
( )15. Do you want to share with us your vacation in America?
It ___ so terrible. Believe me. You wouldn’t like to know.
(A) would be (B) was (C) is (D) will be
( )16. A: You look worried. What’s the matter?
(A) forget (B) didn’t remember (C) remember (D) forgot 第二大題第二大題
第二大題第二大題 17-18 題題題題 填空填空填空填空 請依提示填入合適的答案請依提示填入合適的答案請依提示填入合適的答案請依提示填入合適的答案 ( )17. A: What did you do after school today?
B: Well, I just _________ some comic books. (我就只是看了些漫畫~)
( )18. Yesterday I went to the beach with my brother. The sun was so bright that it ______
my eyes! (陽光超亮, 刺痛我的眼睛) 第三第三
第三第三大大大大題題題題 19-21 題題題 對話選擇題 對話選擇對話選擇 請由四個選項中選出符合文意對話選擇 請由四個選項中選出符合文意請由四個選項中選出符合文意, 文法正確的答案請由四個選項中選出符合文意 文法正確的答案文法正確的答案。文法正確的答案。。 。 A: How come you look so tired? It’s beautiful Sunday morning.
B: I 19___ up and went to bed late.
A: Wow…and what time 20___ you get up?
B: Around 6 o’clock.
A: Why didn’t you have a little bit more of shut-eye?
B: Because there 21___ the mosquitoes!
Summer vacation has started here. This is my second year in America. This year I have many ___to meet different people. My school thinks students should not only study hard but also try to help others. That’s why I was asked to work at a hospital. I didn’t get paid for the work, so at first I ___I was helping others. But later I found I was in fact helping myself. The work has changed me in a good way. I used to care only about my studies, but I’m different now. It ___me feel good to see other people live better lives because of something I did for them.
I miss my friends in Taiwan. I___ back home next summer after graduating from high school. Let’s go to see our teacher Ms. Huang then. She’s going to have a baby next January.
All the Best
BDCDA CDCAB ACDCB D read, hurt, DC B CBAD
Appendix C-Pretest 2 Questionnaire for IE group Questionnaire
Class No.
Name
1. What did you see in this handout? Please phrase in a general term.
你在這份講義上看到了什麼? 請大略描述。
2. Do you think there was a pattern or rule behind it? Yes / No (Yes continue; No jump to question 6)
你覺得所看到的是否有規則? 是請續答, 否請跳到第6題
3. Can you try to describe it?
能否試著做描述?
4. Examine the whole text again with the rule you just found. Is there any exception to the rule? Yes / No
用你剛發現的規則重新檢視一次文章, 這規則是否有例外?
5. Specify your reason for question 4.
承接上一題, 無論有無例外, 請說明你的原因。
6. Is there anything unusual about the following texts?下列有無任何異狀?
a) Students in Taiwan have a lot to read, and they stay up for that.
b) Emma sleeps in class because she stays up late. As a result, she was punished for sleeping in class. The students punished will stay in the office for more homework after school.
End of questionnaire- Your participation is highly appreciated. Thank you.
Appendix D-Pretest 2 Questionnaire for CF group
3. What kind of errors did the teacher correct?
老師批改的是何種錯誤, 你能試著寫下來嗎?
4. Examine the whole text again with the rule you just found. Did the teacher miss any mistakes in the category you just found? Yes / No
用你剛發現的規則重新檢視一次文章, 有沒有任何錯誤屬於你剛發現的那類 型, 而老師漏改的?
5. Specify your reason for question 4.
承接上一題, 無論有無漏改, 請說明你的原因。
6. Is there anything unusual about the following two sentences?下列二句有無 任何異狀?
a) Students in Taiwan have a lot to read, and they stay up for that.
b) Emma sleeps in class because she stays up late. As a result, she was punished for sleeping in class. The students punished will stay in the office for more homework after school.
End of questionnaire- Your participation is highly appreciated. Thank you.
Appendix E-Pretest 2 Questionnaire for PI group Questionnaire
Class No.
Name
1. What was the linguistic rule that you just learned? 你剛上的課程是有關於?
2. Did you notice any mistakes from your classmates when he/she shared with you his/her winter vacation life? Can you give some examples?
你有注意到同學分享寒假生活時有任何的口誤嗎?
3. Is there any mistake in your recording of your classmates’ sharing?
在你記錄同學的分享中, 有沒有任何錯誤?
4. If yes, what is it that failed your attention?
若有, 你覺得是什麼原因讓自己寫的時候忽略?
5. Is there anything unusual about the following two sentences?下列二句有無 任何異狀?
a) Students in Taiwan have a lot to read, and they stay up for that.
b) Emma sleeps in class because she stays up late. As a result, she
b) Emma sleeps in class because she stays up late. As a result, she