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5.5 Suggestions for future study
The present study intends to investigate whether corpus-based data-driven learning instruction has effects on learners’ near-synonymous vocabulary knowledge. The results from the present study suggested participants in data-driven learning group outperformed those who participated in the traditional class in the posttests. There are six
recommendations for future study. First, the subjects of this study can be expanded. There were only 88 students in this study. The sample size of these 88 students is not big
enough to represent all the freshman students. More participants or controlled group can be included in future investigation. In addition, this research can be used to conduct in different colleges, such as the comparison between college of science and commerce.
Second, for the equality of teaching time, learners in both groups receive forty minutes to practice near-synonyms. However, the time allotted for implementing data-driven
learning in vocabulary learning is too limited that the learners do not have enough time to observe concordance and discuss with their teammates. For future investigation of the application of data-driven learning in near-synonymous vocabulary learning, teaching time should be extended so that learners can get full practice through discussion and observation. Third, the present study are more focused on students’ receptive vocabulary;
it is highly recommended that future studies which further explore the impacts of data-driven learning on near-synonyms applied to teaching of speaking and writing. In addition, more innovative designs of the activities or more formats of the course materials can be explored further. Fourth, the target words selected are confined to words that mentioned in the textbook in order to keep the school timetable smoothly. Therefore, for full exploration of word learning, other near-synonyms which are the most confusing words for learners are recommended to be included as target words. Lastly, this study adapted an experimental research methodology that it discusses the inference between
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dependent variable and independent variable. The qualitative data, with only
questionnaires and interview, are not sufficient. The participants’ learning achievement might be influenced by other factors or variables, such as motivation, learning style and anxiety. Therefore, further research is suggested to explore the case study or action research to gain a more comprehensive view of the effects of data-driven learning on participants’ vocabulary learning.
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Appendix A: Pilot study-lesson plan for corpus-based data-driven learning Lesson Plan for Data-Driven Learning (DDL) on English near-synonyms Lesson Our-people
, person, human
Class English major freshmen in NCCU
(reading and writing I)
Class Size
13 students
Source Teacher-made paper-printed materials Date December,
20, 2012
Student Sheng-Chi Cheng Teacher
Siaw-Fong Chung, Ph.D.
Equipment paper-printed materials, notebook, projector, dictionaries Teaching aid PPT slides, concordance printed teaching materials, handout, quiz
Eight Teaching Objectives
vocabulary
1. Students will know the uses and usages among three vocabulary.
2. Students will learn the connotation and denotation meanings of three words- people, person and human.
3. Students will know some important American idioms and phrases on each word.
4. Students will know the most frequency collocations of each word.
Reading 1. Students will read the concordance (the given context) and then try to decode the meanings of each phrase and idiom.
Writing 1. Students can use these three vocabulary to make correct sentences.
Grammar Sentence
Patterns
1. Students can produce correct collocations between vocabulary.
2. Students know the concept of plural forms of those three words.
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Class Period: 45 mins
Procedures Times Activities Remarks
1. Warm-up 5 1. pre-test
2. Teacher asks students three questions before
listening the song [Where Is The Love? / The Black Eyed Peas
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpYeekQkAdc (4:13)]
(DET: Guess from textual context) (MET :Use English-language media)
(a) What is the difference between people, person and human?
(b) In your opinion, which context is more suitable for people/ person/human?
(SOC:Ask classmates for meaning) (MEM:image word’s meaning)
3. Teacher gives lyric handouts[handout 1] to students. Students are required to pay attention to the usage of people and human when they are listening to the song.
4. After listening the music, students discuss their findings and share with each other.
5. Teacher generates students’ answers.
notebook PPT
lyric handout
2. Presentation 20 Students learn the three words and their usages,
collocations, phrases and idioms through paper-printed concordances which prepared by the teacher before the class.
1. Teacher distributes six-page paper-printed idiom and phrases concordances [handout 2] to student and also a worksheet to students.
2. Teacher divides students into three groups (two groups are four people and one is five people ) (SOC: Study and practice meaning in a group)
notebook PPT
paper-printed concordance worksheet
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3. In the beginning, the teacher introduces the
concept of near-synonym, corpus and concordance and then demonstrates the procedures of observing the concordance line.
4. The teacher takes one of the idioms boat people as an example to emphasizes students on their
observing focuses.
5. Teacher asks students to write down their
observations on the worksheet and then discusses answers in order to make sure learners recognize the concept of idioms and phrases.
(SOC: Discover new meaning through group activity)
3. Practice 15 Corpus-based research on three vocabulary by investigating concordance lines individually: people, person, human.
The steps in the practice section are followed by students: (1) Students observe the concordance line and then write down their findings in three aspects within groups.
(COG: Keep a vocabulary notebook/ Take notes in class)
(MEM: Learn the words of an idiom together) (MEM: connect the word to its synonyms) (DET: Guess from textual context)
(SOC: Discover new meaning through group activity) (2) Students discuss their findings and then try to guess the word meaning and write down in the worksheet.
(MEM: image word’s meaning)
(3) Teacher will ask each group to talk about their findings and then generalize the results. If the teacher
notebook
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notice that there are some missing parts which students make mistakes, the teacher will supply the correct answers. Students are encouraged to ask teacher questions.
(SOC: Ask teacher for paraphrase or synonym of new word)
(4) In each word, the observation sequences are shown in following:
(a) Try to identify the meaning of each idiom through the paper-printed corpus teaching materials and then infer the meaning within the context.
(b) Teacher will show answers and then talk about correct usages of each task.
Task 1: people
1. Phrase: boat people Task 2: person
1. phrase: lay person, people person, in the person of, be one’s own person
2. idiom: snake oil salesperson Task 3: human
1. phrase: complete human, human person 4. Wrap up 5 1. Teacher reviews the core meanings of three
vocabulary separately by giving students a handout of comparisons of five on-line
dictionaries.[handout 3]
(DET: Monolingual dictionary)
2. Review the idiom and phrases of each target word.
3. The students have a post-test.[handout 4]
(MET: Testing oneself with word tests) 4. The students have a questionnaire in order to explore
learners’ perceptions of learning in a corporal DDL approach.[handout 5]
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Appendix B: concordance lines handout: idioms and phrases (experimental group) 1. Boat people
1 Francis Maude, Minister of State in the UK Foreign Office, visited Hanoi on Feb. 18-21 in an unsuccessful attempt to persuade the Vietnamese government to accept a policy of involuntary repatriation from Hong Kong of those Vietnamese "boat people" screened out as "economic migrants" .
2 Following a meeting of United States, United Kingdom and Hong Kong government officials in Washington on June 6, the US government stated that it was to
2 Following a meeting of United States, United Kingdom and Hong Kong government officials in Washington on June 6, the US government stated that it was to