關鍵詞:行人室內定位、慣性導航系統、智慧型手機
4. 成果與討論
4.1 WVC 約制與控制點更新
圖 7 為 Samsung S5 以不同約制演算法解算的 濾波器軌跡解,紅色軌跡為 NHC 與 ZUPT 約制的 EKF 解;淺藍色軌跡為 WVC 與 ZUPT 約制的 EKF 解;綠色軌跡則是在與淺藍色軌跡相同的演算方法 下,加入控制點更新;紫色軌跡是與綠色軌跡採相 同估計方法,再經後處理平滑器取得最優估計解;
藍色軌跡則為 MIDG-II 的參考軌跡,同樣經過後 處理平滑器。圖中 GCP 表示地面控制點更新。圖 8 和圖 9 分別為 Samsung S5 實驗的位置與姿態誤 差圖。表 4 與表 5 分別為 Samsung S5 位置與姿態 誤差的數值分析表。
圖 7 Samsung S5 實驗軌跡
圖 8 Samsung S5 軌跡的位置誤差
圖 9 Samsung S5 軌跡的姿態誤差
表 4 Samsung S5 軌跡的位置誤差表
表 5 Samsung S5 軌跡的姿態誤差表
圖 10 為 iPhone 5S 的濾波器軌跡解,不同顏 色的軌跡採用的方法與 Samsung S5 的案例相同。
藍色軌跡同樣為 MIDG-II 的參考軌跡。圖 11 和圖 12 分別為 iPhone 5S 實驗的位置與姿態誤差圖。表 6 與表 7 分別為 iPhone 5S 實驗的位置與姿態誤差 分析表。
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
-10 0 10 20 30 40
North (m)
East (m) Trajectory (
0 = 22.9983819995,
0 = 120.2198180013
Filtering+NHC/ZUPT Filtering+WVC/ZUPT Filtering+WVC/ZUPT+GCP Smoothing+WVC/ZUPT+GCP MIDG smoothing
圖 10 iPhone 5S 實驗軌跡
圖 11 iPhone 5S 軌跡的位置誤差
圖 12 iPhone 5S 軌跡的姿態誤差
表 6 iPhone 5S 軌跡的位置誤差表
表 7 iPhone 5S 軌跡的姿態誤差表
實驗結果表明 WVC 相較 NHC 更能有效約制 行人運動對慣性積分導航所產生的誤差,對濾波器 解具有相當不錯的效果,尤其是對位置的最大誤 差。而改善的幅度與步速推估的精度有關,故與演 算法中的計步器和步長模型高度相關。實驗中的模 型參數皆為預設值,因此若能使用更精準的計步演 算法與步長模型,將能有效提升 WVC 約制的效 能。經過 WVC 輔助的即時濾波器解在沒有室內控 制點更新的輔助下,使用目前預設的模型參數能夠 達到 10 公尺內的均方根誤差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE),並大幅減緩誤差飄移的速度。
因為 MEMS IMU 相當低的精度使得誤差曲線 圖短時間即有劇烈的變化,而無法明顯觀察控制點 作用的確切時間點,但經由數據的分析,比較淺藍 色軌跡(未加入 GCP)與綠色軌跡(加入 GCP),室內 控制點提供絕對位置的更新,能夠將偏移的軌跡校 正到正確的路徑,有效改正 WVC 約制後殘留的誤 差,將位置的 RMSE 降低至 1 到 2 公尺。若使用
不精確的約制演算法,智慧手機的行人室內慣性積
0 = 120.2197839573
OSM 5s+WVC/ZUPT+GCP OSM 10s+WVC/ZUPT+GCP OSM 20s+WVC/ZUPT+GCP MIDG smoothing
圖 15 Samsung S5 即時平滑姿態誤差
表 8 Samsung S5 即時平滑位置誤差表
表 9 Samsung S5 即時平滑姿態誤差表
即時平滑的罩窗大小在 iPhone 5S 和 Samsung
S5 兩個實驗中皆為相同的設置。圖 16 為 iPhone 5S 的即時平滑軌跡,圖 17 和圖 18 分別為 iPhone 5S 軌跡的位置誤差和姿態誤差。表 10 和表 11 則分別 為 iPhone 5S 位置和姿態誤差的誤差分析表。
圖 16 iPhone 5S 即時平滑的軌跡
圖 17 iPhone 5S 即時平滑位置誤差
圖 18 iPhone 5S 即時平滑姿態誤差
-10 0 10 20 30 40
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
North (m)
East (m) Trajectory (
0 = 22.9984020291,
0 = 120.2198490113
OSM 5s+WVC/ZUPT+GCP OSM 10s+WVC/ZUPT+GCP OSM 20s+WVC/ZUPT+GCP MIDG smoothing
表 10 iPhone 5S 即時平滑位置誤差表
表 11 iPhone 5S 即時平滑姿態誤差表
經過 WVC 和室內控制點更新的即時濾波器 解,再使用即時平滑後能夠獲得更佳的精度。本實 驗中定位精度達到最佳的罩窗大小為 20 秒,即時 平滑的罩窗越大,進行平滑估計的資料量越多,罩 窗能涵蓋控制點的機會越大,則平滑後的精度改善 也更顯著。換句話說,如果設定每 5 秒執行一次平 滑,則精度與可靠度的改善幅度會比 10 秒執行一
次平滑的結果來得差,因為不含控制點更新的罩窗 數變多。但同時導航的即時效能也隨著罩窗變大而 越差,假設罩窗的大小為 10 秒,代表使用者在獲 得即時的濾波器解後,需等待 10 秒才能獲得過去 10 秒到當下的平滑軌跡。圖 19 說明平滑罩窗大小 和定位誤差的關係。
圖 19 平滑罩窗大小與定位誤差關係
圖 19 中 Samsung-N 的誤差在 20 秒罩窗不減 反增的原因,是因為平滑器的概念就是在正向濾波 之後,進行反向濾波以求降低估計的誤差,故在平 滑罩窗的中間,平滑剩餘誤差會最大,如下圖 20 的綠色線(Chiang et al., 2012)。本研究中罩窗越大 精度越好的部份原因,是因為較長的罩窗比較有機 會能夠包含到一個以上的控制點,而含有控制點的 罩窗其平滑效果比較好。同時,當使用長罩窗時,
可以比使用短罩窗時有更少的罩窗不包含控制 點,也就是表現不佳的平滑罩窗個數會比較少。
但是本研究的控制點有限,使用長罩窗時,一 旦某個罩窗不包含控制點,就會在罩窗中段累積更 多的誤差,如下圖 21 的橘色線。Samsung-N 的案 例,20 秒罩窗的 RMSE 比 10 秒罩窗差,就是因為 少數幾個不包含控制點的 20 秒罩窗在罩窗中間所 累積的誤差,影響已經超過更多個不含控制點的 10 秒罩窗。至於其他案例沒有出現這樣的現象,
是因為平滑殘留的誤差與累積的速率,還跟濾波器 誤差模型與約制演算法有關,圖 21 的橘色線有可 能更平緩而綠色線起伏較大。
圖 20 平滑器的誤差行為
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1Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University Received Date: Sep. 23, 2015
2Professor, Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University Revised Date: Jun. 08, 2016
3Master, Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University Accepted Date: Sep. 01, 2016
4Product manager, Smart Network System Institute, Institute for Information Industry
*Corresponding Author, Phone: 06-2370876 ext.857, E-mail: [email protected]