4. Research Results
4.4 Questionnaire Results
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Table 4-9 Four types of followers Coefficient of Independent Variables
Dependent variable age male education
Effective followers -0.1078** 0.9763** 0.139
Yes people 0.0522 -0.6054** 0.3269*
Alienated_followers -0.0255 1.0622** -0.7996
Sheep_followers 0.0616 -1.0957** 0.3246*
*=significant at α=0.1 level
**=significant at α=0.05 level
4.4 Questionnaire results
In this sector, the research observes and compares the opinion among different object groups. To have further understand of differences of gender, educational level, age.
To analyze each questionnaire, the research shows the histogram chart of different gender’s average scores and the line chart of four educational levels’ average score in order to have a brief understand of the data. In terms of statistical evidence, we firstly use T-test to test the difference between genders. Secondly, the research uses simple regression to test the effect of educational levels on the dependent variable. Lastly, the research uses fixed-effect regression to observe the effect of age.
Table 4-10 Simple regression of age for each questionnaire
Question Variable name coefficient Standard error P-value F
A1 Age -0.0277 0.0151 0.068 3.36
A2 Age 0.0018 0.0144 0.8998 0.27
A3 Age -0.0422 0.0211 0.0467 4
A4 Age -0.0549 0.0220 0.0140 6.12
A5 Age -0.0427 0.0269 0.1140 2.52
A6 Age -0.0414 0.0225 0.0665 3.40
A7 Age 0.0163 0.0195 0.4061 0.69
A8 Age -0.0236 0.0181 0.1923 1.71
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Question Variable name coefficient Standard error P-value F
B1 Age 0.02993 0.0205 0.1447 2.14
B2 Age 0.0285 0.0215 0.185 8.75
B3 Age 0.0299 0.0212 0.1590
B4 Age 0.0304 0.0235 0.1961 1.68
B5 Age 0.0362 0.0232 0.1191 2.45
B6 Age 0.0371 0.0235 0.1160 2.49
B7 Age 0.0510 0.0237 0.0330 4.60
B8 Age 0.0858 0.0240 0.0000 12.73
B9 Age 0.0463 0.0229 0.0442 4.09
B10 Age 0.0503 0.0246 0.042 4.19
B11 Age 0.0199 0.0207 0.336 0.93
Part A
1)” How interested are you in politics of China?”
According to the survey results, the average score of female (2.908) is lower than male(3.291) in terms of interested are you in politics of China. On the other hand, people with higher educational level would also be more interested in politics in China. According to the line chart, average score of Bachelor and Master are about 3; however, Ph.D students have the score of 3.36 which is about 10% higher than others. As we know, young Chinese guys is more interested in Chinese politics; however, in order to determine the difference between these two groups(male and female), we use the T-test to test the hypothesis of male have the same interested level as female. The result of T-test shows that there is a significant difference between two groups under α= 1% level since p-value is less than 0.01.
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Note. P-value=0.0006 in T-test H0:diff=0.Chart 4-1 Gender difference of Question A1
Furthermore, when we use the simple regression to test the relation between educational level and the interest of Chinese politics, the regression result shows that there is no significant evidence proof of the effect. However, in the line chart we could observe that people with doctoral degree have the strongest interest in politics of China.
Note. Coef= 0.0678; P-value= 0.3625 in simple regression
Chart 4-2 Educational difference of Question A1
Furthermore, so as to understand the relation between age and the interest of Chinese politics, the research use the simple regression with gender fixed effect in order to exclude the
2.908
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affection of different gender. According to the results, the coefficient of the age is -0.0277 which means younger people may be more interested in politics in China; however, the result only significant underα= 10% since the p-value is 0.0681.
2) How influential have your friends and family been in your perception about Xi Jinping?
The statistical result shows there is no significant evidence of the difference between gender nor among different educational level in terms of how people consider there are influenced by friends and family been in their perception about Xi Jinping.
Demonstrating by the histogram bar chart, we could understand that the opinion of two genders are almost the same in terms of how family and friends influent the objects about the perception of Xi Jinping. When it comes to educational level, under bachelor’s degree and doctoral degree students would be less influent by friends and family than bachelor and master students.
Note. P-value= 0.8122 in T-test H0:diff=0
Chart 4-3 Gender difference of question A2
2.769 2.745
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Female Male
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Note. Coef= -0.0136; P-value= 0.8414 in simple regression Chart 4-4 Educational difference of question A2
After all, we run the simple regression of the variable “age” and there is also no significant proof of the difference among different ages since the p-value is 0.8998. However, follow by the coefficient= 0.0018, we could say that older people tend to influence by friends and family more than younger people.
3) How frequently have you criticized Xi Jinping’s decisions either publicly or privately?
According to the survey result, Chinese young male(2.979) criticize Xi Jingping more often than female(2.062). Secondly, students with higher educational level would be less often to criticize Xi Jingping’s decisions. To test the difference between male and female, the research using T-test model, and the result shows that there is a significant evidence of Chinese young male criticize Xi Jingping’s decision more often than Chinese young female underα=1% level since P-value is close to 0.0000.
2.579 2.797 2.779 2.6
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Chart 4-5 Gender difference of question A3
Note. Coef= -0.2615; P-value= 0.0140 in simple regression
Chart 4-6 Educational difference of question A3
After we realize the different frequency between male and female group, the research use the fixed-effected regression to exclude the bias of gender, and test the effect of variable “age”.
The coefficient of the variable “age” is negative(-0.0422), thus we have the result of younger people would criticize Xi’s decision more frequently than older people, the effect of age is significant under α=5% level since P-value=0.0467.
2.062
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The histogram bar chart shows that in average Chinese young female(3.408) agree with Xi’s decision more than Chinese young male do(2.936), and it is significant under α=0.1% level.
In addition, educational level has obvious effect on the agreement of the decisions of Xi Jinping under α=0.1% level, the lowest level(under bachelor degree) present a low score of agreement, which is 23% lower than bachelor’s degree and doctoral degree, and the score of people with master’s degree is 13% higher than others.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-7 Gender difference of question A4
3.408
2.936
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Female Male
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Note. Coef= 0.2316; P-value= 0.0080 in simple regression Chart 4-8 Educational difference of question A4
Simple regression in table 4-10 shows that the age has significant effect on whether Chinese young people agree with all the decisions of Xi Jinping. The coefficient is negative(-0.0545) means that older people would agree less in terms of Xi Jingping’s decisions, and the result is significant under α=5% level since p-value=0.0140.
5) Have you ever found that Xi Jinping is wrong?
Note. P-value= 0.0000 in T-test H0:diff=0
Chart 4-9 Gender difference of question A5
2.368
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Note. Coef= -0.2234; P-value= 0.0373 in simple regression Chart 4-10 Educational difference of question A5
The t-test of gender proof that there is significant difference between two gender and Chinese young male would be more likely to find Xi wrong than Chinese female. And the educational level has negative effect on finding Xi is wrong under α=5% level, thus people with higher educational level would be less likely to find that Xi Jingping is wrong. Thus the research fixed the effect of educational level to test the effect of variable “age”. However, the regression result indicates that age has no significant effect on the scores of people find that Xi is wrong.
6) How frequently have you taken any initiative to change the way things are?
The average scores of male and female in terms of the frequency of taking initiative to change the current situation are very close (3.123, 3.291), and there is no significant different.
Note. P-value= 0.2846 in T-test H0:diff=0
Chart 4-11 Gender difference of question A6
3.211
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Additionally, it seems that people with higher educational level would be less likely to take an initiative to change the situation. However, the following regression result shows that there is no significant evidence of differences among four educational level groups since p-value=0.0582 is greater than 0.05.
Note. Coef=-0.1952; P-value= 0.0582 in simple regression Chart 4-12 Educational difference of question A6
Lastly, the research runs the simple regression to test the effect of variable “age”, the result in table 4-10 shows there is no significant evidence that the age has negative effect on the frequency of people changing the current situation.
7) How frequently do you report your problems to the concerned authorities to change the way things are?
The average frequency of Chinese young male and female report their problem tp concerned authorities to change the way things are 2.291 and 2.169. As we can see, both of the scores are far below the moderate amount, and there is no significant difference between these two groups.
3.579
3.309
3.067 3.04
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Note. P-value= 0.3865 in T-test H0:diff=0
Chart 4-13 Gender difference of question A7
On the contrary, the line chart shows that people with higher educational level would be more often to report their problem to the authorities. However, the simple regression shows there is no significant effect on the dependent variable since p-value is 0.2782.
Note. Coef=0.1003; P-value= 0.2782 in simple regression
Chart 4-14 Educational difference of question A7
Neither does variable ”age” has significant effect on the frequently of people report problems to the concerned authorities to change the way things are.
2.169 2.291
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Female Male
1.579
2.341 2.183 2.4
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Note. P-value= 0.2637 in T-test H0:diff=0
Chart 4-15 Gender difference of question A8
Note. Coef= 0.0411; P-value=0.6260 in simple regression
Chart 4-16 Educational difference of question A8
According to the charts, there is no obvious difference among different group of gender and educational levels in terms of concern about China’s future. However, all of the groups show high average level of concern, about 3.8 in the scale of 5. Following by the regression of the variable “age”, there is also no significant proof of the effect of age since p-value=0.1923.
3.715 3.858
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Female Male
3.684 3.756 3.865 3.72
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1) The leadership of Xi JinPing is ethical.
According to the histogram bar chart, Chinese young female(4.169) consider Xi Jingping is ethical more than Chinese young male(3.404) in average. According to the following t-test result, there is a significant proof the difference between two groups under α=0.1% level since p-value is close to 0.0000.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-17 Gender difference of question B1
Note. Coef= 0.2946; P-value=0.0039 in simple regression
Chart 4-18 Educational difference of question B1
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On the other hand, the research use the simple regression to test the effect of educational level, and the coefficient of the independent variable is positive(0.2946), thus the people with higher educational level tend to consider Xi is ethical more than the lower educational level groups under α=0.5% level since p-value=0.0039.
Furthermore, the research run the regression of independent variable ”age” in table 4-10.
Consequently there is no significant effect of age since p-value=0.1447 is greater than 0.05.
2) Xi JinPing can be trusted for the progress of China.
Based on the survey result, we could say that Chinese young female(4.238) consider Xi JinPing can be trusted for the progress of China more than Chinese young male(3.404), and the there is a significant evidence shows the difference between gender underα=0.1% level since p-value is close to 0.0000.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-19 Gender difference of question B2
On the other hand, when we run the simple regression of variable”educatinal level”, the result shows that people with higher educational level tend to trust Xi Jingping more on the process of China than people with lower educational level do. The result is significant underα=0.5% level since p-value=0.0034.
4.238
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Female Male
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Note. Coef= 0.2979; P-value=0.0034 in simple regression Chart 4-20 Educational difference of question B2
However, the table below shows the result of simple regression, there is no significant proof that age has effect on the dependent variable.
3) Xi JinPing personality is respectable.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-21 Gender difference of question B3
We can find out that for Chinese on female, it is certain that Xi JinPing personality is respectable. The average score of female is 4.254 which is close to the full score under the 5 scale level, and the answer is also positive for male(3.504). And the T-test result shows the significant difference between two gender groups under α=0.1% level.
2.684
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Chart 4-22 Educational difference of question B3Moreover, using the simple regression to test the effect of variable “age”, result tells that there is no significant evidence shows the effect of age.
4) Xi JinPing is admirable.
The result of T-test shows that Chinese young female and male have significant difference on the perception of whether Xi is admirable under α=0.1% level. And Chinese young female(3.746) tend to think Xi more admirable than male(2.787).
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-23 Gender difference of question B4
Furthermore people with higher educaitonal level would also consider Xi is more admirable based on the simple regression under α=0.5% level since p-value=0.0023.
2.684
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Note. Coefficient= 0.3507; P-value=0.002 in simple regression Chart 4-24 Educational difference of question B4
However, when we fix the effect of gender and educational level, age shows no effect on people think Xi is admirable or not, it is possible that both gender and educational level have stronger effect so that variable “age” shows less correlated.
5) Xi JinPing motivates Chinese People.
The histogram bar chart shows that in average Chinese young female(4.092) agree that Xi JinPing motivates Chinese People more than Chinese young male do(3.298), and it is significant under α=0.1% level. In addition, educational level has obvious effect on the agreement of the decisions of Xi Jinping under α=0.1% level.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-25 Gender difference of question B5
2.053
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On the other hand, educational level has positive effect on the agree level of whether Xi JinPing motivates Chinese People since the coefficient is 0.3232 and significant underα=0.5%.
Note. Coefficient= 0.3232; P-value=0.002 in simple regression Chart 4-26 Educational difference of question B5
Moreover, table 4-10 shows that the age has no significant effect on whether Xi JinPing motivates Chinese people under α=1% level since p-value=0.1191.
6) Xi JinPing inspires enthusiasm for the progress of China
The statistical result shows there is significant evidence of the difference between gender and among different educational level in terms of whether people thinks Xi JinPing inspires enthusiasm for the progress of China.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-27 Gender difference of question B6
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Note. Coefficient= 0.3457; P-value=0.001 in simple regression Chart 4-28 Educational difference of question B6
Demonstrating by the histogram bar chart, we could understand that female are tend to think Xi inspires the progress of China more than male do. When it comes to educational level, people with under bachelor’s degree agree less than other groups of people.
Moreover, table 4-10 shows that the age has no significant effect on people’s perspective of Xi JinPing inspires enthusiasm for the progress of China under α=1% level since p-value=0.1160.
7) Xi JinPing demonstrate commitment to goals of Chinese people.
The t-test of gender proof that there is significant difference between two gender and Chinese young male would be more likely to agree that Xi JinPing demonstrate commitment to goals of Chinese people than Chinese female.
2.474
3.707 3.827 4.04
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Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-29 Gender difference of question B7
And the educational level has positive effect on it since P-value=0.004 which is significant under α=0.1% level, thus people with higher educational level would be more likely to think Xi JinPing demonstrate commitment to goals of Chinese people.
Note. Coefficient= 0.3068; P-value=0.004 in simple regression Chart 4-30 Educational difference of question B7
Furthermore, the research run the regression of independent variable ”age” in table 4-10.
Consequently there is significant effect of age underα=5% since p-value=0.0.0330 is less than 0.05.
4.031
3.163
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Female Male
2.368
3.585 3.769 3.68
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8) Xi JinPing is an authority in Chinese politics and economy
The t-test of gender shows there is significant difference between two gender in the perspective of whether Xi JinPing is an authority in Chinese politics and economy under α=0.01% level. Chinese young female(3.762) has higher average score than young male(3.078).
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-31 Gender difference of question B8
Moreover, the educational level has positive effect on it under α=0.5% level since P-value=0.004 with the coefficient= 0.3068, thus people with higher educational level would be more likely to agree that Xi JinPing is an authority in Chinese politics and economy.
Note. Coefficient= 0.3068; P-value=0.004 in simple regression Chart 4-32 Educational difference of question B8
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Lastly, according to table 4-10, age has significant positive effect on the perspective of Xi JinPing is an authority in Chinese politics and economy under α=0.01% level, with means elder people would agree more as of Xi JinPing is an authority in Chinese politics and economy than younger people.
9) Xi JinPing’s policies are innovative.
According to the histogram bar chart, Chinese young female(3.923) consider Xi JinPing’s policies are innovative more than Chinese young male(3.227) in average. According to the following t-test result, there is a significant proof the difference between two groups under α=0.1% level since p-value is close to 0.0000.
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-33 Gender difference of question B9
On the other hand, people with higher educational level would consider Xi JinPing’s policies are innovative more than people with lower educational level in average under α=0.1%
level since p-value is close to 0.0000.
3.923
3.227
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Female Male
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Note. Coefficient= 0.3930; P-value=0.0000 in simple regression Chart 4-34 Educational difference of question B9
After all, we run the simple regression of the variable “age” and there is significant proof of the difference among different ages under α=5% level since the p-value is 0.0442. However, follow by the coefficient= 0.0463, we could say that older people tend to consider Xi JinPing’s policies are innovative more than younger people.
10) Xi JinPing is open to new ideas/approaches in order to solve problems.
The statistical result shows there is significant evidence of the difference between gender and among different educational level under α=0.1% level in terms of whether people thinks Xi JinPing is open to new ideas/approaches in order to solve problems. Fe
Note. P-value=0.00000 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-35 Gender difference of question B10
2.263
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Additionally, female would agree more than male and people with higher educational level would be more likely to think Xi JinPing is open to new ideas/approaches in order to solve problems.
Note. Coefficient= 0.3483; P-value=0.001 in simple regression Chart 4-36 Educational difference of question B10
Simple regression in table 4-10 shows that the age has significant effect on it under α=5%
level since p-value=0.042. The coefficient is positive(0.0503) means that older people would tend to think Xi JinPing is open to new ideas/approaches in order to solve problems.
11) Xi JinPing is critical regarding mistakes of his administrative officers in public.
The histogram bar chart shows that in average Chinese young female(3.946) agree think Xi JinPing is critical regarding mistakes of his administrative officers in public more than Chinese young male do(3.482), and it is significant under α=0.1% level. In addition, educational level has obvious effect on the agreement of Xi JinPing is critical regarding mistakes of his administrative officers in public under α=0.05% level, the lowest level(under bachelor degree) present a low score of agreement, which is 29.48% lower than people with doctoral degree.
2.211
3.504 3.683 3.72
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Note. P-value=0.0010 in T-test H0:diff=0;.
Chart 4-37 Gender difference of question B11
Note. Coefficient= 0.2880; P-value=0.002 in simple regression Chart 4-38 Educational difference of question B11
However, in the single regression, the independent variable ”age” shows no significant effect on Xi JinPing is critical regarding mistakes of his administrative officers in public
However, in the single regression, the independent variable ”age” shows no significant effect on Xi JinPing is critical regarding mistakes of his administrative officers in public