• 沒有找到結果。

在工作記憶作業情境下的 NIRS 變化率部分,三因子重複量數變異數分析僅發現時 間的主要效果 (F(3, 36) = 5.05, p = .005, ES = 0.12) 。主要效果事後比較發現介入中 (T2) 與介入後休息 (T3) 兩時間區段的 Oxy-Hb 變化率皆大於認知前測 (T1) 的變化率 (p

= .000, .006) ,而認知後測 (T4) 的變化率與 T1 的差異則趨近於顯著 (p = .056) 。此結 果表示不論是阻力運動或是閱讀皆可能增加前額葉 Oxy-Hb 的變化率,變化率的提高可 維持至介入後約 10 分鐘,直至 T4 時逐漸下降,且此現象可能不受到年齡的影響。兩組 在工作記憶情境的 NIRS 描述性統計資料可參考表八。

表八 參與者在工作記憶情境 NIRS 之描述性統計資料 (平均值 ± 標準差)

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在反應抑制作業情境下的 NIRS 資料部分,三因子重複量數變異數分析發現時間的 主要效果 (F(3, 36) = 6.61, p = .001, ES = 0.15) 及處理與時間的交互作用 (F(3, 36) = 4.42, p = .011, ES = 0.10) 。單純主要效果事後比較發現,四個時間區段中,僅在 T2 觀 察到處理間的差異 (F(1,39) = 6.94, p = .012, ES = 0.15) ,運動處理時的 Oxy-Hb 變化率 大於控制處理,其餘的時間區段皆未觀察到處理之間的差異。另外,運動處理時 T2 的 Oxy-Hb 變化率大於 T1 (p = .002) 及 T3 (p = .019) ;至於控制處理時則觀察到 T2 的變 化率有大於 T1 的趨勢 (p = .058) ,同時亦觀察到 T3 的變化率大於 T1 (p = .044) 。以 上結果與工作記憶情境時相類似,雖然運動介入時前額葉 Oxy-Hb 的變化率的確高於閱 讀,但整體來說不論是運動或是閱讀皆可能讓 Oxy-Hb 的變化率上升,上升的現象大約 持續至介入後約 10 分鐘便逐漸下降,且此一現象也同樣未受到年齡的影響。兩組在反 應抑制情境的 NIRS 描述性統計資料可參考表九。

表九 參與者在反應抑制情境 NIRS 之描述性統計資料 (平均值 ± 標準差)

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35 論是否有運動介入,老年組在 In-set probe 的表現皆優於 out-of-set probe,表示老年人較 差的工作記憶容量無法透過單次阻力運動獲得提升,而工作記憶對於中等強度急性阻力 擇性效益,而從過去急性有氧運動相關研究 (Drollette et al., 2014; Sibley & Beilock, 2007) 發現中等強度急性有氧運動可能藉由提升參與者對外在訊息的注意力資源分配及投入

36

在 反 應 抑 制 表 現 的 部 分 , 本 研 究 發 現 年 輕 人 可 能 透 過 急 性 阻 力 運 動 來 加 快 Go/No-Go 作業中 Go 情境的反應時間,此一研究結果與過去採用不同作業典範的研究相 似。過去研究 (Chang & Etnier, 2009; Chang et al., 2011, Chang et al., 2014) 發現急性阻力 運動能加快參與者在 Stroop 測驗中 word/color/congruent 情境的反應時間,表示阻力運 動後參與者對基礎或低心智負荷訊息的處理速度有所進步,但由於本研究在資料分析時 究建議抑制歷程可再被細分為行為抑制 (behavioral inhibition) 與干擾抵制 (resistance to interference) 兩部分,兩者雖然相似,但應有所區隔 (Kipp, 2005; Sibley, Etnier, & Le Masurier, 2006) 。過去研究多採用 Stroop 測驗來測量運動對反應抑制表現的影響,參與 者在該測驗 incongruent/color-word/interference 情境的表現是反應抑制能力的指標,參與

在探討急性阻力運動促進 Sternberg 與 Go/No-Go 作業表現的生理機轉部分,NIRS 資料顯示不論是阻力運動或閱讀皆可能使老年人與年輕人前額葉的 Oxy-Hb 變化率上

37

升,上升幅度沒有年齡之間的差異且可以維持至運動/閱讀後的 10 分鐘左右,直到介入 後執行 Sternberg 或 Go/No-Go 作業時逐漸下降。整體來說,運動後相較於運動前及控制 處理時並未改變老年人與年輕人前額葉 Oxy-Hb 的變化率,表示前額葉血流變化於運動 相似,Minati, Visani, Dowell, Medford 與 Critchley (2011) 仍建議 NIRS 所測得之數值容 易受到頭部解剖構造與組成的影響,導致參與者間的 Oxy-Hb 變異性較大,故 NIRS 可

38

能較適合應用於參與者內設計的研究而非參與者間的比較,而本研究為了將此一影響盡 量排除,參考過去研究 (Endo et al., 2013; Hydo et al., 2012) 以變化率 (% change) 的方 式來呈現資料。另外,本研究的目標參與者為健康老年與年輕男性,但從身體活動量的 資料可以發現所招募之參與者身體活動量屬於中等偏高 (老年組 2139.35 ± 1439.45 METs、年輕組 1740.15 ± 905.85 METs) ,尤其在老年人的激烈身體活動部分呈現較大的 變異性 (466.00 ± 958.71 METs) 。過去橫斷式研究 (Chang, Huang, Chen, & Hung, 2013) 指出老年人 (65-72 歲) 的身體活動量 (以 IPAQ 測量) 可能影響著工作記憶 (以 Sternberg 作業測量) 表現,因此本研究無法完全排除身體活動量差異對老年人之研究結 果產生干擾的可能性。即便如此,本研究之成果仍可為後續研究提供可能的研究方向。

總結來說,本研究延伸了過去研究成果,發現單次阻力運動可能促進年輕人不同心 智負荷的執行功能表現,老年人則無法透過急性阻力運動得到基礎訊息處理或執行功能 表現的提升,說明著年齡可能影響阻力運動對執行功能的效果。另外,急性阻力運動不 論是對老年人或年輕人的前額葉血流變化可能沒有影響,表示前額葉的血流變化可能不 是阻力運動促進老年人或年輕人認知功能的可能生理機轉,代表有其它更重要的促進機 轉存在。最後本研究建議未來研究應: (一) 採用不同神經心理測驗及神經電生理測量 來探討年齡對急性阻力運動與執行功能之關係的影響; (二) 探討不同類型的急性運動 對不同執行功能水準者是否有不一樣的選擇性效益; (三) 針對急性阻力運動對特定抑 制類型的影響做進一步的探討; (四) 以神經營養因子的角度 (例 IGF-1) 來探討急性阻 力運動影響後續執行功能表現的可能機轉。

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IPAQ 台灣活動量調查 短版問卷

問卷編號:__________

流 水 號:__________

受試者姓名:

訪員姓名:__________

訪視日期:__________

成 功:

您的回答將有助於我們了解:國人身體活動的現況。

行政院衛生署國民健康局

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想請教您的是:有關您在過去七天中花在身體活動的時間,包括工作、做 家事、整理庭院/陽台、交通,及您在娛樂、運動等活動中所花的時間。

就算您認為自己不愛動,也請您回答每一個問題。

您過去七天的身體活動與過去 3 個月的身體活動比較起來(請打勾)

□1.比較多 □2.比較少 □3.差不多(請繼續)

請回想過去七天中,所有您做過的費力活動。這些活動會讓您的身體感覺 費力,呼吸比平常喘很多,但請只考慮那些一次您至少會持續 10 分鐘以上 的身體活動。

1、過去七天中,您有多少天有做費力的身體活動?例如跑步、上山爬坡、

持續性的快速游泳(不含慢游、玩水、泡水)、上樓梯、有氧舞蹈/運動、快 速地騎腳踏車、打球(如網球單打、籃球、足球)、跳繩、重量訓練、搬運重 物(大於 17 台斤/10 公斤)、或者是鏟土。

_______天

□ 沒有做費力的身體活動 請跳答問題 3

2、您通常一天花多少時間在費力的身體活動上?

一天______小時_______分鐘

□ 不知道/不確定

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回想過去七天中,您所有做過中等費力的活動。中等費力的活動表示:這 些活動會讓您覺得身體有點費力,呼吸比平常喘些,但請只考慮那些您一 次至少持續 10 分鐘以上的身體活動。

3、過去七天中,您有多少天有做中等費力的活動?例如:下山健走

、用一般速度游泳、下樓梯、跳舞(不含有氧舞蹈、慢舞、國際標準舞或元 極舞)、太極(不含外丹功) 、用一般速度騎腳踏車、攜帶有點重的東西走路 (例如買菜、背、抱小孩。有點重是指 7.5-15 台斤/4.5-9 公斤:例如二包 A4 的紙、二瓶家庭號鮮奶、一個小玉西瓜、三個帶皮鳳梨、五公斤的米、

三個紅磚頭、七瓶玻璃罐的台灣啤酒或米酒、一箱 24 瓶易開罐飲料)、整理 庭院/陽台、費力的家務(清洗窗戶、用手擦地、鋪床、手洗衣服、手工洗 車)、或是網球雙打、羽毛球、桌球、排球、棒球?請不要將提輕物的走路 算進去。

_______天

□ 沒有做中等費力的活動 請跳答問題 5

4、您通常一天花多少時間在中等費力的活動上?

一天______小時_______分鐘

□ 不知道/不確定

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回想過去七天中,您花在走路上的時間有多久?包括工作、居家、和外出 交通時的走路,以及您純粹為了娛樂、運動及休閒而花在走路(不含上下 樓梯、爬山)上的時間。

5、過去七天中,您有多少天曾經走路持續 10 分鐘以上?

_______天

□ 沒有走路持續 10 分鐘以上 請跳答問題 7

6、您通常一天花在走路上的時間有多久?

一天______小時_______分鐘

□ 不知道/不確定

最後一個問題是:過去七天的工作天中,您坐著的時間有多久?請將工作、

居家、做功課及休閒的時間都算進去,包括坐在桌前、打電腦、拜訪朋友、

吃飯、閱讀、坐著或斜躺著看電視,但請不要將睡著的時間算進去。

7、過去七天的工作天中,您一天坐著的時間有多久?

一天______小時_______分鐘

本問卷到此結束!謝謝!

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附件三 PARQ 身體活動預備問卷

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附件四 MMSE 簡易智能狀態測驗

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附件五 參與者招募傳單

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