Note. Coef= -0.2234; P-value= 0.0373 in simple regression Chart 4-10 Educational difference of question A5
The t-test of gender proof that there is significant difference between two gender and Chinese young male would be more likely to find Xi wrong than Chinese female. And the educational level has negative effect on finding Xi is wrong under α=5% level, thus people with higher educational level would be less likely to find that Xi Jingping is wrong. Thus the research fixed the effect of educational level to test the effect of variable “age”. However, the regression result indicates that age has no significant effect on the scores of people find that Xi is wrong.
6) How frequently have you taken any initiative to change the way things are?
The average scores of male and female in terms of the frequency of taking initiative to change the current situation are very close (3.123, 3.291), and there is no significant different.
Note. P-value= 0.2846 in T-test H0:diff=0
Chart 4-11 Gender difference of question A6
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Additionally, it seems that people with higher educational level would be less likely to take an initiative to change the situation. However, the following regression result shows that there is no significant evidence of differences among four educational level groups since p-value=0.0582 is greater than 0.05.
Note. Coef=-0.1952; P-value= 0.0582 in simple regression Chart 4-12 Educational difference of question A6
Lastly, the research runs the simple regression to test the effect of variable “age”, the result in table 4-10 shows there is no significant evidence that the age has negative effect on the frequency of people changing the current situation.
7) How frequently do you report your problems to the concerned authorities to change the way things are?
The average frequency of Chinese young male and female report their problem tp concerned authorities to change the way things are 2.291 and 2.169. As we can see, both of the scores are far below the moderate amount, and there is no significant difference between these two groups.
3.579
3.309
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Note. P-value= 0.3865 in T-test H0:diff=0
Chart 4-13 Gender difference of question A7
On the contrary, the line chart shows that people with higher educational level would be more often to report their problem to the authorities. However, the simple regression shows there is no significant effect on the dependent variable since p-value is 0.2782.
Note. Coef=0.1003; P-value= 0.2782 in simple regression
Chart 4-14 Educational difference of question A7
Neither does variable ”age” has significant effect on the frequently of people report problems to the concerned authorities to change the way things are.
2.169 2.291
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Female Male
1.579
2.341 2.183 2.4
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Note. P-value= 0.2637 in T-test H0:diff=0
Chart 4-15 Gender difference of question A8
Note. Coef= 0.0411; P-value=0.6260 in simple regression
Chart 4-16 Educational difference of question A8
According to the charts, there is no obvious difference among different group of gender and educational levels in terms of concern about China’s future. However, all of the groups show high average level of concern, about 3.8 in the scale of 5. Following by the regression of the variable “age”, there is also no significant proof of the effect of age since p-value=0.1923.
3.715 3.858
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1) The leadership of Xi JinPing is ethical.
According to the histogram bar chart, Chinese young female(4.169) consider Xi Jingping is ethical more than Chinese young male(3.404) in average. According to the following t-test result, there is a significant proof the difference between two groups under α=0.1% level since p-value is close to 0.0000.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-17 Gender difference of question B1
Note. Coef= 0.2946; P-value=0.0039 in simple regression
Chart 4-18 Educational difference of question B1
4.169
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On the other hand, the research use the simple regression to test the effect of educational level, and the coefficient of the independent variable is positive(0.2946), thus the people with higher educational level tend to consider Xi is ethical more than the lower educational level groups under α=0.5% level since p-value=0.0039.
Furthermore, the research run the regression of independent variable ”age” in table 4-10.
Consequently there is no significant effect of age since p-value=0.1447 is greater than 0.05.
2) Xi JinPing can be trusted for the progress of China.
Based on the survey result, we could say that Chinese young female(4.238) consider Xi JinPing can be trusted for the progress of China more than Chinese young male(3.404), and the there is a significant evidence shows the difference between gender underα=0.1% level since p-value is close to 0.0000.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-19 Gender difference of question B2
On the other hand, when we run the simple regression of variable”educatinal level”, the result shows that people with higher educational level tend to trust Xi Jingping more on the process of China than people with lower educational level do. The result is significant underα=0.5% level since p-value=0.0034.
4.238
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Note. Coef= 0.2979; P-value=0.0034 in simple regression Chart 4-20 Educational difference of question B2
However, the table below shows the result of simple regression, there is no significant proof that age has effect on the dependent variable.
3) Xi JinPing personality is respectable.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-21 Gender difference of question B3
We can find out that for Chinese on female, it is certain that Xi JinPing personality is respectable. The average score of female is 4.254 which is close to the full score under the 5 scale level, and the answer is also positive for male(3.504). And the T-test result shows the significant difference between two gender groups under α=0.1% level.
2.684
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Chart 4-22 Educational difference of question B3Moreover, using the simple regression to test the effect of variable “age”, result tells that there is no significant evidence shows the effect of age.
4) Xi JinPing is admirable.
The result of T-test shows that Chinese young female and male have significant difference on the perception of whether Xi is admirable under α=0.1% level. And Chinese young female(3.746) tend to think Xi more admirable than male(2.787).
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-23 Gender difference of question B4
Furthermore people with higher educaitonal level would also consider Xi is more admirable based on the simple regression under α=0.5% level since p-value=0.0023.
2.684
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Note. Coefficient= 0.3507; P-value=0.002 in simple regression Chart 4-24 Educational difference of question B4
However, when we fix the effect of gender and educational level, age shows no effect on people think Xi is admirable or not, it is possible that both gender and educational level have stronger effect so that variable “age” shows less correlated.
5) Xi JinPing motivates Chinese People.
The histogram bar chart shows that in average Chinese young female(4.092) agree that Xi JinPing motivates Chinese People more than Chinese young male do(3.298), and it is significant under α=0.1% level. In addition, educational level has obvious effect on the agreement of the decisions of Xi Jinping under α=0.1% level.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-25 Gender difference of question B5
2.053
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On the other hand, educational level has positive effect on the agree level of whether Xi JinPing motivates Chinese People since the coefficient is 0.3232 and significant underα=0.5%.
Note. Coefficient= 0.3232; P-value=0.002 in simple regression Chart 4-26 Educational difference of question B5
Moreover, table 4-10 shows that the age has no significant effect on whether Xi JinPing motivates Chinese people under α=1% level since p-value=0.1191.
6) Xi JinPing inspires enthusiasm for the progress of China
The statistical result shows there is significant evidence of the difference between gender and among different educational level in terms of whether people thinks Xi JinPing inspires enthusiasm for the progress of China.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-27 Gender difference of question B6
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Note. Coefficient= 0.3457; P-value=0.001 in simple regression Chart 4-28 Educational difference of question B6
Demonstrating by the histogram bar chart, we could understand that female are tend to think Xi inspires the progress of China more than male do. When it comes to educational level, people with under bachelor’s degree agree less than other groups of people.
Moreover, table 4-10 shows that the age has no significant effect on people’s perspective of Xi JinPing inspires enthusiasm for the progress of China under α=1% level since p-value=0.1160.
7) Xi JinPing demonstrate commitment to goals of Chinese people.
The t-test of gender proof that there is significant difference between two gender and Chinese young male would be more likely to agree that Xi JinPing demonstrate commitment to goals of Chinese people than Chinese female.
2.474
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Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-29 Gender difference of question B7
And the educational level has positive effect on it since P-value=0.004 which is significant under α=0.1% level, thus people with higher educational level would be more likely to think Xi JinPing demonstrate commitment to goals of Chinese people.
Note. Coefficient= 0.3068; P-value=0.004 in simple regression Chart 4-30 Educational difference of question B7
Furthermore, the research run the regression of independent variable ”age” in table 4-10.
Consequently there is significant effect of age underα=5% since p-value=0.0.0330 is less than 0.05.
4.031
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8) Xi JinPing is an authority in Chinese politics and economy
The t-test of gender shows there is significant difference between two gender in the perspective of whether Xi JinPing is an authority in Chinese politics and economy under α=0.01% level. Chinese young female(3.762) has higher average score than young male(3.078).
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-31 Gender difference of question B8
Moreover, the educational level has positive effect on it under α=0.5% level since P-value=0.004 with the coefficient= 0.3068, thus people with higher educational level would be more likely to agree that Xi JinPing is an authority in Chinese politics and economy.
Note. Coefficient= 0.3068; P-value=0.004 in simple regression Chart 4-32 Educational difference of question B8
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Lastly, according to table 4-10, age has significant positive effect on the perspective of Xi JinPing is an authority in Chinese politics and economy under α=0.01% level, with means elder people would agree more as of Xi JinPing is an authority in Chinese politics and economy than younger people.
9) Xi JinPing’s policies are innovative.
According to the histogram bar chart, Chinese young female(3.923) consider Xi JinPing’s policies are innovative more than Chinese young male(3.227) in average. According to the following t-test result, there is a significant proof the difference between two groups under α=0.1% level since p-value is close to 0.0000.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-33 Gender difference of question B9
On the other hand, people with higher educational level would consider Xi JinPing’s policies are innovative more than people with lower educational level in average under α=0.1%
level since p-value is close to 0.0000.
3.923
3.227
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Note. Coefficient= 0.3930; P-value=0.0000 in simple regression Chart 4-34 Educational difference of question B9
After all, we run the simple regression of the variable “age” and there is significant proof of the difference among different ages under α=5% level since the p-value is 0.0442. However, follow by the coefficient= 0.0463, we could say that older people tend to consider Xi JinPing’s policies are innovative more than younger people.
10) Xi JinPing is open to new ideas/approaches in order to solve problems.
The statistical result shows there is significant evidence of the difference between gender and among different educational level under α=0.1% level in terms of whether people thinks Xi JinPing is open to new ideas/approaches in order to solve problems. Fe
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-35 Gender difference of question B10
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Additionally, female would agree more than male and people with higher educational level would be more likely to think Xi JinPing is open to new ideas/approaches in order to solve problems.
Note. Coefficient= 0.3483; P-value=0.001 in simple regression Chart 4-36 Educational difference of question B10
Simple regression in table 4-10 shows that the age has significant effect on it under α=5%
level since p-value=0.042. The coefficient is positive(0.0503) means that older people would tend to think Xi JinPing is open to new ideas/approaches in order to solve problems.
11) Xi JinPing is critical regarding mistakes of his administrative officers in public.
The histogram bar chart shows that in average Chinese young female(3.946) agree think Xi JinPing is critical regarding mistakes of his administrative officers in public more than Chinese young male do(3.482), and it is significant under α=0.1% level. In addition, educational level has obvious effect on the agreement of Xi JinPing is critical regarding mistakes of his administrative officers in public under α=0.05% level, the lowest level(under bachelor degree) present a low score of agreement, which is 29.48% lower than people with doctoral degree.
2.211
3.504 3.683 3.72
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Note. P-value=0.0010 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-37 Gender difference of question B11
Note. Coefficient= 0.2880; P-value=0.002 in simple regression Chart 4-38 Educational difference of question B11
However, in the single regression, the independent variable ”age” shows no significant effect on Xi JinPing is critical regarding mistakes of his administrative officers in public underα=1% level since P-value= 0.336 is greater than 0.01.
3.946
3.482
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3.764 3.779 4
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followers in Robert’s followership model, effective and alienated followers show negative perspective of Xi; however, Yes-people and sheep followers show positive perspective of Xi. In the other words, first four of the hypothesis are significant proofed under α=0.1% level, we could say that people who are independent/ with critical thinking would have worse perception of the leader; i.e., people who are dependent/ with uncritical thinking would have better perception of the leader.Table 4-11 Perspective of Xi of four types of followers Effective
Followers Yes-People
Followers Alienated
Followers Sheep Followers
Perception of Xi
- + - +
In terms of the relation between leadership and followership, four types of followers are statistical significantly effecting the perception of the leader. “Effective Followers” and
“Alienated Followers” would tend to have negative perception of the leader compares to others;
on the contrary; “Yes-People” and “Sheep Followers” would consider Xi in more positive perception. Therefore we have the conclusion that followership do effect the perception of the leadership. In the other words, the personality of the follower do effects how people consider leader is. When we compare the gender, educational level, and age of four types of followers, we observed that it is significant “Yes-People” and “Sheep Followers” are more likely to be female and “Effective Followers” and “Alienated Followers” are usually male. Moreover, “Yes-People”
and “Sheep Followers” are more likely to be the people with higher educational level.
For the hypothesis 5, 6, and 7, the research analyzes the political consciousness of the Chinese young people and observes the differences among different groups. The result of hypothesis 5 shows that the independent variable “age” always has negative effect on the open-minded of politics in three regressions, which means young people would be more open-open-minded, and the result is significant. Secondly, the hypothesis 6 shows that educational level has positive effect on political consciousness in the multiple regressions under α=5% level, which means people with higher educational level would have higher political consciousness than people with
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lower educational level. Lastly, the result of hypothesis 7 shows that gender is always significantly effect on the political consciousness in three regressions under α=1% level, which means male would have higher political consciousness than female. In conclusion, Male, younger people, and people with higher educational level would have higher political consciousness.
The research results demonstrate that the political attitudes of the youth are mostly different between two genders but less different among educational level and age. Moreover, according to the hypothesis results we have the significant proof that Younger people would be more open mind in terms of politics than the elder, people with higher educational level would have higher political consciousness than people with lower educational level, and male would have higher political consciousness than female.
The result findings suggest most Chinese students are satisfied with President Xi Jinping’s overall performance as a leader, and rather contended with his policies. Despite the fact that some respondents were reluctant to fill out survey as they considered the questions to be quite sensitive, most Chinese student's showed interest in the survey and eagerly participated.
The results reveal that most of the respondents consider President Xi Jinping to be a transformational leader, with bold, charismatic and trustworthy personality. This indicates that Chinese president is effectively using policy tools and being a leader of world’s largest population, enjoys the support of majority of his followers. Under Xi’s leadership China is emerging as a new political and economic power, while maintaining the rule of law, patriotism, dedication, and honesty under the banner of “Socialism core value”. In the eyes of Chinese students, Xi Jinping not only remains committed to the development of country but also adhere to legitimacy and longevity.
Xi’s governance is not only abiding the rule of law to meet China’s current needs, but also sustaining the country’s overall development and delivering improved living conditions to the ordinary citizens, which legitimize his position as a transformational leader and increasing support from his followers.
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