6. Conclusion
6.4. Towards a human rights state?
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attempts to appease both supporters and opponents of the death penalty; while in reality, it has resulted in its continuation with no clear timeframe or prospect of actual abolition. The ending of the de facto moratorium has been a regrettable course of action for Ma’s administration and will cast a stain on his human rights record, however it turns out to be.
6.4. Towards a human rights state?
Overall, there is both support and repudiation for the proposition that Taiwan is moving towards becoming a human rights state. Especially when Taiwan’s not so distant authoritarian past is taken into account, there have been marked improvements in Taiwan’s human rights situation. In terms of the three indicators, there have been many attempts to make improvements but unfortunately many such attempts have been met with skepticism and opposition and as such, were unsuccessful.
Chen’s policy objectives had they been implemented would have been a great
contributor to Taiwan’s human rights state development; however, the emphasis must be on the ‘would’ as political circumstances did not allow Chen to have his way.
Credit must be given, however, for the imposition of the fragile but valuable halt in executions that occurred in Chen’s final three years in office. This was a positive step in terms of the third indicator, which gave hope (albeit false hope) to an eventual legal moratorium. As for Ma, his record thus far is also mixed. His achievement in the first indicator with the ratification and passage of legislation implementing the
international human rights covenants domestically is a significant achievement and positive sign of human rights development for Taiwan. The apparent failure to
consolidate this move and to establish an effective means of ensuring the spirit of this significant law is upheld by creating a NHRC is regrettable, as is the backward steps taken in the area of capital punishment.
When the positive actions of both presidents are given consideration, there are been encouraging progress in terms of the first and third indicators, while the second has remained lacking. Ma’s recent implementation of international human rights standards into Taiwanese law has the potential to be very beneficial towards the protections of human rights in Taiwan. Chen’s subtle measures to decrease the
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number of executions in his two terms and the de facto moratorium that was initiated have proved significant in bringing attention to the status of the death penalty and rallying efforts to see its formal abolition, regardless of the present situation.
Regrettably, attempts to establish a NHRC did not succeed and have fallen off the radar; however, it is hoped that in the future this issue will be readdressed. In light of the above findings, I conclude that Taiwan is moving towards becoming a human rights state albeit in a sometimes ‘two-step forward, one-step back’ fashion. Progress and setbacks have been encountered across all three indicators; attempts to implement change although not successful have inspired optimism and importantly,
improvements have been seen. Moving in this direction towards a human rights state is a noble goal and one, that it is hoped, cannot be reversed.
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2. Treaties, UN Resolutions and Declarations
Declaration and Programme of Action. 2000. UN World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature 19 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171 (entered into force 23 March 1976).
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, opened for signature 19 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (entered into force 3 January 1976).
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature 19 December 1966, (entered into force 23 March 1976)
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty, opened for signature 15 December 1989
(entered into force 11 July 1991)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN General Assembly Resolution 217 A, 10 December 1948
UN General Assembly Resolution 48/134 (20 December 1993)
3. Legislation ROC (Taiwan) Enacted law
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Constitution of the Republic of China 1947
Act for the Control and Punishment of Banditry 1943 Act to Implement the ICCPR and ICESCR 2009 Civil Code 1929
Criminal Code 1929
Criminal Code of the Armed Forces 1929 Criminal Procedure Law 1935
Mobilization for the Suppression of Communist Rebellion Provisional Act (Martial Law) 1948
Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion 1948 Draft law
Human Rights Protection and Promotion Committee, 2001. Draft Organic Law on the National Human Rights Commission
Human Rights Protection and Promotion Committee, 2001. Draft Law on the Powers of the National Human Rights Commission
Human Rights Protection and Promotion Committee, 2003. Draft Basic Law on Human Rights.
Human Rights Protection and Promotion Committee, 2005. Draft Bill of Rights Human Rights Protection and Promotion Committee, 2006. Draft Human Rights Law Ministry of Justice, 2000. Draft National Human Rights Commission Investigative Powers Enactment Law
Ministry of Justice, 2001. Draft Basic Law on the Protection of Human Rights Australian Legislation
Commonwealth Legislation
Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 Age Discrimination Act 2004
Australian Bill of Rights Bill 1985 Disability Discrimination Act 1992
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Human Rights Bill 1973
Human Rights Commission Act 1981
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Act 1986 (renamed Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986)
Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994 Race Discrimination Act 1975
Sex Discrimination Act 1984 State and Territory Legislation
ACT Human Rights Act 2004
Queensland Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 Tasmanian Criminal Code Act 1924
Victorian Charter of Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 4. Cases – Australian High Court
Brandy v HREOC [1995] HCA 10
Croome v Tasmania (1997) 191 CLR 119 Mabo v State of Queensland (1992) 175 CLR 1 5. Newspaper and press reports
An, C.-H. and Wu, S. 2010. MOJ Looking to Replace Death Penalty with Non-Parole Life Sentence. Taiwan News, 15 April.
Bradsher, K. and Moore, J. 2009. An Interview with Ma Ying-jeou. New York Times.
22 February.
Chang, R. and Loa, I.-S. 2010. Justice Chief Defends Stay of Executions. Taipei Times, 11 March. p. 1
Chiang, H.-J. 2010. Finding a Death Penalty Minister is not Easy, Ma’s Government and Judiciary to become more Conservative. (In Chinese) Zhongguo Shibao (中國時 報) China Times, 16 March.
Cohen, J.A. 2010. Tied to the Cause. South China Morning Post, 17 March.
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Cohen, J.A. and Chen, Y.-J. 2010. Slippery Slope. South China Morning Post, 13 May.
Cohen, J.A. and Chen, Y.-J. 2009. Will Beijing Follow Taiwan’s Lead on Human Rights? South China Morning Post, 28 May.
Death Penalty Dispute / Presidential Office and Executive Yuan ‘put out the flame’ – Wang Ching-feng steps down. 2010. (In Chinese) Ziyou Shibao (自由時報) Liberty Times, 12 March.
Huang, P. 2009. A Breakthrough in Human Rights. Taipei Times, 8 April, p. 8 Huang, S. 2010. Activists, Academics Accuse the President of Neglecting the Rights of Aborigines. Taipei Times, 12 May. p. 2
Huang, S. 2010. Capital punishment to be Abolished Gradually. Taipei Times, 2 February. p. 3.
Jennifer Wang and Wang Ching-feng: Government policy vs. social movements, 2010. (In Chinese) Lianhe Bao (聯合報) United Daily, 10 May.
Justice Minister Defends Stance on Executions, 2010. (In Chinese) Zhongyang Tongxunshe (中央通訊社) Central News Agency, 10 March.
Justice Minister Wang Resigns, Firmly Opposed to Capital Punishment. 2010. Taiwan News, 13 March.
Lee M.-C., Tsao Y.-F. and Wu, S. 2010. EU Urged to Delink Death Penalty from Visa Waiver. Taiwan News, 2 May.
Lee, S.-H. and Wu, S. 2010. Four Death Row Inmates Executed: MOJ. 2010. Taiwan News, 30 April.
Lin, Y.-F. 2008. President: Reducing the Death Penalty, the way forward. (In Chinese) Zhongyang Tongxunshe (中央通訊社) Central News Agency, 18 June.
Loa, I.-S. 2010. Rights Covenants Still Little Understood. Taipei Times, 22 March. p.
3
Ma Calls for a Rational Debate on Capital Punishment. 2010. (In Chinese) Zhongguo Shibao (中國時報) China Times, 16 March.
New Cabinet Members Head into Office, 2008. Mayer, D. (Tr.) Taiwan Panorama. 7 June.
New Justice Minister Will Not Execute All 44 Inmates at Once. 2010. The China Post, 21 March.
No Timetable for Further Executions: Justice Minister. 2010. The China Post, 5 May.
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On Ma Ying-jeou’s Secong Wave of Cabinet Appointments, 2008. Chu, B. (Tr.) China Times. 29 April.
President Ma Signs Instruments of Ratification on UN Human Rights Covenants.
2009. KMT News Network. 15 May.
President Says Death Penalty Should be Administered According to the Law. 2010.
Formosa News. 11 March.
President Vows to Put an End to the Death Penalty. 2003. Taipei Times, 3 October. p.
4
Presidential Office, 2008. President Ma Attends 2008 Asia Democracy and Human Rights Award Ceremony. [Press Release] 10 December
Rights Ratification Documents sent to UN. 2009. China Post, 15 June.
Taiwan Executes Four. 2010. The China Post, 2 May.
Taiwan Justice Minister: execution of death penalty is not infraction of international covenants: Liberty Times. 2010. Taiwan News, 23 March.
Taiwan Justice Minister Threatens to Resign Rather than Approve Executions. 2010.
Taiwan News, 10 March.
Taiwan Premier-Designate Wu Den-yih presents Cabinet lineup, 2009. Taiwan News, 9 September.
The Debate over the Death Penalty in Taiwan, 2010. Taiwan News, 2 February.
Tseng Yung-fu Named New Justice Minister. 2010. The China Post, 20 March.
Wang, C.-F. 2010. Reason and Tolerance – the suspension of carrying out the death penalty. (In Chinese) Reprinted in Lianhe Bao (聯合報) United Daily, 11 March.
Wang, C.-M. 2010. Regardless of Losing Votes and Impacting the Polls: President Ma – Reforms will be Promoted. (In Chinese) Now News, 19 May.
Wang Chien-shien: A National Human Rights Commission is more suitable in the Control Yuan, 2009. (In Chinese) Zhonghua Ribao (中華日報) China Daily News. 21 July.
Wang Ching-feng: An Individual Against the Death Penalty, 2008. (In Chinese) Pingguo Ribao (蘋果日報) Apple Daily, 23 April.
Wang Ching-feng: Don’t jump to conclusions about carrying out the death penalty, hopes for rectification, 2008. (In Chinese) Zhongyang Tongxunshe (中央通訊社) Central News Agency, 11 May.
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Williams, G. 2010. No Death Penalty, No Shades of Grey. The Sydney Morning Herald, 2 March.
6. Speeches
Chen, S.-B. 2000. Taiwan Stands Up: Presidential Inauguaration Address, 20 May.
Ma, Y.-J. 2008. Taiwan’s Renaissance: Presidential Inaugural Speech, 21 May.
7. Online Resources
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Strauss, J. 2005. Comparative Terror and Regime Consolidation on the Two Sides of the Taiwan Straits in the 1950s: Suppression of counterrevolutionaries and White Terrors [Online] political.foxpro.com.tw/annpolitical1/files/1/1/Comparative.doc [Accessed: 20/12/2008]
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