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附錄
Occupational Information Network (O*NET)
由美國勞工局 (The U.S. Department of Labor) 所主導的 O*NET，是將數百 種行業標準化，並給予具體的工作描述。故學生及求職者可依照個人特質及現有 的技能，去尋找與能力或個人興趣相符的職業，進而了解此項工作內容並對職場 資訊有初步的認識與掌握。而此資料庫的運作方式為訂定分析職業的六個面向以 對應各種不同的職業，並隨著時間經過不斷修正，成為目前看到的 O*NET。
共分為六個面向衡量，以便讓人更了解此項職業特性及工作內容，詳述如 下：
1. 工作者特質 (Worker Characteristics)：描述個人特質如何影響工作完成的方 法及獲得與工作相關知識與技術的途徑，並就個人的能力、興趣、工作價值、
工作型態對於工作的表現進行探討。
2. 工作者必要條件 (Worker Requirements)：描述從事該職業時，經由教育訓練 或經驗累積得到與工作相關的知識與技能，並說明該項知識與技能和工作績 效表現之相關性。
3. 工作經驗要求 (Experience Requirements)：顯示從事該職業時，需要具備該 領域的背景資料，例如：教育經驗、相關證照、或上課時數等。
4. 職業要求 (Occupational Requirements)：說明從事該職業時，所需要進行的 活動，其中，還可分成一般性的工作活動及細項的工作活動。
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5. 勞動力特性 (Workforce Characteristics)：提供與該職業相關的職業訊息及勞 動市場的統計資訊，例如：平均薪資水準、產業規模、及未來人力的需求發 展等。
6. 職業資訊 (Occupation Specific information)：說明從事該職業時，除了需要 具備與工作相關的知識、技術外，其餘所需使用的儀器、工具、軟體等工作 相關設備。
再者，說明此資料庫所涵蓋的職業種類，其職業分類方式總共歷經了四次規 模較大的修訂，十六次小規模的職業增減修改，而本研究在此只詳述變動規模較 大的四次職業分類修訂。
最初參考美國勞工局訂定的職業統計 (Occupational Employment Statistics, OES)，並依此為基準，發展出 O*NET 的職業分類標準，於 1998 年十月發佈，
稱為 O*NET OU 1998。隨後因為美國預算管理局的要求 (Office of Management and Budget, OMB)，O*NET 的職業分類轉為以標準職業分類 (Standard
Occupational Classification, SOC) 為準則，並將職業分類修改為 O*NET-SOC 2000，
共有 1167 個職業，並於 2000 年的八月發佈，此為第一次的職業分類修正。然而 隨著時間經過，許多職業的也經歷改變，因此於 2006 年時大幅修正資料庫，改 為 949 個職業，並於 2000 年六月發佈，稱為 O*NET-SOC 2006。爾後隨著新興 的產業不斷發展，因此某些領域的職業分類更為詳細，例如：綠色經濟、能源產 業、奈米科技等，故修改為 1102 個職業，於 2009 年六月發佈，稱為 O*NET-SOC 2009。直至今日，此資料庫融入更多快速成長的新興產業，做了第四次的資料庫 修正，目前包含了 1110 個職業，稱為 O*NET-SOC 2010。
而此資料庫的最大特色為標準化每個職業，且可依據不同的能力 (abilities)、
興趣 (Interests)、知識 (knowledge)、技能 (skills)、工作活動 (work activities)、
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工作內容 (work content)及工作價值 (work value)，進一步找尋符合自己個人特質 與興趣的職業。
每項職業可於相對應之能力要素得到一標準化後的分數，而各項要素的分數 計算準則為衡量此要素占某職業的重要程度 (Importance)，從不重要 (Importance 1) 至非常重要 (Importance 5)，共分為五個等級。為了能更具體的比較不同職業 用到某種能力的重要程度，將此五種程度標準化為 0 至 100 分的範圍以利比較，
計算公式如下：
S = O − L
H − L∗ 100
其中，S 代表該要素標準化後的分數，O 代表原始要素的重要程度，L 代表 要素重要性最低的程度，H 代表要素重要性最高的程度。
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Building andConstruction
0.692 Design 0.8949 Engineering and
Technology
0.9351 Mechanical 0.8521 Physics 0.8709 Production and
Processing
0.6811
Biology 0.7993
Medicine and Dentistry
0.9431 Psychology. 0.7900 Therapy and
Counseling.
0.8728 Administration and
Management.
0.8723 Economics and
Accounting.
0.8700 Law and Government. 0.6352 Personnel and Human
Resources
0.8758
Clerical. 0.5980
Computers and Electronics.
0.8229 English Language. 0.5443 Telecommunications. 0.8267
Geography. 0.8160
History and Archeology.
0.8846 Public Safety and
Security.
0.7822
Transportation 0.8439
註：空白為因素荷量小於 0.5，解釋力低故不顯示。
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職能需求(知識) 因素一 分數最高 20 職業
1.Agricultural Engineers 11.Marine Engineers 2. Biomedical Engineers 12. Engineering Managers 3. Mechanical Engineers 13. Commercial Divers 4. Materials Engineers 14. Architects, Except Naval 5. Nuclear Engineers 15. Civil Engineers
6. Aerospace Engineers 16. Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers 7. Engineers, all other 17. Sheet Metal Workers
8. Chemical Engineers 18. Tool and Die Makers
9. Environmental Engineers 19. Industrial Engineers, Including Health and Safety
10.Electrical and Electronics Engineers 20. Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters
職能需求(知識) 因素二 分數最高 20 職業
1.Physicians and Surgeons 11.Podiatrists
2. Registered Nurses 12. Respiratory Therapists 3. Chiropractors 13. Veterinarians
4. Physical Therapists 14. Radiation Therapists 5. Physician Assistants 15. Optometrists
6. Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other
16. Audiologists
7. Dietitians and Nutritionists 17. Other Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations
8. Dentists 18. Dental Hygienists
9. Pharmacists 19. Diagnostic Related Technologists and Technicians
10. Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses
20. Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides
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1. Medical and Health Services Managers 11. Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers
2. Financial Managers 12. Lodging Managers 3. Chief Executives 13. Construction Managers 4. General and Operations Managers 14. Accountants and Auditors 5. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of
Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers
15. Education Administrator
6. Farm, Ranch, and Other Agricultural Managers
16. Lawyers
7. Budget Analysts 17. Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products
8. Gaming Managers 18. Management Analysts
9. Purchasing Managers 19. Postmasters and Mail Superintendents 10. Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll
and Timekeeping
20. Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products
職能需求(知識) 因素四 分數最高 20 職業
1. Radio and Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers
11. Network and Computer Systems Administrators
2. Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers
12. Computer Support Specialists
3. Computer Hardware Engineers 13. Technical Writers 4. Broadcast and sound engineering technicians
and radio operators
14. Aerospace Engineers
5. Computer Scientists and Systems Analysts 15. Electrical and Electronics Engineers 6. Network Systems and Data Communication
Analysts
16. Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service
7. Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers
17. Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
8. Computer Operators 18. Air Traffic Controllers and Airfield Operations Specialists
9. Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers
19. Dispatchers
10. Atmospheric and Space Scientists 20. Television, Video, and Motion Picture Camera Operators and Editors
‧
1. Miscellaneous social scientists andrelated workers
11. Surveying and Mapping Technicians 2. Urban and Regional Planners 12. Proofreaders and Copy Markers 3. Archivists, Curators, and Museum
Technicians
13. Environmental Scientists and Geoscientists
4. Architects, Except Naval 14. Editors
5. Conservation Scientists and Foresters 15. Postsecondary Teachers 6. Surveyors, Cartographers, and
Photogrammetrists
16. Librarians 7. Sociologists 17. Economists
8. Physical Scientists, All Other 18. Forest and Conservation Workers 9. Travel Agents 19. News Analysts, Reporters, and
Correspondents 10. Elementary and Middle School
Teachers
20. Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers
職能需求(知識) 因素六 分數最高 20 職業
1. Transit and Railroad Police 11. Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors
2. Subway, Streetcar, and Other Rail Transportation Workers
12. Fire Fighters
3. Bus Drivers 13. Ship and Boat Captains and Operators 4. Air Traffic Controllers and Airfield
Operations Specialists
14. Detectives and Criminal Investigators
5. Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers 15. Ship Engineers
6. Highway Maintenance Workers 16. Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics
7. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Police and Detectives
17. Supervisors, Transportation and Material Moving Workers
8. Cargo and Freight Agents 18. Railroad Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators
9. Police officers 19. Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters 10. Locomotive Engineers and Operators 20. Ambulance Drivers and Attendants,
Except Emergency Medical Technicians
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Complex ProblemSolving.
0.8464
Coordination. 0.8234 Critical Thinking. 0.8878 Judgment and Decision
Making.
0.8818
Learning Strategies. 0.8771 Instructing. 0.9105 Monitoring. 0.8542 Reading Comprehension. 0.7901
Science. 0.6109
Service Orientation. 0.5817 Social Perceptiveness. 0.8110
Speaking. 0.8304
Systems Analysis. 0.7922 Systems Evaluation. 0.8152 Time Management. 0.7739
Writing. 0.7967
Equipment Maintenance. 0.9286
Equipment Selection. 0.9304
Installation. 0.7475
Operation and Control. 0.8620
Operation Monitoring. 0.9040
Quality Control Analysis. 0.8264
Repairing. 0.9229
Troubleshooting. 0.9533
Programming. 0.8399
Technology Design. 0.6620
Management of Financial Resources.
0.8335
Management of Material Resources.
0.8185
註：空白為因素荷量小於 0.5，解釋力低故不顯示。
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1.Clergy 11. Sociologists
2.Physicians and Surgeons 12. Education Administrator
3.Psychologists 13. Elementary and Middle School Teachers
4.Registered Nurses 14. Social and Community Service Managers
5.Respiratory Therapists 15. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Police and Detectives
6.Counselors 16. Secondary School Teachers 7. Speech-Language Pathologists 17. Medical and Health Services
Managers 8.Social Workers 18. Pharmacists
9. Lodging Managers 19. Special Education Teachers
10.Chief Executives 20.First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Fire Fighting and Preventions Workers
職能需求(技能) 因素二 分數最高 20 職業 1. Heating, Air Conditioning, and
Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers
11. Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians and Mechanics
2. Signal and Track Switch Repairers 12. Electricians
3. Elevator Installers and Repairers 13. Maintenance and Repair Workers, General
4. Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians
14. Manufactured Building and Mobile Home Installers
5. Millwrights 15. Maintenance Workers, Machinery 6. Electric Motor, Power Tool, and
Related Repairers
16. Radio and Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers 7.Automotive Service Technicians and
Mechanics
17. Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers 8.Home Appliance Repairers 18.Electric Motor, Power Tool, and
Related Repairers 9. Avionics Technicians 19. Ship Engineers 10. Electronic Equipment Installers and
Repairers, Motor Vehicles
20. Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
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1. Computer Programmers 11. Mathematicians 2. Computer Software Engineers 12. Chemical Engineers
3. Computer Support Specialists 13. Astronomers and Physicists 4. Biomedical Engineers 14. Statistical Assistants
5. Mechanical Engineers 15. Database Administrators 6. Computer Scientists and Systems
Analysts
16. Agricultural Engineers 7. Network and Computer Systems
Administrators
17. Aerospace Engineers
8. Operations Research Analysts 18. Materials Engineers
9. Statisticians 19. Computer Control Programmers and Operators
10. Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers
20. Network Systems and Data Communication Analysts
職能需求(技能) 因素四 分數最高 20 職業
1. Chief Executives 11. Chefs and Head Cooks
2. Construction Managers 12. Social and Community Service Managers
3. Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products
13. Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers 4. Cost Estimators 14. Medical and Health Services
Managers
5. Lodging Managers 15. Financial Managers
6. Purchasing Managers 16. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers 7. Transportation, Storage, and
Distribution Managers
17. Civil Engineers
8. Industrial Production Managers 18. Administrative Services Managers 9. General and Operations Managers 19. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of
Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers 10. Engineering Managers 20. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of
Food Preparation and Serving Workers
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Coaching and Developing Others.
0.8421
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others.
0.9094
Developing and Building Teams.
0.8795
Guiding Directing and Motivating
Subordinates.
0.9274
Judging the Qualities of Things Services or People.
0.6705
Monitoring and
Controlling Resources.
0.8100
Provide Consultation and Advice to Others.
0.6504
Scheduling Work and Activities.
0.6838
Staffing Organizational Units.
0.8658
Training and Teaching Others.
0.6426
Analyzing Data or Information.
0.8182
Communicating with Supervisors Peers or Subordinates.
0.5998
Documenting Recording Information.
0.7973
Evaluating Information to Determine
Compliance with Standards.
0.6806
Getting Information. 0.7935 Interacting With
Computers.
0.7027
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Identifying ObjectsActions and Events.
03.7108
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others.
0.7304
Processing Information. 0.8379 Updating and Using
Relevant Knowledge.
0.8105
Controlling Machines and Processes.
0.8838
Drafting Laying Out and Specifying Technical Devices Parts and Equipment.
0.7024
Handling and Moving Objects.
0.7821
Inspecting Equipment Structures or Material.
0.9155
Monitor Processes Materials or Surroundings.
0.5516
Operating Vehicles Mechanized Devices or Equipment.
0.7904
Performing General Physical Activities.
0.7639
Repairing and
Maintaining Electronic Equipment.
0.8141
Repairing and
Maintaining Mechanical Equipment.
0.9234
Assisting and Caring for Others.
0.8569
Selling or Influencing Others.
0.7057
Thinking Creatively. 0.6144
註：空白為因素荷量小於 0.5，解釋力低故不顯示。
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1. Medical and Health Services Managers 11. Chief Executives 2. Social and Community Service Managers 12. Lodging Managers
3. Clergy 13. Farm, Ranch, and Other Agricultural
Managers 4. Manufactured Building and Mobile Home
Installers
14. Marketing and Sales Managers
5. Education Administrator 15. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Office and Administrative Support Workers
6. Chefs and Head Cooks 16. Construction Managers
7. Food Service Managers 17. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers
8. Purchasing Managers 18. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Personal Service Workers
9. Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers
19. General and Operations Managers
10. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers
20. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production and Operating Workers
職能需求(工作活動) 因素二 分數最高 20 職業
1. Network and Computer Systems Administrators
11. Electrical and Electronics Engineers
2. Radiation Therapists 12. Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate 3. Medical Scientists 13. Power Plant Operators, Distributors, and
Dispatchers
4. Nuclear Technicians 14. Technical Writers
5. Statistical Assistants 15. News Analysts, Reporters, and Correspondents
6. Aerospace Engineers 16. Paralegals and Legal Assistants
7. Computer Operators 17. Computer Scientists and Systems Analysts 8. Materials Engineers 18. Clinical Laboratory Technologists and
Technicians
9. Pharmacists 19. Speech-Language Pathologists
10. Geological and Petroleum Technicians 20. Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers
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1. Elevator Installers and Repairers 11. Manufactured Building and Mobile Home Installers
2. Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers 12. Ship Engineers
3. Signal and Track Switch Repairers 13. Maintenance Workers, Machinery
4. Commercial Divers 14. Electricians
5.Boilermakers 15. Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers
6. Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles
16. Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics
7. Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians 17. Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers
8. Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility
18. Mining Machine Operators
9. Structural iron and steel workers 19. Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers
10. Helpers -- Extraction Workers 20. Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders
職能需求(工作活動) 因素四 分數最高 20 職業
1.Occupational Therapist Assistants and Aides 11. Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides 2. Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides 12. Physician Assistants
3. Occupational Therapists 13. Social Workers 4. Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational
Nurses
14. Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioner Support Technicians
5. Registered Nurses 15. Speech-Language Pathologists 6. Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except
Emergency Medical Technicians
16. Dental Hygienists
7. Physical Therapists 17. Diagnostic Related Technologists and Technicians
8. Counselors 18. Physicians and Surgeons
9. Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics
19. Preschool and Kindergarten Teachers
10. Special Education Teachers 20. Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other
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職能需求(工作活動) 因素五 分數最高 20 職業 1. Electronic Equipment Installers and
Repairers, Motor Vehicles
11. Photographers 2. Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and
Cosmetologists
12. Economists
3. Advertising Sales Agents 13. Astronomers and Physicists 4. Writers and Authors 14. Travel Agents
5. Sales Engineers 15. Animal Trainers
6. Retail Salespersons 16. Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing
7. Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers
17. Proofreaders and Copy Markers 8. Artists and Related Workers 18. Dancers and Choreographers 9. Securities, Commodities, and
Financial Services Sales Agents
19. Tailors, Dressmakers, and Sewers 10.Actors 20. Electronic Home Entertainment
Equipment Installers and Repairers
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Cramped Work Space Awkward Positions..
0.7100
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions.
0.5822
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment.
0.8079
Exposed to High Places. 0.8032 Exposed to Whole Body
Vibration.
0.8635
Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting.
0.8486
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Equipment.
0.7414
In an Open Vehicle or Equipment.
0.8530
Indoors Environmentally Controlled.
-0.7226
Indoors Not Environmentally Controlled.
0.7982
Outdoors Exposed to Weather.
0.8908
Outdoors Under Cover. 0.8731 Sounds Noise Levels Are
Distracting or Uncomfortable.
0.6370
Spend Time Climbing Ladders Scaffolds or Poles.
0.7445
Very Hot or Cold Temperatures.
0.8545
Work Schedules. 0.6117
Electronic Mail. -0.7174 Spend Time Bending or
Twisting the Body.
0.7769
Spend Time Sitting. -0.8969 Spend Time Standing. 0.9080
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Spend Time Using YourHands to Handle Control or Feel Objects Tools or Controls.
0.6654
Spend Time Walking and Running.
0.8196
Freedom to Make Decisions.
0.8736
Frequency of Decision Making.
0.7811
Impact of Decisions on Co- workers or Company Results.
0.8242
Structured versus Unstructured Work.
0.7242
Coordinate or Lead Others 0.7405
Face to Face Discussions 0.6354
Responsibility for Outcomes and Results.
0.5809
Work With Work Group or Team.
0.8075
Deal With Physically Aggressive People.
0.8461
Deal With Unpleasant or Angry People.
0.7840
Frequency of Conflict Situations.
0.6792
Degree of Automation. 0.6440
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate.
0.8078
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks.
0.8023
Contact With Others. 0.7253
Deal With External Customers.
0.7767
註：空白為因素荷量小於 0.5，解釋力低故不顯示。
‧
1. Structural iron and steel workers 11. Millwrights
2. Sailors and Marine Oilers 12. Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians and Mechanics
3. Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining
13. Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders 4. Pile-Driver Operators 14. Conveyor Operators and Tenders 5. Operating engineers and other
construction equipment operators
15. Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers 6. Water and Liquid Waste Treatment
Plant and System Operators
16. Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators
7. Railroad Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators
17. Roustabouts, Oil and Gas 8. Locomotive Engineers and Operators 18. Crane and Tower Operators 9. Hoist and Winch Operators 19. Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer
Pipe Cleaners 10. Highway Maintenance Workers 20. Ship Engineers
職能需求(工作內容) 因素二 分數最高 20 職業 1. Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and
Cosmetologists
11. Tire Builders
2. Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 12. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Gaming Workers
2. Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 12. First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Gaming Workers