利用所建立之動態模型可構成一完整之 SOFC 動態模擬系統,在可變操作 環境下模擬系統及其性能估測能力,如不同燃料入口流率之 I-V curve、負載變 動時之電壓、電流、與溫度之響應情形、並可透過回授方式控制其溫升率。利 用此模型進行動態模擬,可快速進行參數零敏度測試,針對起機程序中熱氣加 熱條件、熱源轉移型式、氣源切換方式、及負載型式等進行模擬,再以選定之 最大溫昇率為設計條件,進行起機模式之操作策略制定。在控制理論部份,本 研究採用滑動模糊控制器,基本模糊控制器於控制規則設計完成來後,控制性 能未必滿足要求,此時就需要做微調的工作,此為基本模糊控制器設計時相當 不便之處。滑動模糊控制器具較簡易之規則庫,這也就是其設計的方便所在。
5.1 模擬結果
圖 5.1 為設定溫升率 =0.1K/sec,溫度變化量 ΔT =15K,之閉迴路 Start-up 控制系統輸出溫度的模擬結果,而溫度變化率可以由 5.2 得知,故電池堆溫度可 被控制依設定之溫升變化曲線變化。
T
set圖 5.3 及圖 5.4 為電流及電流變化量,分別為固定負載電阻(25 ohm)和變動 負載電阻(36~25 ohm)的電流及其變化量比較,有此可見當負載變動時並不會造 成太大的電流變化量。
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 200
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
time (sec)
temperature (K)
Temperature Response
output temperature input temperature
圖 5.1 輸出溫度模擬結果
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
time (sec)
increment rate of temperature (K/sec)
Increment rate of temperature
圖 5.2 溫度變化率模擬結果
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
time (sec)
current (A)
Response of Current
fixed resistance variable resistance
圖 5.3 電流模擬結果
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
3x 10-3
time (sec)
increment rate of current (A/sec)
increment rate of current
fixed resistance variable resistance
圖 5.4 電流變化量模擬結果
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
time (sec)
voltage (volt)
Response of Output Voltage
圖 5.5 輸出電壓
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0.125 0.13 0.135 0.14 0.145 0.15 0.155
time (sec)
input flow rate (mole/sec)
Flow Rate Response of Input H2
圖 5.6 入口質量流率響應圖
圖 5.5 為輸出電壓,72 cells 的飽和輸出電壓約等於 76 伏特。圖 5.6 為入口 質量流率響應圖,當溫度梯度變大時,質量流率就會升高使電池堆在限定的範 圍內,反之則降低。
經 由 本 模 擬 程 式 可 藉 由 調 整 氣 體 入 口 流 量 與 溫 度 進 行 熱 氣 適 切 增 溫
(heat-up)曲線擬合,並控制負載以得到適當的反應速率,在允許之熱應力下 逐漸增溫,在穩定且安全的狀態下操作 SOFC 之啟動程序,以維持正常運轉壽 命
5.2 起機模式探討
使用普通空氣來加熱陰極,使用稀釋氣體來加熱陽極,稀釋氣體成分為 95%
氮氣+5%氫氣+水蒸氣,以 PC-Based 控制器控制尾氣續燃氣的加熱裝置,直接 以入口燃料氣體加熱電池堆本體,入口溫度控制為電池堆溫度加上 15K,流量 則由控制器控制,從室溫加熱至 800℃ SOFC 的起機模式制定與控制,整個起機 過程分為 3 個階段:
第一階段:從室溫開始加熱至 640℃
第二階段:當溫度大於 600℃之後,繼續加熱,同時調整陽極入口燃料,將陽極 側的稀釋氣體轉為 100%H2,並以每 3 分鐘調整 5 安培為原則的方 式調整外部負載電阻,使電組從 36 ohm 調整到 25 ohm。
第三階段:當溫度達到 800℃,入口溫度以 800℃定值輸入,等待電壓穩定。
第六章 結論
Start-up 程序為 SOFC 操作之重要一環。其起機策略的步驟準確性悠關整體 系統性能之動態表現,本研究藉由滑動模糊控制理論控制陰陽極入口流量,並 考慮到負載變化的影響,發展出能大幅縮短 start-up 時間之起機模式策略,並可 應用於各種系統。對於後續進行整體系統效能分析,以瞭解尾氣續燃與回收之 實際效益;對於電力調節(power conditioning )與系統監控、供電路網並聯或 與其他再生能源發電系統並聯運轉整體操作性能分析、最佳系統效率分析、在 APU(auxiliary power unit)及 residential 應用之運轉監控、或與 gas turbine 進行 hybrid generation 等、亦可應用於結合太陽能與風力等再生能源,以建構完整之 替代能源應用整合。
後續可進行擴充至整體發電系統,以瞭解尾氣續燃與回收之實際效益,針 對國內 SOFC 發展需求,本模型可提供進行 10kW 住宅用尾氣續燃式熱電共生系 統運轉模擬與 10kW 住宅用燃料回收式熱電共生系統運轉模擬;另對於電力調節
(power conditioning )與系統監控皆亦可連貫使用,後續之供電路網並聯或 與其他再生能源發電系統並聯運轉,皆為可行之開發流程。對於後續 SOFC 操作 應用上,可依其負載特性,推導其在最大電能效率下之負載追蹤策略,並兼顧 其安全與穩定性。
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